Nutrition in Early Childhood

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Questions and Answers

What is the age range for toddlers?

3 - 4 years old

0 - 1 year old

1 - 2 years old (correct)

2 - 3 years old

Growth velocity increases after infancy until the adolescent growth spurt.

False

At what age can children typically pick up objects while standing without losing balance?

15 months

At age 2, children are able to build a tower of _______ cubes.

6 to 7 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following life stages with their age ranges:

Infants = 0 - 1 year old Toddlers = 1 - 2 years old Preschoolers = 3 - 4 years old Primary school children = 6 - 12 years old Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the purposes of growth monitoring?

To assess the adequacy of diet, health care, growth, and development Signup and view all the answers

Growth monitoring is only essential for children below 5 years old.

False Signup and view all the answers

What should a parent do if they have concerns about their child's growth?

Seek medical advice Signup and view all the answers

According to the WHO, which year's chart should be used to monitor the growth of children below 5 years old?

2006 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following age groups with the corresponding growth standard or chart:

Below 5 years old = WHO (2006) chart 5 to 19 years old = WHO (2007) reference Above 19 years old = None of the above Signup and view all the answers

What should a parent do to ensure their child's healthy growth?

Measure the child's weight and height regularly Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical weight gain per year for a 3- to 6-year-old?

4-5 pounds Signup and view all the answers

A child typically reaches their full adult height by age 4.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical vision for a 4-year-old?

20/20 Signup and view all the answers

By age 3, a child typically has ______ primary teeth.

20 Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical sleep pattern for a 4-year-old?

11-13 hours at night, most often without a daytime nap Signup and view all the answers

Sex differences in percent body fat are observed during early childhood.

True Signup and view all the answers

At what age does a child typically reach a nadir (lowest point) in Body Mass Index (BMI)?

5-6 Signup and view all the answers

A child's body mass index (BMI) ______ near the end of infancy.

peaks Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to monitor the growth of children?

To identify any potential health issues early Signup and view all the answers

Match the following physical milestones with the corresponding age:

Has 20/20 vision = Age 4 Has all 20 primary teeth = Age 3 Gains about 1.8 to 2.25 kilograms = Age 3 Reaches about half of final adult height = Age 2 Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of childhood does growth velocity slow down?

Toddlerhood Signup and view all the answers

All children develop at the same pace.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is one physical skill that a 2-year-old can do?

Turn a door knob or build a tower of 6 to 7 cubes Signup and view all the answers

By Age 2, children are able to build a tower of _______ cubes.

6 to 7 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following life stages with their age ranges:

Infants = 0 – 1 year old Toddlers = 1 – 2 years old Preschoolers = 3 – 4 years old Primary school children = 6 – 12 years old Signup and view all the answers

What happens to growth velocity after infancy?

It slows down until the adolescent growth spurt. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main purposes of growth monitoring?

To assess the adequacy of diet, health care, growth, and development Signup and view all the answers

Growth monitoring is only essential for children below 5 years old.

False Signup and view all the answers

What should a parent do if they have concerns about their child's growth?

Seek medical advice Signup and view all the answers

According to the WHO, which year's chart should be used to monitor the growth of children below 5 years old?

2006 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following age groups with the corresponding growth standard or chart:

Below 5 years old = WHO (2006) chart 5 to 19 years old = WHO (2007) reference Signup and view all the answers

What is key recommendation 1 for monitoring the growth of children and adolescents?

Monitor the growth of children using specific growth standards or charts Signup and view all the answers

At 24 months, a child will reach about what percentage of their final adult height?

Half Signup and view all the answers

Sex differences in percent body fat are observed during late childhood.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical annual weight gain for a 3- to 6-year-old?

4 to 5 pounds (1.8 to 2.25 kilograms) Signup and view all the answers

A child's body mass index (BMI) ______________ near the end of infancy.

peaks Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical physical milestone for a 3-year-old?

Briefly balancing and hopping on one foot Signup and view all the answers

A child's body mass index (BMI) increases throughout early childhood.

False Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to monitor the growth of children?

To ensure healthy growth and development Signup and view all the answers

A child typically sleeps ______________ hours at night, often without a daytime nap.

11 to 13 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following physical milestones with the corresponding age:

May have daytime control over bowel and bladder functions = 3 Has 20/20 vision = 4 Gains about 1.8 to 2.25 kilograms = 3 Hops on one foot without losing balance = 4 Signup and view all the answers

Growth monitoring is only essential for children above 5 years old.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended way to determine energy requirements for children?

Estimation of resting energy expenditure (REE) and physical activity level (PAL) Signup and view all the answers

The nutrient calcium is essential for growth and development.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the PAL value for children aged 1-3 years?

1.4 Signup and view all the answers

Vitamin D is an essential nutrient for growth and development, and its recommended intake can be found in the ______________ 2017.

RNI Malaysia Signup and view all the answers

Match the following age groups with their corresponding stages of childhood:

Infants = 0-1 year old Toddlers = 1-2 years old Preschoolers = 3-4 years old Primary school children = 6-12 years old Pre-adolescents = 10-13 years old Signup and view all the answers

What is the age range for preschoolers?

3-4 years old Signup and view all the answers

Energy requirements are estimated based on resting energy expenditure (REE) and physical activity level (PAL).

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the PAL value for children aged 1-3 years?

1.4 Signup and view all the answers

The recommended daily intake of nutrients for specific age and gender groups can be found in the ______________ 2017.

RNI Malaysia Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stages of childhood with their corresponding age ranges:

Infants = 0-1 year old Toddlers = 1-2 years old Preschoolers = 3-4 years old Primary school children = 6-12 years old Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nutrients is essential for growth and development?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended limit for milk consumption per day for children ages 1-5 years to prevent iron deficiency anemia?

24 oz Signup and view all the answers

All children develop at the same pace.

False Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Asian children are affected by dental caries?

Between 26.5% and 97% Signup and view all the answers

Consuming foods high in vitamin C can ______________ the absorption of non-heme iron.

increase Signup and view all the answers

Match the following oral health issues with their causes:

Baby-bottle tooth decay = Frequent exposure to CHO foods Dental caries = Habitual use of a bottle with milk or fruit juice at bedtime or throughout the day Signup and view all the answers

Vitamin D deficiency is not a concern for children.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the common nutrition problems discussed?

Iron-deficiency anaemia Signup and view all the answers

What is a contributing factor to constipation in children?

Painful experience Signup and view all the answers

Vitamin D deficiency is not a common nutrition problem in children.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is one way to prevent iron-deficiency anaemia in toddlers?

Providing iron-rich foods in their diet Signup and view all the answers

Fluoridated toothpaste can cause fluorosis in children.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily intake of fiber for young children?

19-25 g/day Signup and view all the answers

A diet rich in _______ can help prevent iron-deficiency anaemia in toddlers.

iron Signup and view all the answers

Drinking ______________ water can help prevent dental caries in children.

fluoridated Signup and view all the answers

Match the following physical activities with their intensity level:

Brisk walking = Moderate Jumping rope = Vigorous Swimming = Vigorous Signup and view all the answers

Bone-strengthening activities, such as jumping or running, should be done at least 5 days a week.

False Signup and view all the answers

Match the following with their corresponding role in preventing dental caries:

Sticky candy = Fluoridated toothpaste = Bottle at bedtime = Signup and view all the answers

A diet high in sugar and desserts can help prevent constipation in children.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is one example of a muscle-strengthening activity for school-aged children?

Climbing on playground equipment Signup and view all the answers

How many glasses of water should children between 2 to 6 years old drink every day?

4 to 6 glasses Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of anaemia on cognitive development in children?

Impaired cognitive function and decreased academic performance Signup and view all the answers

A diet rich in _______ can help prevent tooth decay in children.

fluoride Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of lack of oral hygiene in children?

Dental caries Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Iron-deficiency anemia in toddlers?

