Traffic Management And Accident Investigation PDF

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT - it refers to the movement of persons, goods, or vehicles, INVESTIGATION either powered by combustion system or animal drawn...

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT - it refers to the movement of persons, goods, or vehicles, INVESTIGATION either powered by combustion system or animal drawn vehicle, from one place to another for the purpose of safe travel TRANSPORTATION - originated from Greco-Roman word Trafico and Greek - is an act or process of conveying from one place to word Traffiga, origin of which is not known another - from the Latin word “Terans” meaning across or and THE 5’Es OF TRAFFIC move and “Portare” means to carry 1. ENFORCEMENT VARIOUS ANCIENT MODES OF TRANSPORATATION - the action taken by the police, such as arresting, issuing traffic A. MANPOWER citation ticket and providing warning to the erring driver for the B. ANIMAL POWER purpose of deterring and discouraging and or preventing such C. WIND POWER violation 2. EDUCATION ROADS AND VEHICLES HISTORY - the process of giving training and practice in the actual application of traffic safety knowledge WHEEL - was invented probably in Western Asia 3. ENGINEERING - one of man’s great inventions - the science of measuring traffic and travel, the study of basic laws relative to the traffic law and generation; the application of THE ROMANS these knowledge to the professional practice of planning, - were the major road builders in the ancient world deciding, and operating traffic system to achieve safe and - Roman road networks reached a total of about 50,000 miles (80, efficient transportation of persons and goods 000 km) 4. TRAFFIC ECOLOGY/ ENVIRONMENT CANALS - the study of potentially disastrous population explosion, changes - a body of water used to be channel of sea transportation in urban environment due to the scale and density of new urban - the first canal was constructed by Engr. James Brindley concentration and new activities carried out, air pollution, water pollution and crowding, transport congestion which result RAILWAYS therein - channel of transportation wherein a parallel line of irons was used as roads 5. TRAFFIC ECONOMY - the first railroad is the Stockton and Darlington line (1925) - deals with the benefits and adverse effects of traffic to our economy TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT - it is an executive function such as planning, organizing, Congress and Local Council Directing and supervising, coordinating operating recording and - the branch of government primarily tasked to create laws for the budgeting traffic affairs welfare of the public AGENCIES INVOLVED IN THE ENFORCEMENT OF TRAFFIC Judiciary Land Transportation Office - the branch of government that interprets the law through - tasked to enforce laws, rules and regulation governing the adjudication of cases registration of motor vehicles, operation of motor vehicle and traffic rules and regulation as provided by RA 4136 as amended. Traffic Management Group (TMG) Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board - the basis service of the PNP tasked to direct and control traffic, tasked to regulate transport route perform accident investigation, enforce the laws and issue regulate franchising citations. prescribe fare rates investigate traffic cases AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR TRAFFIC ENGINEERING perform judicial function promulgate rules Department of Public Works and Highways impose and collect fees - has responsibility of determining traffic flow planning approval of program and budget finding of construction and maintenance formulate and enforce rules and regulation for transport of road and instrument operation for promotion of safety and convenience of public coordinate with concerned agencies and enforce E.O. NO Local Public Works and Engineering Offices 125,124-A and E.O. 202 dated June 19,1987 - local government units and instrumentalities that have the same function as the DPWH Department of Transportation and Communications - Perform such powers within their territorial boundary - in charge of planning programs coordinating implementing and perform administrative function and promotion development AGENCIES INVOLVED IN TRAFFIC EDUCATION and regulation of dependable and coordinated network of Schools transportation and communication in order to have fast, safe, efficient and reliable postal transportation and communication Elementary services (EO No. 