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TISSUES, GLANDS, & MEMBRANE PREPARED BY: JUDE PETER S. INANDAN, RN  Infographic Style a group of cells with similar structure and function, as well as s i m i l a r ex t ra c e l l u l a r...

TISSUES, GLANDS, & MEMBRANE PREPARED BY: JUDE PETER S. INANDAN, RN  Infographic Style a group of cells with similar structure and function, as well as s i m i l a r ex t ra c e l l u l a r substances located between the cell. Histology - the microscopic study of tissue structure. Comes from the hreek work histo which means tissue and ology which means study.  There are four basic tissue type, it includes: EPITHELIAL TISSUE CONNECTIVE TISSUE MUSCLE TISSUE NERVOUS TISSUE  Infographic Style Epithelium or epithelial tissue is found throughout the body where it covers internal and external surfaces. Surfaces include the outer layer of the skin and the lining of cavities such as digestive tract, repiratory passages, and blood vessels. Function of the Epithelia: Permitting the passages of substances Protecting underlying structure Secreting and absorbing substance Acting as a barrier  Classification of epithelia there are two ways to classify epithelia: According to number of cell layers 01 Simple Epithelium - one layer of cell Stratified Epithelium - more than one layer According to the shape of the cell 02 Squamous - Flat Cuboidal - Cube-like Columnar - tall and thin  SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM STRUCTURE: Single layer of flat, often hexagonal cells. the nuclei diffusion, filtration, appear as bumps some secretion and when viewed as a some protection cross section against friction because the cells FUNCTION are so flat LOCATION Lining of blood vessels nd the heart, lymphatic vessels, VIEW UNDER COMPOUND MICROSCOPE alveoli of the lungs, 40X OBJECTIVE LENS AND 10X portion of the kidney EYE PIECE MAGNIFICATION tubules, lining of serous membranes of the cavity  SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM Active transport & STRUCTURE: facilitated diffusion result LOREM Single layer ofIPSUM cube- in secretion and DOLOR SITsome AMET absorption by cells of the shaped cells; kidney tubules; secretion cells have microvilli by cells of glands and (kidney tubules) or choroid plexuses; cilia (terminal movement of partcles bronchioles of the embedded in mucus out of lungs) the terminal bronchioles by ciliated cells LOCATION FUNCTION kidney tubules, glands and their ducts, choroid VIEW UNDER COMPOUND MICROSCOPE plexuses of the brain, 40X OBJECTIVE LENS AND 10X lining of terminal EYE PIECE MAGNIFICATION bronchioles of the lungs, and surfaces of the ovaries  SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM movement of partcles out STRUCTURE: of the bronchioles by Single layer of ciliated cells; partially tall,arrow cells. responsible for the some cells have cilia movement of the oocytes (bronchioles of the through the uterine tubes lungs, auditory by ciliate cells. secretion by tubes, uterine tubes, cells of the glands, the and uterus) or stomach and the intestine. absorption by cells of the microvilli (intestine) intestine. LOCATION FUNCTION kidney tubules, glands and their ducts, choroid VIEW UNDER COMPOUND MICROSCOPE plexuses of the brain, 40X OBJECTIVE LENS AND 10X lining of terminal EYE PIECE MAGNIFICATION bronchioles of the lungs, and surfaces of the ovaries  PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM STRUCTURE: synthesize and secrete Single layer of cells. some cells are tall & thin & mucus onto the free reach the free surface, and surface and move mucus others do not;the nuclei of that contain foreign this cells are at different particles over the surface of levels and appear the free surface and from stratified: cells are almost passages always ciliated and associated with goblet cels FUNCTION that secrete mucus LOCATION lining of nasal cavity, nasal sinuses, auditory tubes, VIEW UNDER COMPOUND MICROSCOPE pharynx, trachea, 40X OBJECTIVE LENS AND 10X and bronchi of lungs EYE PIECE MAGNIFICATION  STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM Several layers of cells that are cuboidal in the basal layer and progressively flattened toward the surface. it has two types: NON- KERATINIZED IT IS MOIST AND THE CYTOPLASM OF THE SURFACE CELL CELLS AT THE RETAIN A NUCLEUS SURFACE IS REPLACED BY A AND CYTOPLASM LOCATION: MOUTH, VS PROTEIN CALLE THROAT, LARYNX, KERATIN, AND THE ESOPHAGUS, ANUS, CELLS ARE DEAD VAGINA, INFERIOR OUTER URETHRA AND LAYER OF THE SKIN CORNEAS AND HAIR FUNC PROTECTION AGAINST ABRASION, BARRIER AGAINST INFECTION, AND REDUCES LOSS OF WATER FROM THE BODY  TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM STRUCTURE: accommodates LOREM Stratified IPSUM cells that