Dietary factor: Deficiency of folate (vit B9) Signup and view all the answers

Iron-deficiency anemia is more common in toddlers above 18 months old.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are the consequences of iron-deficiency anemia on cognitive development?

Long-term delays in cognitive development and behavior disturbances Signup and view all the answers

The protein molecule that carries oxygen in RBCs is ______________.

Hb Signup and view all the answers

Match the following age ranges with their corresponding Hemoglobin concentration (g/dL) and Hematocrit (%) for diagnosing iron-deficiency anemia:

1-2 years = < 11.0 g/dL 2-5 years = < 11.1 g/dL 5-8 years = < 11.5 g/dL 8-12 years = < 11.9 g/dL Signup and view all the answers

What is one way to prevent iron-deficiency anemia in children?

Increase intake of meat, poultry, and fish Signup and view all the answers

Iron-deficiency anemia is a rare condition in toddlers.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is one sign of iron-deficiency anemia in children?

Lethargy Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended drink to offer children to promote healthy choices?

Plain water Signup and view all the answers

Lead poisoning can affect a child's brain, blood, and kidney development.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence of childhood obesity in Malaysia, according to the myBreakfast study in 2015?

2 in 3 of the children who are overweight are boys, and 1 in 3 of the children are low in physical activity Signup and view all the answers

Children who skip breakfast are _______ more likely to be overweight or obese.

Match the following consequences of childhood obesity with their corresponding health problems:

Type 2 Diabetes = PCOS Hypertension = Abnormal lipid profiles Stroke = Knee/hip joint pain Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of consuming more than 24 oz of milk per day for children ages 1-5 years?

Displacement of high iron foods Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible cause of childhood obesity?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

True or False: Vitamin C intake can increase the absorption of heme iron.

False Signup and view all the answers

Prevention is the most cost-effective way to address childhood obesity.

True Signup and view all the answers

According to the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2019, what percentage of children aged 5-17 years are overweight and obese?

Almost 30% Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of tooth decay in children?

Frequent exposure to CHO foods and poor oral hygiene Signup and view all the answers

Children ages 1-5 years should not drink more than ______ oz of milk per day due to its low iron content.

24 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conditions with their age ranges:

Eastern Asia = 40% to 97% Southern Asia = 38%-73.7% Western Asia = 26.5%-74.7% Signup and view all the answers

True or False: Vitamin D deficiency is not a concern in children.

False Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Total Energy Expenditure (TEE) is Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?

60-75% Signup and view all the answers

Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) is the same as Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR).

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)?

RMR is BMR plus the thermic effect of food (TEF) and the state of unrelaxed rest. Signup and view all the answers

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) is measured under standardized conditions, including a _______________________ environment.

thermoneutral Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

BMR = Basal Metabolic Rate, energy required for maintenance RMR = Resting Metabolic Rate, energy expended at rest REE = Resting Energy Expenditure, measurements made in post-absorptive state SMR = Sleeping Metabolic Rate, energy expended during sleep Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage difference between Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and Resting Energy Expenditure (REE)?

10-15% Signup and view all the answers

What is the sum of three components that make up Total Energy Expenditure (TEE)?

Basal metabolic rate (BMR), thermic effect of diet, and energy expended in physical activity Signup and view all the answers

Growth is a significant component of Total Energy Expenditure (TEE) for adults.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy expenditure component that accounts for growth and development in children?

Growth Signup and view all the answers

Total Energy Expenditure (TEE) is the energy expended by an individual within __________ hours.

24 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of Total Energy Expenditure (TEE) with their descriptions:

Basal metabolic rate (BMR) = Energy expended at rest Thermic effect of diet = Energy expended in digesting food Energy expended in physical activity = Energy expended during physical activity Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate energy requirement for growth in children?