125.) - tasked to educate children to obey traffic rules through their programmed curricula Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA) - created under RA. 7924 and sets policies concerning traffic in Secondary Metro Manila, coordinates and regulates implementation of - tasked to educate students in obeying the traffic rules by program related to traffic imposing school policies intended for the welfare of the students Higher Education - they offer subjects on driving and traffic safety course or any allied subjects TRAFFIC EDUCATION - is priceless gem in the entire scale of social order of the road. - Is the process of inculcating to an individual the knowledge, skill, responsibilities and values to become a fully developed The Biorhythm Cycle person. 1. 23 days of physical cycle - The key to smooth traffic flow is discipline and to acquire 2. 28 days of emotional cycle discipline people must be educated 3. 33 days of intellectual cycle The High State PURPOSE OF DRIVER EDUCATION a. Physically high - people are energetic, strong and agile 1) To Instill awareness of one's legal and moral responsibilities in b. Emotionally high - people are creative, artistic and happy traffic; and c. Intellectually high - people think quickly and logically 2) To teach abilities required for one to be eligible for a driver’s The Low State license. a. Physically Low - people tend to be tired and succumb to sickness b. Emotionally low - people are moody, irritable and depressed SAFETY CAMPAIGN c. Intellectually low - people find it difficult to think logically and - the aim of this campaign is to make road users behave properly lacks coordination - focuses on public information attitudes; this is characterized as road propaganda LEGAL SYSTEM FOR TRAFFIC SAFETY BIORHYTHM LICENSING SYSTEM - the theory asserting that man exhibit constant variation of energy - it is the system of issuing license to any person who is qualified and mood states to fulfill the responsibilities required by the license - administered by the LTO The Environmental Factors in Man’s Theorized Cycles and Interpretation of Biorhythm DRIVER’S LICENSE - issued to the drivers as privilege granted by the government 1. The exchange of Light and darkness providing statutory qualification 2. The four seasons 3. Wet and dry seasons LICENSING PROCEDURE 4. The waxing and waning of the moon REQUISITES FOR ISSUANCE OF LICENSE 3. If he has summoned the physician or nurse to aid the victim. - At least 17 years old for student’s permit - 17 years old for non-professional CONDUCTOR - 18 years old for professional - Licensed person allowing limited number of passengers, freight or cargo in public utility truck or buses KINDS OF DRIVER’S LICENSE 1. Student permit TEN COMMANDEMENTS OF TRAFFIC 2. Non-professional 1. KEEP RIGHT - (two lanes, two ways) in case of one way the 3. Professional left lane shall be the fast lane and the slow lane is the right. 4. Military 2. OBSERVE ROAD COURTESY- yield to emergency vehicle, 5. International pedestrians, trains, vehicle with right of way, vehicles ahead, large vehicles, uphill traffic, vehicles with momentum, straight RESTRICTION CODE traffic, and traffic signs. 1. Restriction Code No 1 - limited to drive motor motorcycles 2. Restriction Code No 2 - limited to drive vehicle weighing not Emergency Vehicles: more than 4500 kg a. Vehicle with physician 3. Restriction Code No 3 - limited to drive vehicles weighing more b. Ambulance on emergency call than 4500 kg c. Vehicle with wounded or sick person 4. Restriction Code No 4 - limited to drive weighing 4500 kg and d. AFP/ PNP vehicle on official call with automatic transmission only e. Vehicle in pursuit of criminals 5. Restriction Code No 5 - limited to drive vehicle with automatic f. A police or fire on call clutch and weighing more than 4500 kg RIGHT OF WAY RULE DRIVER - the right to proceed ahead of another vehicle or pedestrian - Licensed operator of a vehicle 1. Intersection- when two or more vehicle is entering an DUTES OF DRIVER IN CASE OF ACCIDENTS intersection the one on the left will give way to the right vehicle. 1. Stop immediately. 2. Pedestrian- drivers should yield to pedestrian crossing except at 2. Show the license to the victim and give the true name, address intersection whereas the movement of vehicles is regulated by a and contact number. police officer. 