GE9 - The Life and Works of Rizal PDF

**GE9 -- THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL** **MODULE 1** **The Significance of the TLWR:** It provides insights on how to deal with current problems. Jose Rizal course as a history subject is full of historical information. It helps us understand better ourselves as Filipinos. The past helps us und...

**GE9 -- THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL** **MODULE 1** **The Significance of the TLWR:** It provides insights on how to deal with current problems. Jose Rizal course as a history subject is full of historical information. It helps us understand better ourselves as Filipinos. The past helps us understand who we are. It teaches nationalism and patriotism. Jose Rizal's life works and writings-specially his novels. It provides various essential life lessons. It helps in developing logical and critical thinking. Rizal can serve as a worthwhile model and inspiration to every Filipino. The subject is a rich source of entertaining narratives. It offers many benefits that some contemporary academicians declare that the subject,especially when taught properly, is more beneficial than many subjects in various curricula. Rizal wanted change that was founded on a peaceful process because he opted for peace by using his pen to propagate what was peace and what was to be done during his generation.\ Millennial should bear in mind that whatever they feel, whatever they do, whatever they act area very important part of their way of life. If you always think of good things about people, if we do things that are good about people, we feel the positive vibes, the positive energy. But if we don't think well about them, if we always feel negative towards them, this is something that is not good. All over the world, people study about the lives of those who were responsible for the founding of their countries and in their countries\' independence movements. It is no different in the Philippines. This is why it is relevant to study the life of Rizal. **MODULE 2 - Concept of Heroism and Ratification of Rizal Law** Jose Rizal\'s vast role in the attainment of the nation\'s freedom The issuance of Republic Act 1425 on June 12, 1956. Commonly known as the Rizal Act OR the Rizal Law, mandates all educational institutions in the Philippines to offer courses about José Rizal. It is about implementing rules to educate people about the Life, Works, and Writings of our national hero Dr. Jose Rizal. He symbolizes goodness. Rizal\'s legacy for the 21st century: Progressive Education, Social Entrepreneurship, and Community Development. Jose Rizal\'s vast role in the attainment of the nation\'s freedom led to the issuance of Republic Act 1425 on June 12, 1956. Commonly known as the Rizal Act, it was sponsored by Senator Claro M. Recto (main proponent of Rizal Bill) on June 2, creating a decoration intended to perpetuate Rizal\'s memory, to be known as the Rizal Pro Patria Award. On the other hand, Senator Jose P. Laurel is the co-writer of Rizal Bill. The Republic Act No. 1425, known as the Rizal Law, mandates all educational institutions in the Philippines to offer courses about José Rizal. The full name of the law is An Act to Include in the Curricula of All Public and Private Schools, Colleges and Universities Courses On the Life, Works and Writings of Jose Rizal, Particularly His Novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, Authorizing the Printing and Distribution. The Rizal Law is being fully implemented by Pres. Fidel Ramos. **THE RIZAL BILL was as controversial as Jose Rizal himself.** The mandatory Rizal subject in the Philippines was the upshot of this bill which later became a law in 1956. The bill involves mandating educational institutions in the country to offer a course on the hero's life, works, and writings, especially the 'Noli Me Tangere' and 'El Filibusterismo'. **Why did Rizal become the Philippine National hero?** He fought from freedom in a silent but powerful way.\ He expressed his love for the Philippines through his novels, essays, articles and poems rather than a force of aggression.\ He is humble, fighting for reforms through his writings instead of through a revolution\ He used his intelligence, talents and skills in a for more peaceful way. Through different reasons, Esteban A. Ocampo agreed that Dr. Jose Rizal should be our foremost National Hero. **MODULE3 - Socio-economic, Political and Religious Development in Europe during 19th Century** Early Development of Rizal\'s Nationalism and Concept of Filipino Nationalism George Orwell - Nationalism is the habit of identifying oneself with a single nation and recognizing no other duty than that of advancing its interests and those of people who find themselves having major commonalities on their own initiatives resulting to their identification of themselves to a single nation. Revolution - presupposes a people with consciousness of its own identity and unity as a nation. **Rizal's contribution:** 1\. He emphasized the importance of the Tagalog language and its impact upon the Philippines.