2 kcal/g of weight gain Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Early Childhood Development (0-8 years)

Infants: 0-1 year old
Toddlers: 1-2 years old
Preschoolers: 3-4 years old

Growth Development

Growth during toddler (1-3 yrs) and preschoolers (3-5 yrs) is slower than in infancy but steady
Growth velocity slows after infancy until the adolescent growth spurt
All children develop at a different pace

Physical and Motor Skill Markers

Age 2:
- Able to turn a door knob
- Look through a book and turn one page at a time
- Build a tower of 6-7 cubes
- Kick a ball without losing balance
- Pick up objects while standing, without losing balance
- Run with better coordination
- May be ready for toilet training
- Typically have 16 teeth
Age 3:
- Gains about 1.8-2.25 kilograms
- Grows about 2-3 inches (5-7.5 cm)
- May have daytime control over bowel and bladder functions
- Can briefly balance and hop on one foot
- Reaches about half of adult height
- Has improved balance
- Has improved vision (20/30)
- Has all 20 primary teeth
- Needs 11-13 hours of sleep a day
Age 4:
- Gains weight at the rate of about 6 grams per day
- Weighs 40 pounds (18.14 kilograms) and is 40 inches (101.6 cm) tall
- Has 20/20 vision
- Sleeps 11-13 hours at night, most often without a daytime nap
- Grows to a height that is double the birth length

The Typical 3- to 6-year-old

Gains about 4-5 pounds (1.8-2.25 kilograms) per year
Grows about 2-3 inches (5-7.5 centimeters) per year
Has all 20 primary teeth by age 3
Has 20/20 vision by age 4
Sleeps 11-13 hours at night, most often without a daytime nap

Body Composition

Growth during childhood progresses at a slower pace with less pronounced changes in body composition
Sex differences in percent body fat observed during infancy continue through this period
A small increase in the rate of weight-, height-, and body breadth-gain is observed in the mid-childhood growth spurt occurring around ages 6-8
A rebound in body mass occurs at approximately the same time

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Peaks near the end of infancy
Declines in early childhood
Reaches a nadir (lowest point) around age 5-6
Increases throughout the remainder of childhood, adolescence, and adulthood

Why Monitor Growth?

Measure changes of the body size, shape, and composition
Assess the adequacy of diet, health care, growth, and development
Evaluate nutritional status and initiate effective action
Monitor effects of nutritional intervention
Teach parents how nutrition, physical activity, genetics, and illness can affect growth

Key Recommendations

Monitor the growth of children and adolescents using appropriate growth standards or charts to ensure healthy growth
Measure weight and height, calculate BMI, and determine weight status using BMI-for-Age monthly
Monitor growth of children below 5 years old using WHO (2006) chart and use WHO (2007) reference for children 5-19 years old

Early Childhood Development (0-8 years)

Infants: 0-1 year old
Toddlers: 1-2 years old
Preschoolers: 3-4 years old

Growth Development

Growth during toddler (1-3 yrs) and preschoolers (3-5 yrs) is slower than in infancy but steady
Growth velocity slows after infancy until the adolescent growth spurt
All children develop at a different pace

Physical and Motor Skill Markers

Age 2:
- Able to turn a door knob
- Look through a book and turn one page at a time
- Build a tower of 6-7 cubes
- Kick a ball without losing balance
- Pick up objects while standing, without losing balance
- Run with better coordination
- May be ready for toilet training
- Typically have 16 teeth
Age 3:
- Gains about 1.8-2.25 kilograms
- Grows about 2-3 inches (5-7.5 cm)
- May have daytime control over bowel and bladder functions
- Can briefly balance and hop on one foot
- Reaches about half of adult height
- Has improved balance
- Has improved vision (20/30)
- Has all 20 primary teeth
- Needs 11-13 hours of sleep a day
Age 4:
- Gains weight at the rate of about 6 grams per day
- Weighs 40 pounds (18.14 kilograms) and is 40 inches (101.6 cm) tall
- Has 20/20 vision
- Sleeps 11-13 hours at night, most often without a daytime nap
- Grows to a height that is double the birth length