3. Driver is not allowed to leave the scene without aiding the 3. Through highway/ railroad crossing- the driver shall bring to a victim. full stop before traversing to an intersection. If there is no hazard the driver may slowdown to 5mph. EXCEPTIONS TO THE PRECEEDING TOPIC 4. Police /emergency vehicle- all drivers should yield to emergency 1. If he is in imminent danger of being seriously harmed by reason vehicle except as directed by traffic enforcer. Fire trucks are of accident; accepted to speed limit but they are prohibited to have 2. If he reports the accident to the nearest police station; and unnecessary speed.  5. From private road to highway- vehicle from private road must yield to that on a highway. 5. THE BUS STOP RULE a. The buses queue up in a single file in their order arrival. 3. PROHIBITED PARKING b. Lead bus moving toward the center of column of busses Places where parking is prohibited: lining on the bus stop zone, and remain until zone is filled a. Near an intersection with busses, but longer than three minutes. b. Crosswalk/ pedestrian lane c. Within 6 meters from drive way of any response installation, fire 6. RULE TO PREVENT OR UNTANGLE TRAFFIC JAMS hydrant and private roads - Keep lanes and intersection open in heavy and slow traffic to d. Double parking avoid overtaking. In a construction, vehicles should merge e. Sidewalks, alleys, foot of the bridge alternately. f. Places wherein official signs are posted 7. OBSERVE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT MEASURES - Observe and obey traffic notices sign like notices and pavement markings. 4. WHEN IN DOUBT, DO NOT OVERTAKE - Overtaking lane is the lane to the left of overtaken vehicle going in the same direction, overtaken vehicle is the privileged vehicle 8. THE PHILOSOPHY OF PINOY DRIVER - Motorist should observe equity of the lead vehicle, doctrine of CONSIDER THESE IF YOU OVERTAKE: the last clear chance on rotunda drive. a. Signal the intention. b. Make sure that the overtaking lane is clear and free of 9. ON PEDESTRIAN oncoming vehicle for sufficient distance to facilitate proper - Keep off the roadway except when crossing on crosswalk. Wait overtake. embark and alight at bus or jeepney stop. c. Maneuver at own risk, the vehicle being overtaken is the privileged vehicle. Drivers keep his lane, maintain speed and 10. REMEMBER THE INTERNATIONAL SAFETY yield to overtaking vehicle. REMINDER- “SAFETY FIRST” d. He shall increase his speed until the overtaken vehicle has cleared the way e. In two lanes, on a divided roadway, they may use either of the lanes. f. In an expressway with fast and slow lanes, on a divided roadway, they may use either of the lanes. g. Overtaking is prohibited at crest of a grade curve, railway crossing, at the intersection and between construction and caution.  FINALS 4. ADJUDICATION - it is court function; the police provide influence on this step by as a witness to the prosecution by supplying additional evidence. It determines the guilt or TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT innocence of the accused. - the action taken by the police to compel obedience to traffic laws 5. PENALIZATION - the imposition of penalty upon the accused. and ordinance regulating the use and movement of motor vehicle Penalty can be influenced by previous records of conviction as for the purpose of creating a deterrent to unlawful behavior by provided by the police. all potential violators GOALS OF ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCER 1. Increase safety level - a person duly deputized by an agency of government authorized 2. Increase traffic efficiency by law to enforce traffic laws, rules and regulations 3. Ensure harmony and comfortable environment 4. Maximize safety POLICE TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT - the part performed by the police and other agencies with police power including deterrent to law violations created by the ACTIVITIES OF TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT presence of uniformed police officer and their special 1. Preventive activities equipment, special assistance to court and prosecutor and 2. Persuasive activities incidental service to highway users 3. Punitive activities COURT TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT MAJOR ELEMENTS OF TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM - the performed by the court through adjudication and 1. Enforcement system penalization 2. Road user system 3. Traffic system POLICE COURT ENFORCEMENT PROCESS TRAFFIC LAWS AND THE ROLE OF ENFORCEMENT FIVE ESSENTIAL STEPS 1. DETECTION - wholly police activities and entails looking for CHARACTERISTIC OF TRAFFIC LAWS defects in the behavior motorist, pedestrian, vehicle, equipment 1. Laws are developed from experiences of the public over the and roadway condition. years. 