fluctuations in the DOLORcuboidal appear SIT AMET volume of fluid in an when the organ or organ or tube; tube is not stretched protection against and squamous the caustic effect of when the organ is urine stretched by fluid FUNCTION LOCATION lining of urinary bladder, urethers and superior urethra VIEW UNDER COMPOUND MICROSCOPE 40X OBJECTIVE LENS AND 10X EYE PIECE MAGNIFICATION STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM STRUCTURE: surface cells are consist of morethan columnar in shape. one layer of deeper layers are cuboidal cells. this is irregular in shape or relatively rare. cuboidal. LOCATION LOCATION sweat gland ducts, mammary gland ovarian follicle, and ducts, larynx and salivary glands. portion of male urethra FUNCTION FUNCTION absorption,secretion absorption,secretion and protection and protection  Structural and Functional Relationship Simple Epithelium Stratified Epithelium Movement of materials is hi Found in organ in which the ndered by its multiple layers. principal function is the It is well adapted for its movement of materials protective function Examples include diffusion of It is mostly found in the body gases across the wall of VS. where abrasion can occur alveoli of the lungs, filtration such as skin, vagina and anal membrane in the kidneys, canal. When outer cell are etc. damaged they are replaced by the cell fron deeper layer Single Layer Cell Multiple Layer Cell  Structural and Functional Relationship Squamous Cuboidal/Columnar Cells are normally thin and flat Cells that are main function are when the function is diffusion secretion and absorption are and filtration usually columnar and cuboidal they are larger because they VS. contain more organelles, which These can be seen in the alveoli are responsible for the function of the lungs and the in kidneys of the cell. This cell contain secretory vesicles filled with mucus thin and flat cube-like and tall Most cells have a free surface that is not in contact with other cells and faces away from underlying tissue. Their characteristic reflects on their function. It can be smooth, or it can have cilia or microvilli. Smooth surfaces- reduces friction Microvilli- cylindrical extension that function to increase cell surface Cilia- hair-like structure that propel materials among cell surface. Intermixed with ciliated cells are specialized mucus producing cell called Goblet Cells. Epithelial cells are connected to one another in several ways: Tight Junction - bind adjacent cell together and form permane nt barrier Desmosomes - Mechanical link that binds cell together Hemidesmosomes - anchors the cell to the basement membrane Gap Junctions- small channels that allow small molecules and ios to pass through one cell to another  Infographic Style Connective tissue act as a connections among various other tissues. Bone, cartilage, and fibrous connective tissue actually hold parts together and support them in some way. Blood Tissue connects other tissue in the sense of transporting materials.  Function of Connective Tissue Storing, Protecting Cushioning and and Transporting Supporting and insulating Connecting tissues moving Enclosing and to one another Separating Connective Tissue cells are classified by three basic type of matrix: 01 Protein Fiber Matrix 02 Protein/Ground substance Matrix 03 Fluid Matrix Protein fibers matrix is an extracellular material composed of many substances but with a dominance of protein fiber Protein Fiber Matrix COLLAGEN A common protein, forming bundle of tough, flexible fibers. because they have a whitish color. They are often called white fibers ELASTIN a stretchy, fibrous protein, forms thick, single fiber in connective tissue matrices. They are sometimes called yellow fibers Protein Fiber Matrix: Loose or Areolar Connective Tissue STRUCTURE: consist mostly of collagen and a few elastic fibers. fibroblast are the most common cell found on areolar connective tissue FUNCTION: attaches the skin to underlying tissue; loose packing material that fills spaces between glands, muscle, and nerves. LOCATION: widely distributed to the body mostly found in glands, muscle and nerves Protein Fiber Matrix: Dense Collagenous Connective Tissue STRUCTURE: Matrix composed of collagen fibers running in somewhat the same direction in tendons and ligaments. Collagen fibers run in several directions in the dermis of the skin and in organ capsules. FUNCTION: Ability to withstand great pulling forces exerted in the direction of fiber orientation, great tensile strength, and stretch resistance. LOCATION: Found in tendons (attach muscle to bone) and ligaments (attach bones to each other). Also found in the dermis of the skin, organ capsules, and the outer layer of many blood vessels Protein Fiber