Tissues (Epithelial and Connective) Worksheet (1).pdf

Epithelial Tissue Table: Epithelial Tissue Function Location in the Body Simple Squamous Facilitates diffusion and filtration; Lining of lungs (alveoli), blood vessels allows exchange...

Epithelial Tissue Table: Epithelial Tissue Function Location in the Body Simple Squamous Facilitates diffusion and filtration; Lining of lungs (alveoli), blood vessels allows exchange of gases (endothelium), and kidneys Simple Columnar Absorption, secretion of mucus and Lining of stomach, intestines, and uterine enzymes tubes Simple Cuboidal Secretion and absorption Kidney tubules, glands, and ducts Pseudostratified Secretion and movement of mucus Lining of the trachea and upper respiratory Columnar tract Stratified Squamous Protection against abrasion Skin, mouth, esophagus, and vagina Stratified Columnar Protection and secretion Male urethra, ducts of some glands Transitional Stretching to accommodate fluid Lining of bladder, ureters, and part of the volume changes urethra d. Explanation of Two Epithelial Tissues: 1. Simple Squamous: The structure of simple squamous epithelium is composed of a single layer of flat cells. This thin structure facilitates the rapid diffusion of gases (in the lungs) or filtration (in the kidneys), allowing for efficient material exchange. 2. Stratified Squamous: This epithelium consists of multiple layers of cells, with the surface cells being flat. The many layers make it ideal for areas subject to abrasion, as seen in the skin and the lining of the mouth and esophagus, providing protective barriers. Connective Tissue Table: Connective Tissue Function Location in the Body Areolar Binds organs, provides nutrients Under epithelial tissues, around organs Dense Regular Attaches muscles to bones or bones to bones Tendons and ligaments Dense Irregular Provides strength and resists tension in multiple Dermis of skin, fibrous capsules of directions organs  Adipose Stores fat, insulates, and cushions Under the skin, around organs Hyaline Cartilage Supports, reinforces, and provides cushioning Ends of long bones, nose, trachea Fibrocartilage Absorbs compressive shock Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis Elastic Cartilage Maintains structure while allowing flexibility External ear, epiglottis Spongy Bone Supports and protects; houses bone marrow Ends of long bones, inside vertebrae Compact Bone Provides support, protection, and levers for Outer layer of bones movement Blood Transports gases, nutrients, wastes Circulates throughout the body in blood vessels d. Characteristics of Collagen and Elastin: Collagen: Strong, flexible, and resistant to stretching, collagen fibers provide structural support and tensile strength to tissues. Elastin: Allows tissues to stretch and recoil, providing elasticity to structures like skin, blood vessels, and lungs. e. Relationship Between Loose Connective Tissue and Adipose Tissue: Loose connective tissue contains a loose arrangement of fibers and a variety of cell types, including adipocytes (fat cells). Adipose tissue is a specialized form of loose connective tissue, where adipocytes dominate, storing energy and providing insulation and cushioning. f. General Characteristics of Cartilage: Cartilage is a flexible, avascular tissue composed of chondrocytes embedded in a matrix of collagen fibers and proteoglycans. It provides support and cushioning, resists compressive forces, and allows smooth joint movements. g. Why Injured Bone Heals Faster than Cartilage: Bone is highly vascularized, allowing for better nutrient and oxygen supply to cells, which accelerates the healing process. Cartilage, on the other hand, lacks a direct blood supply, which slows down repair and regeneration. Muscle Tissue Table: Muscle Description Function Location in the Body Tissue  Skeletal Long, striated fibers, voluntary Movement, posture Attached to bones control Cardiac Branched, striated fibers, involuntary Pumps blood Heart control Smooth Non-striated, spindle-shaped cells, Moves substances through Walls of digestive tract, involuntary control hollow organs blood vessels Neurons: Neurons are specialized cells that transmit electrical impulses in the nervous system. Their main functions are to receive sensory input, integrate and process information, and send motor output to muscles and glands. Organs Made of Neurons: 1. Brain 2. Spinal cord Cancer Discussion: The majority of adult cancers arise from epithelial tissue (adenomas or carcinomas). This is because epithelial cells cover surfaces and line cavities in the body, constantly undergoing division and regeneration, making them more prone to DNA mutations that can lead to cancer. 