2. APPREHENSION - a police responsibility wherein the police 2. Laws reflect beliefs, behavior and standards agreed upon by are required action to prevent continued and future violation. society. 3. PROSECUTION - it is a court function; the police also provide corresponding influence through preparation and introduction of evidence or close contact with the prosecution office. VIOLATIONS - those act and omissions against traffic laws CLASSIFICATION OF VIOLATION 1. Hazardous traffic violations that cause danger to road users. TYPES OF WARNING Unsafe behavior and unsafe conditions are the causes of these 1. Visual warning - using gestures and signals. violations. 2. Verbal warning - oral warning made when there is newly 2. Non-hazardous violations that do not affect safety of the public enacted law but affect the use of roads. 3. Written warning - combination of two preceding types with written note of citation. REASONS WHY PEOPLE ARE VIOLATING TRAFFIC LAWS 1. Physical infirmities TRAFFIC PATROL 2. Ignorance - part of traffic supervision by patrolling to ensure public 3. Mental disorder obedience 4. Lack of training 5. Wrong attitude OBJECTIVES: 6. Habitual violators 1. Deterrence of violators 7. PUV drivers are aiming for more compensation 2. Detection and apprehension 3. Observation and reporting of traffic condition and road POLICE TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS condition - these include arrest and citation of any person 4. Providing certain services to public PURPOSES: 1. Prevent such violation from endangering the public and TYPES OF PATROL inconvenience 1. Line patrol- it is assigned to a particular place 2. Prevent continued violation 2. Area patrol- type of patrol assigned to an area of vicinity 3. Discourage future violation TRAFFIC OBSERVATION KINDS OF ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS 1. Stationary traffic observation - officer is assigned at specific 1. Traffic arrest - the taking of a person into custody of the law. It place is made when: 2. Conspicuous traffic observation - officer attracts attention a) the offense is serious; 3. Visible traffic observation - stationary observation that the b) detection is needed to avoid continued violation; and observer is in full view c) there is reasonable doubt that violators may not appear 4. concealed traffic observation - observer is not visible to the in court. public 2. Traffic citation - made to compel violators to appear in court in THINGS TO CONSIDER IN PURSUIT AS TRAFFIC absence of arrest. ENFORCEMENT 3. Traffic warning - an act reminding the driver of his violation in 1. Decision - nature of violation order for him to not do it again. No arrest or citation is made. 2. Pursuit technique  3. Safety driving technique TRAFFIC SUPERVISION, DIRECTION AND CONTROL - an act of overseeing the traffic to keep order on street and STOPPING AND APPROACHING TRAFFIC VIOLATORS highways within existing laws 1. It must be done with consideration to safety of both parties engaging 2. Upon approaching officer must be from the left side from the POLICE WORKS rear, be alert 1. Accident investigation 2. Less serious offense TRAFFIC ROAD CHECK 3. Serious traffic offense - It is done to inspect the following: 1. Faulty vehicle equipment OFFICERS ARE REQUIRED TO BE SKILLED IN THE 2. Registration and licensing procedure FOLLOWING INSTANCES: 3. Intoxication or cargo check 1. Accident scene 2. Emergencies TYPES OF TRAFFIC CHECK 3. Planned and special events 1. Faulty vehicle 4. Regular points and integration control 2. Officer directing road check 5. Directing pedestrian movement CONSIDERATION IN ROAD CHECK OFFICERS ARE REQUIRED TO KNOW HOW TO DIRECT IN 1. Minimum delay to motorist THE FOLLOWING PLACES: 2. Thorough checking procedure 1. Not signalized intersection 3. Protection and safety of parties involved 2. Signalized intersection 4. Timing and location and frequency 3. Between intersection OBJECTIVE IN DEALING WITH VIOLATORS 1. Immediate objective- to act against the person SUPERVISED ROUTE 2. Ultimate objective- to change the future of a person - A street or highway on which traffic is supervised to some considerable degree POINTS TO REMEMBER 1. Violators are diversified POLICE TRAFFIC DIRECTION 2. Conflicts arises in violators - It involves telling the public how and when they should not 3. You are professional officer, there is no professional violator stand and move 4. Be alert for an unexpected POINT/ AREA