The Typical 3- to 6-year-old

Gains about 4-5 pounds (1.8-2.25 kilograms) per year
Grows about 2-3 inches (5-7.5 centimeters) per year
Has all 20 primary teeth by age 3
Has 20/20 vision by age 4
Sleeps 11-13 hours at night, most often without a daytime nap

Body Composition

Growth during childhood progresses at a slower pace with less pronounced changes in body composition
Sex differences in percent body fat observed during infancy continue through this period
A small increase in the rate of weight-, height-, and body breadth-gain is observed in the mid-childhood growth spurt occurring around ages 6-8
A rebound in body mass occurs at approximately the same time

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Peaks near the end of infancy
Declines in early childhood
Reaches a nadir (lowest point) around age 5-6
Increases throughout the remainder of childhood, adolescence, and adulthood

Why Monitor Growth?

Measure changes of the body size, shape, and composition
Assess the adequacy of diet, health care, growth, and development
Evaluate nutritional status and initiate effective action
Monitor effects of nutritional intervention
Teach parents how nutrition, physical activity, genetics, and illness can affect growth

Key Recommendations

Monitor the growth of children and adolescents using appropriate growth standards or charts to ensure healthy growth
Measure weight and height, calculate BMI, and determine weight status using BMI-for-Age monthly
Monitor growth of children below 5 years old using WHO (2006) chart and use WHO (2007) reference for children 5-19 years old

Age Groups and Stages

Infants: 0 – 1 year old
Toddlers: 1 – 2 years old
Preschoolers: 3 – 4 years old
Primary school children: 6 – 12 years old
Pre-adolescents: 10 – 13 years old

Energy Requirements

Estimation of energy requirements involves resting energy expenditure (REE) and physical activity level (PAL)
PAL values:
- 1.4 for 1-3 years age group
- 1.4, 1.6, and 1.8 for >3 years age group

Highlights of Nutrients for Growth

Energy
Protein
Calcium
Vitamin D
Iron
Zinc

Age Groups and Stages

Infants: 0 – 1 year old
Toddlers: 1 – 2 years old
Preschoolers: 3 – 4 years old
Primary school children: 6 – 12 years old
Pre-adolescents: 10 – 13 years old

Energy Requirements

Estimation of energy requirements involves resting energy expenditure (REE) and physical activity level (PAL)
PAL values:
- 1.4 for 1-3 years age group
- 1.4, 1.6, and 1.8 for >3 years age group

Highlights of Nutrients for Growth

Energy
Protein
Calcium
Vitamin D
Iron
Zinc

Dental Caries

Streptococcus mutans uses CHO as food and excretes acid, causing tooth decay
Exposure to strong caries promoters (e.g., sticky candy) contributes to dental caries
Prevention methods:
- Seek early pediatric dental care
- Begin oral hygiene when teeth appear
- Use fluoridated toothpaste
- Avoid using a bottle (milk or juice) at bedtime
- Avoid snacking on sticky CHO throughout the day
- Drink fluoridated water
Fluorosis (staining of the teeth) can be caused by:
- Excessive fluoride supplementation
- Consumption of toothpaste with fluoride
- Natural water supply high in fluoride

Constipation

Passage of hard and dry stools associated with painful bowel movement
Contributing factors:
- Painful experience
- Lack of privacy or cleanliness (preschool)
- Avoidance of toilet due to involvement in play
- Diet (sugar and desserts prone to constipation)
- Switching milk (breast milk vs. formula)
- Intense changes (illness, bedridden, eating less, dehydration)

Nutrition Recommendations

Adequate intake of fibre: 19-25 g/day for young children (RNI Malaysian, 2017)
Fluid intake: 4-6 glasses of water per day for children between 2-6 years (Malaysian Dietary Guidelines)
Milk intake: not more than 24 oz per day for children aged 1-5 years to prevent low iron content

Prevention of dental caries
Prevention of constipation
Prevention of iron-deficiency anemia
Prevention of lead poisoning
Prevention of overweight and obesity