\ 2. He was openly criticized of the friars.\ 3.He defended Filipino civil rights.\ 4. He discovered the power of the pen.\ 5. He conceived a form of gradual nationalism. "Nationalism is first and foremost a state of mind, an act of consciousness. (consciousness that strives towards achieving homogeneity within the group) which will lead to and facilitate common action. **- Hans Kohn** "Nationalism is the desire of members of a nation to govern themselves and to protect their interests even at the expense of outsiders. It has been an explosively powerful political force." -**TheFamily Encyclopedia** **NATIONALISM --** loyalty and devotion to a nation; especially: a sense of national consciousness exalting one nation above all others **Filipino nationalism -** awakening and support towards a political identity associated with modern Philippines leading to a wide-ranging campaign for political, social, and economic freedom in the Philippines. **The start of Filipino Nationalism (1760s--1820s**) - The term \"Filipino\" originally referred to the Spanish criollos of the Philippines. During their 333-year rule of the Philippines, the Spanish rulers referred the natives as indios. During the colonial era, the Spaniards born in the Philippines, who were more known as insulares, criollos, or Creoles, were also called \"Filipinos.\" It was brought to its advent by three major factors: 1.)economy 2)education 3\) secularization of parishes. These factors contributed to the birth of the Filipino Nationalism. The opening of the Philippines to the international or world trade, the rise of the middle class, few examples of how the Philippines developed into a stable country. 19th century was a dynamic and creative age (especially in Europe and US) During this period such concepts as industrialism, democracy and nationalism triggered revolutionary changes in science, technology, economics and politics. These changes enabled men to achieve the heights of prosperity and dignity. Important Economic changes in the Philippines during the 19th Century is the demand for Philippine sugar and abaca (hemp) grew apace, and the volume of eports to Europe expanded even further after the completion of the Suez Canal in 1869. The growth of commercial agriculture resulted in the appearance of a new class. The growth of commercial agriculture resulted in the appearance of a new class. Alongside the landholdings of the church and the arose haciendas of coffee, hemp, and sugar, often the property of enterprising Chinese-Filipino mestizos. Some of the families that gained prominence in the 19th century have continued to play an important role in Philippine economics and politics. During 1863 public education in the Philippines, and even then the church controlled the curriculum. The limited higher education in the colony was entirely under clerical direction, but by the 1880s many sons of the wealthy were sent to Europe to study. Nationalism and a passion for reform blossomed in the liberal atmosphere. Out of this talented group of overseas Filipino students arose what came to be known as the Propaganda Movement. Magazines, poetry, and pamphleteering flourished. José Rizal, this movement's most brilliant figure, produced two political novels---Noli me tangere (1887; Touch Me Not) and El filibusterismo (1891; The Reign of Greed)---which had a wide impact in the Philippines. In 1892, Rizal returned home and formed the Liga Filipina, a modest reform-minded society, loyal to Spain, that breathed no word of independence. But Rizal was quickly arrested by the overly fearful Spanish, exiled to a remote island in the south, and finally executed in 1896. Shocked by the arrest of Rizal in 1892, these activists quickly formed the Katipunan under the leadership of Andres Bonifacio, a self-educated warehouseman. The Katipunan was dedicated to the expulsion of the Spanish from the islands. Christianity was first brought to the Philippine islands by Spanish missionaries and settlers, who arrived in waves beginning in the early 16th century in Cebu. Compared to the Spanish Era, when Christianity was recognized as the state religion, the faith today is practiced in the context of a secular state. When