CONTROL - It is the part of the traffic direction concerning the control of vehicular/ pedestrian movement POLICE TRAFFIC ESCORT A. COMMAND OF TRAFFIC - It involves mobile supervision of traffic movement, directing - Stand where you can be seen with firm and posture orally and visually are done to allow free and safe movement of escorted vehicles. B. GESTURE IN STOPPING - Point the arm and index finger toward the vehicle to be stopped TRAFFIC DIRECTION AND CONTROL then show your palm - It is the control direction of traffic units according to - Repeat the process at the opposite side proportionate time to prevent traffic accident to maintain smooth - Not lower your arm until traffic is ceased flow of traffic. C. GESTURE TO START TRAFFIC MEANS OF DIRECTING - Stand sideways 1. Signaling - point your index finger toward the vehicle to start, hold it till he 2. Whistling verified, swing your hand up to your chin 3. Gestures - drop and repeat the process at the opposite side - Use it when they are slow or hesitant to move HAND SIGNAL 1. Use hand signals D. RIGHT TURN GESTURES 2. Use uniform signals - Not required at intersection 3. It must be clear - Point to the vehicle you want to turn and point to the direction 4. Don’t make verbal of turning 5. Be alert, stand erect - Vehicles to your left for right turn bend your left arm and allow 6. Look to the person when signaling a thumb sign 7. Arm signal should be shoulder high 8. Supplement it with whistle E. LEFT TURN GESTURES 9. Hang your hand when not in use - Vehicles turn left from right, stop vehicle from right and direct 10. Constant waving of hands causes confusion vehicle to the left 11. Maintain 90 degrees turn of the body - Left turn vehicle from your right, turn around and repeat the 12. When stopping point to a man you want to stop procedure above 13. Hand signal should be with arm and palm facing the person - Street with one lane only a. allow space for ongoing straight and turning left WHISTLE SIGNAL vehicles 1. One long blast for STOP b. direct finger left turning car with proper finger left 2. Two short snappy blast for GO c. semaphore signals may be used 3. Three blasts to be used TO ASK FOR ASSISTANCE F. TWO-OFFICER TRAFFIC - The team leader shall initiate command followed by the members. TECNIQUES IN TRAFFIC DIRECTION AND CONTROL PEDESTRIAN CONTROL 1. Keep intersection open 2. Don’t allow motorist to cross without exit PROGRAM OF PEDESTRIAN ENFORCEMENT BASICALLY 3. Stop motorist at their lane DEPENDS ON THE FOLLOWING: 4. Prefer to stop the last moving vehicle 1. Campaign 2. Guiding on the post TRAFFIC JAM 3. Warning ticket - It is caused by such factors as vehicular accident, stalled vehicle, absence of traffic enforcer and road construction. DRUNKEN DRIVERS - it is a driver who drives under the influence of alcohol with 10% PROCEDURES IN TRAFFIC JAM of intoxicating level 1. Determine the cause 2. In case of accident conduct fast investigation FIELD SOBRIETY TEST 3. In case of engine trouble assist the motorist in pushing car to 1. Walk on straight line place 2. One foot balance 4. Establish oneself and conduct systematic flow of traffic 3. Reading 5. Observe the traffic flow if it smooth, if not repeat procedure no. 4. Spelling 1 5. Counting from 1 to 10 6. Implement traffic regulation to prevent jam 6. Video tape the movement 7. Photograph the unguarded movement RESPONSIBILITIES OF TRAFFIC ENFORCER 1. Enforce the law without fear or favor and assist public when CHEMICAL TEST needed 1. Blood test 2. In an intersection, remember the following: 2. Urine test a. personal safety of enforcer 3. Perspiration test b. policeman’s visibility 4. Breath test c. visibility of officers to traffic 5. Skin test d. non obstruction to traffic e. ability to effect necessary control EVIDENCE AGAINST DRUNKEN DRIVERS 3. Officer shall not leave his post during tour of duty without 1. Drivers admission permission from higher authority. In case personal necessity he 2. Co-occupants testimony should notify the station. 