Physical Activity

Moderate-intensity aerobic activities:
- Brisk walking
- Bicycle riding (on flat surfaces)
- Active recreation (hiking, swimming)
- Playing games that require catching and throwing
Vigorous-intensity aerobic activities:
- Running
- Bicycle riding (including hills)
- Active games (running and chasing)
- Jumping rope
- Martial arts
- Sports (soccer, basketball, swimming, tennis)
- Vigorous dancing
Muscle-strengthening activities:
- Games like tug of war
- Resistance exercises using body weight or resistance bands
- Rope or tree climbing
- Climbing on playground equipment
- Children's yoga
Bone-strengthening activities:
- Hopping, skipping, jumping
- Jumping rope
- Running
- Sports that involve jumping or rapid changes in direction

Iron-Deficiency Anaemia

Toddlers (esp. 9 – 18 months old) are at highest risk due to rapid growth rate and inadequate iron intake
Caused by decreased production of RBCs
Other causes: dietary factor (deficiency of folate) and non-dietary factor (chronic inflammation or recent infection)

Diagnosis of Iron-Deficiency Anaemia

Based on the 5th percentile of Hb & Ht for age
Hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit levels vary by age:
- 1–2 years: < 11.0 g/dL and < 32.9 %
- 2–5 years: < 11.1 g/dL and < 33.0 %
- 5–8 years: < 11.5 g/dL and < 34.5 %
- 8 – 12 years: < 11.9 g/dL and < 35.4 %

Signs & Symptoms

Lethargy, pale skin, unable to pay attention, shortness of breath, palpitations or irritability
Consequences in young children: long-term delays in cognitive development and behavior disturbances

Identification & Prevention

Children at risk: those who have a low-iron diet or consume more than 24 oz of milk per day
Prevention: increase intake of meat, poultry, and fish, and offer children healthier choices

Dental Caries

Prevalence among Asian children:
- 40% to 97% in Eastern Asia
- 38%-73.7% in Southern Asia
- 26.5%-74.7% in Western Asian countries
Causes: baby-bottle tooth decay, frequent exposure to CHO foods, and poor dietary choices
Prevention: good oral hygiene, limiting sugary snacks, and regular dental check-ups

Lead Poisoning

Consequences:
- High level in the blood: affects brain, blood, and kidney
- Elevated blood levels: decreases growth in children
- Low level exposure: associated with decreases in IQ, behavioral problems, and academic achievement

Childhood Obesity

Increased prevalence rate, affecting both high and low-income populations
Prevention is the most cost-effective way
Possible causes: family history of obesity, environmental and social factors, lifestyle factors, and adiposity rebound
Consequences: type 2 diabetes, hypertension, stroke, PCOS, and depression/low self-esteem

Total Energy Expenditure (TEE)

TEE is the energy expended by an individual within 24 hours
Composed of three components:
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Thermic effect of diet
Energy expended in physical activity

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Accounts for 60-75% of TEE
Energy required for maintenance of intracellular environment and crucial mechanical processes (e.g., cardiac function and respiration)
Measurement of BMR requires standardized conditions:
Postprandial state (12-14 hours after eating)
Completely relaxed and still (shortly after waking)
Thermoneutral environment
Free from thermic effect of drugs
20-30 minutes of stable measurements

Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) and Resting Energy Expenditure (REE)

RMR: BMR + thermic effect of food (TEF) + state of unrelaxed rest
REE: measurements made in post-absorptive state
Values between BMR and RMR/REE differ by approximately 10-15% (RMR > BMR)

Sleeping Metabolic Rate (SMR)

Energy expended during sleeping
Accounts for 1-5% of total energy expenditure

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Description

Explore the stages of early childhood development, from infancy to preschool age, and learn about physical and motor skill markers in young children.

Nutrition in Early Childhood

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Questions and Answers

What is the age range for toddlers?

Growth velocity increases after infancy until the adolescent growth spurt.

At what age can children typically pick up objects while standing without losing balance?

At age 2, children are able to build a tower of _______ cubes.