Matrix: Dense Elastic Connective Tissue STRUCTURE: Matrix composed of collagen fibers and elastin fibers running in somewhat the same direction in elastic ligaments. Elastic fibers run in several directions in the elastic connective tissue of blood vessel walls. FUNCTION: Capable of stretching and recoiling like a rubber band with strength in the direction of fiber orientation. LOCATION: Elastic ligaments between the vertebrae and along the dorsal aspect of the neck (nucha) and in the vocal chords. Also found in elastic connective tissue of blood vessel walls. Protein Fiber Matrix: Adipose Connective Tissue STRUCTURE: Little extracellular matrix surrounding cells. The adipocytes, or fat cells, are so full of lipid that the cytoplasm is pushed to the periphery of the cell FUNCTION: Packing material, thermal insulator, energy storage, and protection of organs against injury from being bumped or jarred. LOCATION: Predominantly in subcutaneous areas, mesenteries, renal pelves, around kidneys, attached to the surface of the colon, mammary glands, and in loose connective tissue that penetrates into spaces and crevices Protein/ground substance matrix is an extracellular material that has some protein fibers in it but also a great deal of non fibrous protein and other substances Ground Substance Matrix  CARTILAGE Cartilage is composed of cartilage cells, or chondrocytes, located in a space called lacunae wihin an extensive matrix. collagen in the matrix gives cartilage flexibility and strength Ground Substance Matrix: Hyaline Cartilage STRUCTURE: Collagen fibers are small and evenly dispersed in the matrix, making the matrix appear transparent. the cartilage cells are found in spaces, or lacunae, within the firm but flexible matrix FUNCTION: allows growth of long bones. provides rigidity with some flexibility in the trachea, bronchi, ribs and nose. forms rugged, smooth, yet somewhat flexible articulating surfaces. form the embryonic skeleton LOCATION: Growing long bones, cartilage rings of the respiratory system, costal cartilages of the ribs, nasal cartilages, articulating surfaces of bones, and the embryonic skeleton Ground Substance Matrix: Fibrocartilage STRUCTURE: Collagenous fiber similar to those in hyaline cartilage. the fibers are more numerous than in other cartilages and are arranged in thick bundles. FUNCTION: Somewhat flexible and capable of withstanding considerable pressure. Connects structures subjected to great pressure. LOCATION: Intervertebral disks, symphysis pubis, articular disks (e.g knees and temporomandibular [jaw] joints) Ground Substance Matrix: Elastic Cartilage STRUCTURE: Similar to hyaline cartilage, but matrix also contains elastin fibers. FUNCTION: Provides rigidity with even more flexibility than hyaline cartilage because elastic fibers return to their original shape after being stretched LOCATION: External ears, epiglottis, and auditory tubes Ground Substance Matrix: Bone STRUCTURE: Hard, bony matrix predominates. Many osteocytes are located within lacunae; the matrix is organized into layers called lamellae FUNCTION: Provides great strength and support and protects internal organs such as the brain. Bone also provides attachment sites for muscle and ligaments. the joints of bones allow movement LOCATION: All bones of the body Fluid matrix is composed of a water- based solution with a fluid consistency. blood is a major type of it. Fluid Matrix Fluid Matrix: Blood STRUCTURE: Blood cells and a fluid matrix FUNCTION: Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrients, waste products, and other substances. Protects the body from infections and is involved in thermoregulation LOCATION: Within the blood vessels. White blood cells frequently leave the blood vessels and enter interstitial space  Infographic Style The main characteristic of muscle tissue is its ability to contract, or shorten, making movement possible. The length of muscle cells is greater than diameter. muscle cells are sometimes called muscle fibers beacuse they often resemble tiny threads Muscle Tissue cells are classified by three types: 01 Skeletal Muscle Tissue 02 Cardiac Muscle Tissue 03 Smooth Muscle Tissue Skeletal Muscle Tissue STRUCTURE: Skeletal muscle cell pr fiber appear striated (banded). Cell are large, long, and cylindrical, with many nuclei located ath the periphery FUNCTION: Movement of the body; under voluntary control LOCATION: Attaches to the bone or other connective tissue  Cardiac Muscle Tissue STRUCTURE: Cylindrical and striated and have a single, centrally located nucleus. They are branched and conneced to one another by intercalated disks, which contain gap junctions. FUNCTION: Pumps the blood; under involuntary control. LOCATION: Cardiac muscle is in the heart  Smooth Muscle Tissue STRUCTURE: Smooth muscle cells are tapered at each end, are not striated, and have a single nucleus. FUNCTION: Regulates the size of organs, forces fluid through tubes, controls the amount of light entering the eye, and produces “goose flesh” in the skin; under involuntary control LOCATION: in hollow organs such as stomach and intestine  Infographic Style It forms the brain, spinal cord and nerves. it is responsible for coordinating and controlling many bodily activities. Action potentials are the electrical signals used to communicate neurons with one another. Nervous Tissue consist of nuerons and support cells.  