3. Material witnesses testimony 4. Respond immediately to emergency calls and notify the station 4. Photograph of drunken driver 5. Be calm and control the temper even under provoking situation 5. Video/ voice tape of driver 6. He should be in proper uniform 6. Officers’ testimony 7. In apprehending issue citation, and do it in one minute LEGAL ACTION AGAINST DRIVER  1. Submit him to the nearest laboratory for testing I. PLANNING AND GEOMETRIC DESIGN 2. Impound the vehicle - composition of traffic stream 3. Confiscate the license - traffic volume and capacity 4. Recommend the suspension of privilege - origin and destination 5. Sue him for violation 6. If acquitted recommend suspension of license II. FACTORS INFLUENCING DESIGN - traffic composition - traffic volume TRAFFIC ENGINEERING - vehicle speed - defined as calculating manipulation or direction. It includes - movement of traffic forecasting of future traffic demands. - performance value FUNCTIONS III. REGULATION AND CONTROL 1. Fact finding survey and recommendation of traffic laws a. Limited to public safety and convenience 2. Supervision and maintenance of the application of traffic b. Limitation imposed on road users devices c. General rule of road use and conduct 3. Planning of traffic regulation - speed - overtaking OBJECTIVES - right of way 1. Achieve free and efficient and rapid flow of traffic - lateral placement 2. Prevent traffic accident - pedestrian right and duty 3. Promotion of traffic engineering - general rules on parking 4. Show that good police action and performance makes d. Prohibited and restriction engineering plans effective - one way regulation - speed control APPLICATION OF THE OBJECTIVES OF TRAFFIC - curb parking control ENGINEERING - turning regulation 1. Habitually congested commercial areas - stop rule 2. Heavily traveled thoroughfares 3. Congested local areas and intersection TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICE 4. Special occasion of event 5. Disaster or emergency 1. ELEMENTARY REQUISITES 6. School crossing - Compel attention - convey simple meaning at a glance METHODS IN ACHIEVING OBJECTIVES OF TRAFFIC - allowing time for response ENGINEERING - command respect 2. FUNDAMENTAL TRAITS - mandatory signs - design and outward aspect c. INFORMATIVE SIGNS - position and placement - advance sign - maintenance and condition, appearance and visibility - place identification sign - confirmatory sign 3. TYPES OF TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICE - traffic or road sign PRINCIPLES OF SIGNS - pavement markings 1. Red triangle connotes hazard - traffic light 2. Red ring with diagonal line connotes prohibition - traffic island 3. Blue/ green provides information 4. Signs on blue disc give positive instruction FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES INTERNATIONAL SIGN 1. Regulatory devices 1. Round and red; regulatory movement 2. Warning devices 2. Round black yellow sign, warning sign 3. Guiding devices 3. Equilateral triangle red sign, directing to yield the right of way 4. Octagon red and white, STOP 5. Red triangle and black sign, approaching danger zone AIMS OF SIGNAL CONTROL 1. Reduce traffic conflict and delay 2. Reduce accident 3. Economize police time TRAFFIC LIGHTS 1. Red- stop ADVANTAGES OF SIGNAL INSTALLATION 2. Amber- slowdown 1. Made for well-ordered movement 3. Green- go 2. Reduce accident frequency 3. Provide means of interpreting heavy traffic PAVEMENT MARKINGS 4. Economical over manual control at intersection 1. Arrows point to direction 5. Coordinating in providing continuous flow of traffic 2. Straight lines mean no overtaking 6. Increase traffic capacity 3. Broken lines mean overtaking is allowed CLASSES OF TRAFFIC SIGNS ROAD CLASSIFICATION a. DANGER WARNING SIGNS ACCORDING TO POLITICAL SUBDIVISION b. REGULATING SIGNS 1. National road- right of way 20 to 120 meters - priority signs 2. Provincial road- link between to municipalities, 15 to 60 meters - prohibitory signs 3. City road- interlink in the city, 15 meters  4. Municipal road- within town proper 10 meters 5. Barangay road- from market to town 2 meters KINDS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS In the investigation of traffic accidents, it is imperative for the ACCORDING TO TOPOGRAPHICAL TERRAIN traffic investigator to know the kinds of accidents occurred in order to 1. Flat road map out the necessary activities to be done when responding and 2. Zigzag investigating. 