Match the following life stages with their age ranges:

What is one of the purposes of growth monitoring?

Growth monitoring is only essential for children below 5 years old.

What should a parent do if they have concerns about their child's growth?

According to the WHO, which year's chart should be used to monitor the growth of children below 5 years old?

Match the following age groups with the corresponding growth standard or chart:

What should a parent do to ensure their child's healthy growth?

What is the typical weight gain per year for a 3- to 6-year-old?

A child typically reaches their full adult height by age 4.

What is the typical vision for a 4-year-old?

By age 3, a child typically has ______ primary teeth.

What is the typical sleep pattern for a 4-year-old?

Sex differences in percent body fat are observed during early childhood.

At what age does a child typically reach a nadir (lowest point) in Body Mass Index (BMI)?

A child's body mass index (BMI) ______ near the end of infancy.

Why is it important to monitor the growth of children?

Match the following physical milestones with the corresponding age:

During which stage of childhood does growth velocity slow down?

All children develop at the same pace.

What is one physical skill that a 2-year-old can do?

By Age 2, children are able to build a tower of _______ cubes.

Match the following life stages with their age ranges:

What happens to growth velocity after infancy?

What is one of the main purposes of growth monitoring?

Growth monitoring is only essential for children below 5 years old.

What should a parent do if they have concerns about their child's growth?

According to the WHO, which year's chart should be used to monitor the growth of children below 5 years old?

Match the following age groups with the corresponding growth standard or chart:

What is key recommendation 1 for monitoring the growth of children and adolescents?

At 24 months, a child will reach about what percentage of their final adult height?

Sex differences in percent body fat are observed during late childhood.

What is the typical annual weight gain for a 3- to 6-year-old?

A child's body mass index (BMI) ______________ near the end of infancy.

What is a typical physical milestone for a 3-year-old?

A child's body mass index (BMI) increases throughout early childhood.

Why is it important to monitor the growth of children?

A child typically sleeps ______________ hours at night, often without a daytime nap.

Match the following physical milestones with the corresponding age:

Growth monitoring is only essential for children above 5 years old.

What is the recommended way to determine energy requirements for children?

The nutrient calcium is essential for growth and development.

What is the PAL value for children aged 1-3 years?

Vitamin D is an essential nutrient for growth and development, and its recommended intake can be found in the ______________ 2017.

Match the following age groups with their corresponding stages of childhood:

What is the age range for preschoolers?

Energy requirements are estimated based on resting energy expenditure (REE) and physical activity level (PAL).

What is the PAL value for children aged 1-3 years?

The recommended daily intake of nutrients for specific age and gender groups can be found in the ______________ 2017.

Match the following stages of childhood with their corresponding age ranges:

Which of the following nutrients is essential for growth and development?

What is a recommended limit for milk consumption per day for children ages 1-5 years to prevent iron deficiency anemia?

All children develop at the same pace.

What percentage of Asian children are affected by dental caries?

Consuming foods high in vitamin C can ______________ the absorption of non-heme iron.

Match the following oral health issues with their causes:

Vitamin D deficiency is not a concern for children.

What is one of the common nutrition problems discussed?

What is a contributing factor to constipation in children?

Vitamin D deficiency is not a common nutrition problem in children.

What is one way to prevent iron-deficiency anaemia in toddlers?

Fluoridated toothpaste can cause fluorosis in children.

What is the recommended daily intake of fiber for young children?

A diet rich in _______ can help prevent iron-deficiency anaemia in toddlers.

Drinking ______________ water can help prevent dental caries in children.

Match the following physical activities with their intensity level:

Bone-strengthening activities, such as jumping or running, should be done at least 5 days a week.

Match the following with their corresponding role in preventing dental caries:

A diet high in sugar and desserts can help prevent constipation in children.

What is one example of a muscle-strengthening activity for school-aged children?

How many glasses of water should children between 2 to 6 years old drink every day?

What is one consequence of anaemia on cognitive development in children?

A diet rich in _______ can help prevent tooth decay in children.