the Spaniards arrived in the Philippines in 1521, the colonizers used art as a tool to propagate the Catholic faith through beautiful images. They replaced the arts that were once done in a communal spirit and community setting for rituals. The church, particularly the friars, became the new patron of the arts. The interaction of religious influence and economic performance have occurred. earlier example, of the Cistercian Catholic Order, to show that religious values did influence productivity and economic performance in England and across Europe. The effect of this historic influence has persisted to today. **MODULE 4 - Rizal's Life: Higher Education and Life Abroad** Jose was sent back to Manila even though he was still uncertain as to what profession to follow.\ At first, he had been attracted to the priesthood\ But his real choice was between literature, law and\ medicine.\ Prior to his university enrollment his brother Paciano argued with him in pursuing law. Pacianowas wrong in discouraging him from the study of law.\ Rizal, a born polemicist, with a talent for self-expression and a keen sense of justice, would have made a splendid lawyer. In any case Jose marked time by enrolling both in Ateneo for a course of in land surveying and in the Dominican University of Sto. Tomas in the course of philosophy and letters, apparently because his father wanted him to study metaphysics.\ In the next term he made up his mind to study medicine because his mother's sight was failing.\ He was far below his usual standard; in the pre-medical and medical courses which he took in the university, he was given in sixteen subjects three passing grades: eight "goods", three "very goods", and only two "excellents".\ His first infatuation was with little Batangueña by the name of Segunda Katigbak.\ But after all Segunda was not the only girl he knew. There were Leonoras, Dolores, Ursulas, Felipas, Vicentas, Margaritas.\ At this time Jose seemed to have become involved with two girls named Leonor Rivera and Leonor Valenzuela.\ Jose Rizal left the country **in May 1882** to pursue further studies abroad. He enrolled in a course in medicine at the Universidad Central de Madrid in Spain.\ In **June 1883,** he traveled to France to observe how medicine was being practiced there. On **June 17, 1883, Rizal arrived in Paris.**\ Rizal returned to Madrid and thought about publishing a book that exposed the colonial relationship of Spain and the Philippines.\ This idea was realized in **March 1887**, with the publication of the novel Noli Me Tangere in Germany.\ Rizal returned to Manila in **August 1887,** after five years in Europe.\ **Six months later**, pressured by the Spanish authorities as well as by his family and friends to leave the country and avoid persecution, Rizal left Manila for HongKong.\ From HongKong, Rizal traveled to Macau and Japan before going to America. Entering San Francisco, California, in **April 1888,** he visited the states of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Nebraska, Illinois, and New York.\ **On May 16th**, Jose Rizal gathered enough funds for a trip to London. He landed at Liverpool on **May 24, 1888.**\ In **August,** he was admitted to the British Museum, where he copied Antonio de Morga's massive study of the Philippines, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, which Rizal later annotated for publication "as a gift to the Filipinos".\ **In March 1891,** Rizal finished writing , El Filibusterismo in France.\ In **September 1890**, El Filibusterismo was published in Ghent using donations from Rizal's friends.\ ** Rizal left Europe for HongKong for two reasons:** **(1)** his widening political differences with Marcelo H. Del Pilar **(2)** to be near in the Philippines and his family. Rizal arrived in HongKong on **November 20, 1891**, and stayed for almost seven months before he travelled again. He was met by his old friend, Jose Ma. Basa.\ On **December 1, 1889**, he wrote his parents that he would like to go home but while waiting for their reply, he received a letter from Manuel T. Hidalgo, his brother-in-law relating the bad news.\ He planned to build a "New Calamba" by relocating landless Filipinos to Borneo, Rizal came home to the Philippines in **June 1892**.\ ** Rizal was able to master 22 languages; 4 languages in the Philippines: Tagalog, Ilocano, Bisayan, and Subanon; and 18 foreign languages: English, Spanish, French, German, Latin, Greek, Arabic, Malay, Sanskrit, Dutch, Catalan, Italian, Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, Swedish and Russian.**\ He had learned much from agriculture having to **cultivate 16 hectares of land bought in Talisay.