3. Steep hill 4. Down hill 1. NON-MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT 5. Winding road - refers to any accident occurring on a traffic way involving 6. Mountainous road persons using the traffic way or travel or transportation, but not 7. Roller coaster road involving a motor vehicle in motion (ex. Pedestrian and a cyclist in a traffic way) FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF ROADWAY 2. MOTOR VEHICLE NON-TRAFFIC ACCIDENT 1. VEHICLES PASSES SAFELY ON - any motor vehicle accident which occurs entirely in any place - climb lane other than a traffic way (ex. Accident on a private driveway) - overtaking lane - acceleration lane 3. MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT - turning lane - any motor vehicle accident occurring on a traffic way (ex. 2. PART OF THE ROAD USED FOR: Collision between automobiles on a highway) a. standing lane b. stopping lane CHAIN OF EVENTS IN A VEHICULAR ACCIDENT c. Bus stop 1. PERCEPTION OF HAZARD – it is seeing, feeling or hearing and understanding the usual or unexpected movement or SIDEWALK condition that could be taken as a sign of an accident about to - it is the portion of the road that answers the safety of pedestrians happen 2. START OF EVASIVE ACTION – it is the first action taken ACCIDENT by a traffic unit to escape from a collision course or otherwise - that occurrence in a sequence of events which usually produces avoid a hazard unintended injury, death or property damage 3. INITIAL CONTACT – the first accidental touching of an object collision course or otherwise avoids a hazard TRAFFIC ACCIDENT 4. MAXIMUM ENGAGEMENT – it is the greatest collapse or - an accident involving travel transportation on a traffic way overlap in a collision; the force between the traffic unit and the object collided with are greatest at maximum engagement MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT 5. DISENGAGEMENT – it is the separation of a traffic unit in - event resulting in unintended injury or property damage motion from an object with which it has collided; the force attributable directly or indirectly to the action of a motor vehicle between the object ceases at this time or its load  6. STOPPING – this is when the traffic units involved come to rest; it usually stabilizes the accident situation STEP 3. AFTER GETTING SHORT-LIVED EVIDENCE 7. INJURY – it is receiving bodily harm; this event does not 1. Make a test skid necessarily occur after the accident but within any of the chain 2. Ascertain if the violation is tantamount to arrest of events; it may also happen right after the evasive action taken 3. Complete examination of vehicle by the drivers involved or during the initial contact 4. Locate key event or point of impact 5. Additional photographs STEPS TO BE TAKEN DURING TRAFFIC ACCIDENT - vehicle damages INVESTIGATION - view obstruction - present condition STEP 1. UPON LEARNING THE INCIDENT CHECK THE - control devices FOLLOWING 6. Measure scale or diagram 1. What happened 7. Get additional facts at the scene 2. Who are involved 8. Report to station by radio 3. Where and when it happened 4. How it happened STEP 4. AFTER LEAVING THE SCENE 5. Why it happened 1. Get the medical report 2. Notify the relatives STEP 2. WHEN EMERGENCY UNDER CONTROL 3. Develop the photographs 1. Preliminary question to driver 4. Analyze the specimen - who is driving 5. Complete accident report, made copies and file. - ascertain sign of nervousness 6. Complete data on the investigators’ report 2. Gather clues for identification 7. Reconstruct the accident 3. Ask other witnesses 8. Complete the investigation and file it 4. Examine driver’s condition - check the license and other record STEP 5. IF THE CASE GOES TO COURT - check registration 1. Seek the desire of the prosecutor to strengthen the case. - verify ownership 2. Return to the scene of the incident to gather additional data - account step by step events 3. Make a pre-trial conference 5. Position and location of vehicles 4. Testify in court - lights 5. Arrange the file for future purposes - gear position - mark the position of vehicle IN CASE OF INJURIES: - look for the unusual things inside the car 1. Stop arterial bleeding 6. Form preliminary opinion 2. Ask for help 7. Photograph skid mark and location for later measuring 3. Protect the wound for exposure 8. Record place in which person/ damaged vehicle is placed 4. Cordon the place  - This applies to drivers who failed to stop at a road CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLE ACCIDENT ACCORDING accident TO SEVERITY 1. Fatal LEGAL CASES TO BE FILED: 2. non fatal 1. Abandonment of one’s victim 3. Property damage 2. Failure to lend assistance 3. Reckless imprudence resulting to homicide CLASSIFICATION OF VEHICLE ACCIDENT ACCORDING 4. Reckless imprudence resulting to damage to property TO KEY EVENT 5. Failure to render assistance to victim 1. Running off road 6. Violation of section 55 of RA 4136 2. Non-collision on road 7. Civil liability - overturning 3. Collision on road of vehicles with the ff: - pedestrian COMMON NATURE OF HIT-AND-RUN - moving vehicle 1. Ran over pedestrian - parked vehicle 2. Sideswiped pedestrian - bicycle 