5 Layers of the Epidermis (from the basement membrane to the free surface): Stratum basale Stratum spinosum Stratum granulosum Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin) Stratum corneum The primary pigments contained in the epidermis are melanin and carotene. The major components of the dermis are the papillary layer and reticular layer. The accessory structures of the integument include hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. Two major exocrine glands in the skin are sweat glands and sebaceous glands. Why do some women, covered completely except for their eyes, exhibit bone problems? These women may suffer from vitamin D deficiency. Sunlight is required for the skin to produce vitamin D, which is essential for calcium absorption and bone health. Limited exposure to sunlight can lead to bone problems like osteoporosis. Functions of sebaceous secretions: Sebaceous glands secrete sebum, which helps:  ○ Lubricate and moisturize the skin and hair. ○ Prevent water loss. ○ Protect against bacterial infections. Deodorants mask the effects of secretions from which skin gland? Deodorants mask the effects of apocrine sweat glands, which are found in areas like the armpits and groin. These glands produce sweat that can cause body odor when broken down by bacteria. Which type of skin gland is most affected by the hormones during puberty? Sebaceous glands are most affected by hormones during puberty, leading to increased sebum production, which can result in acne. Why can skin regenerate effectively even after considerable damage? Skin can regenerate effectively because stem cells in the stratum basale continuously divide and replace damaged cells. Additionally, the skin has a rich blood supply in the dermis, which provides nutrients and immune cells to aid in healing. Why does the child have a yellow-orange complexion despite being healthy? The child likely has carotenemia, a condition caused by excessive consumption of foods rich in carotene (such as carrots, sweet potatoes, and pumpkins). This harmless condition gives the skin a yellow-orange tint but does not indicate jaundice or liver issues. The pediatrician advised monitoring the child’s diet to reduce carotene intake. Cartilage Table: Type of Cartilage Location in the Body Hyaline Ends of long bones (articular cartilage), nose, trachea, larynx, costal cartilage (ribs) Elastic External ear (auricle), epiglottis Fibrocartilage Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci of the knee Bone Classification Table: Name of Bone Classification Humerus Long bone Rib Flat bone Vertebra Irregular bone  Ulna Long bone Lunate Short bone (carpal bone) Other Major Components of the Axial Skeleton: 1. Vertebral column (spine) 2. Thoracic cage (rib cage) The 8 Bones of the Cranium: 1. Frontal bone 2. Parietal bones (2) 3. Temporal bones (2) 4. Occipital bone 5. Sphenoid bone 6. Ethmoid bone Bone Names: a. Forehead bone: Frontal bone b. Cheekbone: Zygomatic bone c. Lower jaw: Mandible d. Upper jaw: Maxilla e. Bridge of nose: Nasal bone f. Tiny bones with tear ducts: Lacrimal bones Types of Vertebrae: 1. Cervical vertebrae (7): Smallest, have a transverse foramen, and the first two are specialized as the atlas and axis. 2. Thoracic vertebrae (12): Have facets for rib attachment, and a larger body compared to cervical vertebrae. 3. Lumbar vertebrae (5): Largest, with thick, robust bodies, and no rib facets. 4. Sacral vertebrae (5, fused): Form the sacrum, articulating with the pelvis. 5. Coccygeal vertebrae (4, fused): Form the coccyx (tailbone). You can distinguish vertebrae based on their size, shape, presence of rib facets, and specific anatomical features (e.g., transverse foramen in cervical vertebrae, larger bodies in lumbar vertebrae).