NEURON OR NERVE CELL - responsible for the conduction of action potential. Composed of three parts: 01 Cell Body - contains the nucleus and it is the site of general cell function 02 Dendrites- are nerve cell processes. it recieve stimuli that lead to electrical changes 03 Axon - conducts electrical impulses Neuroglia -support cells of nervous system. Function to nourish, protect, and insulate the neurons.  Multipolar Neuron STRUCTURE: Same as every neurons FUNCTION: Neurons transmit information in a form of action potentials, store “information” and in some way integrate and evaluate data. Neuroglia support, protect, and form specialized sheaths around axons LOCATION: Neurons are located in the brain, spinal cord and ganglia  Infographic Style a multicellular structure that secretes substances onto the surface, into a cavity, or into the blood. most of it are composed primarily of epithelium a multicellular structure that secretes substances onto the surface, into a cavity, or into the blood. most of it are composed primarily of epithelium Simple Exocrine Gland - with ducts that have no branches Compound Exocrine Gland - with ducts that have many branches tubular duct - can be straight or coiled acinus or alveolus - can be expanded like saclike structure  It has no glands and empty their secretion into the blood. These secretions called hormones, are carried by the blood to other parts of the body. Endocrine gland includes the thyroid gland and the insulin-secreting portions of the pancreas.  Infographic Style a thin sheet of layer of tissue that covers a structure or line of cavity. It is mostly consist of epithelium and connective tissue on which the epithelium rest. two major categories are mucus and serous membrane Skin or cutaneous membrane - is a stratified squamous epithelium and dense connective tissue Synovial membrane - line the inside of joint cavities space where bones come together within a movable joint Periosteum - Surrounds the bone Inflammation - occurs when the tissue is damage and is associated with swelling, redness and fever. Mediators of Inflammation - are released or activated in the injured tissue and adjacent blood vessels. it includes histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and others Edema - swelling of tissue. It results when water, protein and other substances from the blood move into tissue Neutrophil - a phagocytotic white blood cell that fight infections by ingesting bacteria. It dies after ingesting a bacteria Pus - mixture of dead neutrophils, other cells and fluid. Tissue Repair - Substitution of viable cells for dead cells. it can occur by regeneration or replacement Regeneration - The new cell are the same type as those that were destroyed, and normal function is usually restore Replacement - A new type of tissue develops that eventually caused scar production and loss of some tissue function Labile Cells - Cells that continue to divide throughout life Stable Cells - Cells that do not actively divide after growth ceases, but they divide after injury Permanent Cells - have little or no ability to divide Clot - contains a thread-like protein, fibrin, which binds the edges of the wound together ans stops the bleeding Scab - this is form when the clot dried up. it seals the wound for good and prevent further infection Macrophage - a phagocytotic white blood cell that removes dead neutrophils, cellular debris, and decomposing clot. Granulation Tissue - a delicate connective tissue that consist of fibroblast, collagen and capillaries. Wound Contracture - a result of contraction of fibroblast in the granulation tissue  Cells divide slowly in older people than in younger people Collagen Fibers become more irregular in structure Elastic fibers becomes less elastic Increased wrinkling of the skin Bones have high tendency to bend or to break Wall of arteries are not as elastic as before Seeley, R. R., Stephens, T. D., & Tate, P. (2007). Chapter 4: Tissue, Glands, and Membranes. In Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology (Sixth ed., pp. 72-93). New York, New York: McGraw-Hill.