\ ** The death of Leonor Rivera added to his sadness and loneliness. He then met Josephine Bracken. **MODULE 5 - Rizal's Life: Exile, Trial and Death** **2 reasons of Rizal returning to Manila for the second time** **1)** to talk personally with Gov. Despujol of the British North Borneo colonization project\ **2)** to establish La Liga Filipina in Manila. **Aim of La Liga Filipina** *1. Unity in the whole archipelago into one compact and homogenous body.\ 2. Mutual protection in every want and necessity.\ 3. Defense against all violence and injustice.\ 4. Encouragement of education, agriculture, and commerce.\ 5. Study and application of reforms.* **Motto: Unus Instar Omnimium (One Like All)** Membership fee was fixed at two pesos and a monthly due of 10 centavos. Rizal arrived in Manila **on June 26, 1892**, with Lucia. He went to Malacañang to talk to Gov. Despujol.\ Agreed to pardon his father but not the rest of the family.\ On **June 7, 1892**, he boarded a train to visit his friends in Malolos, Bulacan; in San Fernando and Bacolor both in Pampanga and Tarlac.\ ** Pobres Frailles (Poor Friars)** -- a satire against the Dominican friars who amassed wealth and fortune "contrary to their monastic views of poverty", written by Fr. Jacinto and printed in Manila.\ He was placed under arrest and escorted to Fort Santiago by Ramon Despujol, a nephew and aide of Gov. Despujol.\ He was placed under arrest and escorted to Fort Santiago by Ramon Despujol, a nephew and aide of Gov. Despujol.\ **July 7 at 7am** -- arrival in Dapitan\ In Dapitan, he was given a chance to live at the parish convent with conditions to meet.\ He refused to follow the conditions and live in the house of commandant, Captain Carnicero.\ Don Ricardo Carnicero -- poem written by Rizal as birthday present on **August 26, 1892.**\ ** Francisco Equilor** -- **bought a lottery ticket No. 9736** which **won**\ he used his knowledge he gained as an expert surveyor, in the improvement of the water system and was successful in furnishing clean water to the people.\ He became a teacher.\ He volunteered his service as military doctor in Cuba.\ **July 1, 1896 --** accept his offer and the Minister of war will assign him in the Army of Operations in Cuba specifically in Medical Corps.\ **July 31, 1896** -- end of four-year exile in Dapitan. The boat arrived in Manila Bay early morning of Thursday.\ He missed the boat Isla de Luzon bound for Spain.\ Governor assigned him to Spanish cruiser Castilla.\ Philippine Revolution occurred (Cry of Balintawak and Pinaglabanan Incident in San Juan)\ **August 30, 1896 --** Gov.- General proclaimed the state of war in the **8 provinces of Manila, Bulacan, Cavite, Batangas, Laguna, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija and Tarlac.**\ Finally, the time has arrived prior to his departure in Cuba.\ He would be arrested by order of Gov. General Blanco and would be sent to prison in Ceuta in the Spanish Morocco.\ Rizal arrived in Barcelona as a prisoner and transferred to Military Commander of Barcelona, Gen. Eulogio Despujol.\ **October 6, 1886** -- Rizal left Barcelona and return to Philippines to face trial.\ Dr. Pio Valenzuela, Moises Salvador, Jose Dizon, Timoteo Paez, Pedro Serrano Laktaw, Domingo Paez, Paciano = arrested and tortured to convict Rizal.\ **December 11 --** Rizal was informed of the charges against him.\ **December 26, 1896 at 8am** -- the court martial of Rizal started in Cuartel de España, with **7 members: Lt. Col. Jose Togores Arjona (President), Capt. Ricardo Munoz Arias, Capt. Manuel Reguerro, Izquierdo Osorio, Capt. Braulio Rodriguez Nunez, Capt. Manuel Dias Escribano, and Capt. Fermin Perez Rodriguez, Capt. Rafael Dominguez (Judge Advocate) with Lt. Enrique de Alcocer were for the prosecution, while Lt. Taviel de Andrade was for the defense.**\ On the very same day, the court decision was forwarded to Governor-General Polavieja, and after seeking the opinion of the Judge Advocate, the latter confirmed the verdict: to be shot at the back on the morning of December 30 at Bagumbayan Field (now the Luneta).\ He requested the commander of the firing squad to shoot him facing the firing squad, which was refused. He turned his back and face the sea (looking toward Manila Bay).\ Jose Rizal's death was carried out when the command "Fuego" was heard, and Rizal made an effort to face the firing squad but his bullet riddled body turned to the right and his face directed to the morning sun.\ It was **exactly 7:03 am, December 30, 1896,** when Rizal died, a martyr's death, at the prime of his life, **35 years of age, five months and eleven days.**