Human Biology PDF - Types of Tissues - Organ Systems Part I

Types of Tissues-Organ systems Part I Nermin Eissa, Ph.D. College of Health Sciences Abu Dhabi University Fall-2023  Learning Outcomes: Describe the four major classes of tissues and provide a general function for each. C...

Types of Tissues-Organ systems Part I Nermin Eissa, Ph.D. College of Health Sciences Abu Dhabi University Fall-2023  Learning Outcomes: Describe the four major classes of tissues and provide a general function for each. Compare the structure and function of bone and cartilage. Differentiate between blood and lymph. Distinguish among the three types of muscles with regard to location and function in the body. Describe the structure of a neuron. State the role of epithelial cells in the body with regard to location and function. 2 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Types of Tissues Tissue—a collection of cells of the same type that perform a common function. There are 4 major tissue types in the body: Connective tissue—binds and supports body parts. Muscular tissue—moves the body and its parts. Nervous tissue—conducts nerve impulses. Epithelial tissue—covers body surfaces; lines body cavities. 3 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Connective Tissue 1 Connective tissue. Has three main components: specialized cells, ground substance, and protein fibers. Ground substance—noncellular material between the cells. Varies in consistency from solid (bone) to fluid (blood). 4 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Connective Tissue 2 There are three types of protein fibers: Collagen fibers—flexible and strong. Reticular fibers—thin, highly branched collagen fibers. Elastic fibers—contain elastin, a protein that stretches and recoils. There are three main types of connective tissue: fibrous, supportive, and fluid. 5 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Components of Connective Tissues Access the text alternative for these images 6 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Types of Connective Tissue Access the text alternative for these images 7 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Fibrous Connective Tissue 1 Fibrous connective tissue. Comes in two main forms: loose and dense. Both contain fibroblasts separated by matrix (ground substance and fibers). Loose fibrous connective tissue. Includes areolar connective tissue, reticular connective tissue and adipose tissue. Dense fibrous connective tissue. Found in tendons (connect muscles to bones) and ligaments (connect bones to bones). 8 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Fibrous Connective Tissue 2 Loose fibrous connective tissue supports epithelium and many internal organs. Adipose tissue stores fat. Has very little extracellular matrix. Adipocytes—cells filled with liquid fat. Functions in energy storage, insulation and cushioning. Found primarily under the skin and around some organs. Dense fibrous connective tissue contains densely packed collagen fibers. 9 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Connective Tissues Found in the Knee 10 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education (photos, all): ©Ed Reschke  Supportive connective tissue Supportive connective tissue. Two major types: cartilage and bone. Functions in structure, shape, and protection. Cartilage. Chondrocytes—cells that lie in small spaces called lacunae. Matrix is solid but flexible. Lacks a direct blood supply, so heals slowly. 11 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Cartilage 3 types, distinguished by the type of fibers found in the matrix: Hyaline cartilage—fine collagen fibers. Found in the tip of the nose, ends of long bones and the fetal skeleton. Elastic cartilage—lots of elastic fibers. Found in the outer ear. Fibrocartilage—strong collagen fibers. Found in the disks between vertebrae. 12 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Bone The most rigid connective tissue. Matrix is made of collagen and calcium salts. There are two types of bone tissue: compact and spongy. Compact bone makes up the shafts of long bones. Consists of cylindrical structural units called osteons. The central canal contains blood vessels and nerves. Bone cells are located in lacunae. Spongy bone is inside the ends of long bones. Lighter than compact bone, but strong. 13 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Fluid Connective Tissue There are two types of fluid connective tissue: blood and lymph. Blood. Made of a fluid matrix called plasma and cellular components called formed elements. 3 formed elements: Red blood cells (erythrocytes)—cells that carry oxygen. White blood cells (leukocytes) —cells that fight infection. Platelets (thrombocytes)—pieces of cells that clot blood. 15 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Fluid Connective Tissue 2 Lymph. the fluid that flows through the lymphatic system Contains white blood cells. Lymphatic vessels absorb excess interstitial fluid and return lymph to the cardiovascular system. 16 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Check Your Progress Describe the three general categories of connective tissue, and provide some examples of each type. 17 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Muscular Tissue Moves the Body 2 Muscular tissue. Specialized to contract. Cells are called muscle fibers. Three types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. 18 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Skeletal Muscle Skeletal muscle. Attached to the skeleton by tendons. Contraction moves the skeleton. Voluntarily controlled. Muscle fibers are very long; can run the entire length of the muscle. Have multiple nuclei. Striated, or striped, in appearance. 19 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Smooth Muscle Smooth muscle. No striations. Spindle-shaped cells with one nucleus. Involuntarily controlled. Found in the walls of viscera. 20 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Cardiac Muscle Cardiac muscle. Found only in the walls of the heart. Striated. Involuntary. Single nucleus. Cells are connected by intercalated disks. 27 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Check Your Progress Explain the difference in the structure and function of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. Describe where each type of muscle fiber is found in the body. 22 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Nervous Tissue Nervous tissue Consists of neurons and neuroglia. Three primary functions: sensory input, integration, and motor output. 23 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Neurons 1 Neuron. Has three parts: dendrites, a cell body, and an axon. Dendrites carry information toward the cell body. The cell body contains the nucleus and other organelles. Axon conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body. 24 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Some axons are covered in myelin, a fatty substance. Nerves—bundles of axons traveling to and from the brain and spinal cord. Neuroglia. Take up more than half the volume of the brain. Main function is to support and nourish neurons. Access the text alternative for these images 33 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education ©Xia Yuan/Moment Open/Getty Images  Check Your Progress Describe the structure and function of a neuron. Explain the general function of the neuroglia. 26 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Epithelial Tissue Protects 2 Epithelial tissue (epithelium, or plural, epithelia). Made of tightly packed cells. Lines body cavities, covers body surfaces, and is found in glands. Anchored by a basement membrane on one side and is free on the other side. Named for the number of cell layers and the shape of the cells. 27 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Epithelial Tissue Protects 3 Epithelial tissue: Is either simple or stratified. Simple epithelium. Single layer of cells. Stratified epithelium. Multiple layers of cells. 28 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Epithelial Tissue 29 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Simple Epithelia 1 Simple epithelia. Simple squamous epithelium. Single layer of flattened cells. That is, found in the lungs, where it functions in gas exchange. Simple cuboidal epithelium. Single layer of cube-shaped cells. 30 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Simple Epithelia 2 Simple columnar epithelium. Single layer of column-shaped cells. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Because of the location of the nuclei, appears stratified but every cell touches the basement membrane. Often has cilia, which move mucus across its surface. 31 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Stratified Epithelia Stratified epithelia. Several layers of cells. Stratified squamous epithelia forms the outer layer of the skin and lines the mouth, esophagus. Transitional epithelia. Cells change shape in response to tension (from cuboidal to squamous). That is, found lining the urinary bladder. 32 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education  Check Your Progress List the functions of epithelial tissue. Describe the structure of each major type of epithelial tissue. 33 ©2020 McGraw-Hill Education