3. Collided with moving vehicle while overtaking - railroad train 4. Collided with moving vehicle while overtaking on opposite - fixed objects direction 5. Damaged parked vehicle CAUSES OF MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT 6. Crushed police road block A. SIMULTANEOUS FACTORS 7. Bumped by stray animal - Road condition - Driver’s attitude INVESTIGATING FOR UNKNOWN FACTS - Weather condition 1. Victims identity B. SEQUENTIAL FACTORS 2. Kind of vehicle - Unsafe greater speed 3. The make of vehicle - Defective vehicle 4. The driver C. OPERATIONAL FACTOR 5. The eyewitnesses - Road hazard - driver’s non compliance FAST TRACKED INVESTIGATION D. PERCEPTION FACTOR 1. Send the corpse to laboratory after investigating - driver’s inability to react 2. Obtain fingerprint and other specimen and send it to laboratory - driver’s faulty action to escape 3. Splintered glass can be a lead 4. Broken headlamp manifest a run over HIT AND RUN INVESTIGATION 5. Paints might stick at victim belonging 6. Don’t forget to bring paper and pencil for initial note taking  1. MOTOR VEHICLE – any device which is self-propelled and EXAMINATION OF RECOVERED VEHICLE every vehicle which is propelled by electric power obtained 1. Recover physical evidence immediately from overhead trolley wires, but not operated upon rails 2. Measure the vehicle 3. Photograph the vehicle, debris and chipped off part 2. KEY EVENT – an event on the road which characterizes the 4. Check the interior of the car for driver’s identity manner of occurrence of a motor vehicle traffic accident. INVESTIGATION AID FOR TRAFFIC ACCIDENT 3. DEBRIS – the scattered broken parts of vehicles, rubbish, dust INVESTIGATION and other materials left at the scene of the accident caused by a 1. Motor vehicle certified registration collision. 2. Repair shop 3. Department records 4. SKID MARKS – these are marks left on the roadway by tires which are not free to rotate, usually because brakes are applied DOCUMENTS TO BE FILED IN CASE OF DEATH strongly and the wheels locked. 1. Referral slip 2. Arrest report 5. TRAFFIC UNIT – any person using a traffic way for travel, 3. Traffic accident report (TAIC) parking or other purposes as a pedestrian or driver, including any 4. Affidavit of parties involved vehicle, or animal. 5. Witness’ statement 6. Photograph 6. HAZARD - a hazard is generated when a critical space-motion relationships between a traffic unit and another object develops DOCUMENTS TO BE FILED IN CASE OF INJURY due to the movement of either or both (ex. A curve in the path is 1. Memorandum of preliminary investigation a hazard; another traffic unit in the path is a hazard.) 2. TAIC 3. Estimated amount of damage, it is made by authorized repair 7. SAFE SPEED – the speed adjusted to the potential or possible shop hazards or the road and traffic situation ahead; safe speed on the 4. Affidavit of parties involve road is determined by the road rather than the particular driver 5. Witness statement of a vehicle (ex. A curve ahead is a hazard and a safe speed for 6. photograph it is a speed at which it can be taken comfortably. 8. STRATEGY – the adjusting of speed, position on the road, and direction of motion, giving signals of intent to turn or slow down, or any other action in situations involving potential hazards COMMON WORDS AND PHRASES USED IN TRAFFIC 9. TACTIC – any action taken by the traffic unit to avoid ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION hazardous situations like steering, braking or accelerating to avoid collision or other accident. 10. IMPACT – the striking of one body against another or a collision of a motor vehicle with another motor vehicle. 11. CONTACT DAMAGE – damage to a vehicle resulting from direct pressure of some foreign object in a collision or roll over; it is usually indicated by striations, rub-off of material or puncture. 12. FACTOR – any circumstance contributing to a result without which the result could not have occurred or it is an element necessary to produce the result, but not by itself sufficient. 13. PRIMARY CAUSE – a misnomer loosely applied to the most obvious or easily explained factor in the cause of an accident or the most easily modified condition factor. 14. CAUSE – the combination of simultaneous and sequential factors without any one of which result could not have occurred. 15. ATTRIBUTE – any inherent characteristics of a road, a vehicle, or a person that affects the probability of a traffic accident. 16. MODIFIER – a circumstance that alters an attribute permanently or temporarily.