Histology Quizlet Questions PDF

1. What are the four primary tissue classes? Connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue 2. What are the two components of extracellular matrix (ECM)? Fibrous proteins and ground substance 3. What types of fibrous proteins are found in the ECM? Thin elastic fibers and thi...

1. What are the four primary tissue classes? Connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue 2. What are the two components of extracellular matrix (ECM)? Fibrous proteins and ground substance 3. What types of fibrous proteins are found in the ECM? Thin elastic fibers and thick collagen fibers 4. What is ground substance? Clear gel, can be fluid (in blood), rubbery (in cartilage), or hard (in bone) 5. How is the ECM formed? Proteins and substances are made by cells in the tissue and released via exocytosis 6. T or F: Epithelial cells are densely packed with no ECM. True 7. What is the apical surface of epithelial tissue? Top layer of the tissue, faces a cavity of some sort 8. What is the basal surface of epithelial tissue? Bottom layer of epithelial tissue, aka basolateral surface 9. What are the parts of the basement membrane? Reticular lamina and basal lamina 10. What is the basal lamina? Epithelial “glue” of the basement membrane 11. What is the reticular lamina? Connective tissue “glue” of the basement membrane 12. T or F: Epithelial tissues are highly vascular. False 13. How do epithelial tissues receive oxygen and nutrients? Diffusion from blood supply of underlying connective tissue 14. Which epithelial surface is used to determine cell shape? Apical surface 15. Describe simple epithelium. Contains one layer of cells 16. Describe stratified epithelium. Contains more that one layer of cells 17. Describe a squamous shaped cell. Flat cell with a bulge at the nucleus 18. Describe a cuboidal shaped cell. Square shaped cell 19. Describe a columnar shaped cell. Tall, rectangular cell with nucleus in the bottom third of the cell 20. Where is simple squamous epithelium found in the body? Alveoli of lungs, kidney glomeruli, and endothelium 21. What is the function of simple squamous epithelium? Allows for rapid diffusion of substances, forms serous membranes and secretes serous fluid 22. Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found? Liver, thyroid, mammary, salivary and other glands, bronchioles, and most kidney tubules 23. What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium? Involved in absorption and secretion; produces mucus 24. Where is simple columnar epithelium found in the body? Inner lining of GI tract, uterus, kidney and uterine tubes 25. What is the function of simple columnar epithelium? Absorption and secretion; produces mucus 26. What specialized structures are common in simple columnar epithelium? Microvilli (or cilia in the uterus) and goblet cells 27. Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium found in the body? Lining of the respiratory system 28. What is the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium? Secretes respiratory mucus 29. What is the difference in keratinized and nonkeratinized epithelium? Keratinized has a layer of dead cells, nonkeratinized does not 30. Where is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium found in the body? Epidermal layer of skin 31. What is the function of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium? Retards water loss and prevents penetration of organisms 32. Where is nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium found in the body? Mouth (tongue, oral mucosa), esophagus and vagina 33. What is the function of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium? Forms abrasionresistant, moist, slippery epithelial layer 34. Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found in the body? Lining of sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicles, and seminiferous tubules 35. What is the function of stratified cuboidal epithelium? Secretes sweat, ovarian hormones, and produces sperm 36. Where is stratified columnar epithelium found in the body? Largest ducts of salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, etc) and urethra 37. What is the function of stratified columnar epithelium? Mucus production 38. Where is transitional epithelium found in the body? Urinary tract (kidney, ureters, bladder) 39. What is the function of transitional epithelium? Stretches to allow filling of urinary tract 40. What is the most abundant and variable tissue type? Connective tissue 41. What are the functions of connective tissues? Connect organs to each other, give physical support & immune protection, storage of energy & heat production, movement & transport of materials 42. T or F: Connective tissue is vascularized, except for cartilage. True 43. What are cells that end in -blasts (i.e. fibroblasts)? Immature forms of cells that secrete the ECM and can still divide 44. What are cells that end in -cytes (i.e. osteocytes)? Mature cells that have decreased cell divisions and secrete less ECM 45. What types of cells are found in connective tissues? -blasts and -cytes; macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells, and plasma cells 46. What type of polysaccharide is commonly found in the ground substance of connective tissue? Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) 47. What are glycosaminoglycans? Repeating units of disaccharides that attract sodium and hold water 48. What role do glycosaminoglycans play in the ECM of connective tissue? Regulate water and electrolyte balance 49. Describe hyaluronic acid. (GAG) gelatinous, separates cells, traps extracellular fluid; lubricates joints; gives shape to eyeballs; fills body spaces 50. Describe chondroitin sulfate. (GAG) capable of being mineralized; in cartilage, bones, skin, and blood vessels 51. Describe dermatin sulfate. (GAG) harder; in skin, tendons, blood vessels, heart valves 52. Describe keratin sulfate. (GAG) still harder; in bone, cartilage, and cornea of eyes 53. What are proteoglycans? A bottle-brushed molecule formed by binding of GAGs to a core protein 54. What is the function of protein fibers in connective tissue ECM? Used for structural support, adhesion, and to connect cells; provide strength 55. What are collagen fibers? Highly polymerized, gigantic fibers made of collagen protein; tough, yet flexible and resist stretch 56. Where in the body are collagen fibers abundantly found? Bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and dermis 57. What are elastic fibers? Branched; smaller, thinner fibers made of elastin; very flexible and elastic, but strong 58. T or F: Elastic fibers can be stretched up to 150% of the original length and recoil. True 59. Where in the body are elastic fibers found? Skin, lungs, and arteries 60. What are reticular fibers? Thin, less polymerized collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein 61. Where in the body are reticular fibers found? Spleen and lymph nodes 62. What are the types of loose connective tissue? Areolar, reticular, and adipose 63. What are the types of dense connective tissue? Elastic, dense regular, and dense irregular 64. What are the characteristics of areolar CT? Loose arrangement of collagen and elastic fibers, scattered cell types, and abundant ground substance 65. Where in the body can areolar CT be found? Underlying epithelia, forming passageway for blood vessels and nerves; fills space between organs 66. What is the function of areolar CT? Cushion, stabilize, and act as shock absorption 67. What are the characteristics of reticular CT? Loose network of reticular fibers and cells 68. Where in the body can reticular CT be found? Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and red bone marrow 69. What is the function of reticular CT? Forms supportive framework (stroma) for lymphatic organs 70. What are the characteristics of elastic CT? Rich in elastic fibers 71. Where in the body can elastic CT be found? Bronchiole tubes in lungs and walls of large arteries 72. What is the function of elastic CT? Provide elasticity to tissues 73. What are the characteristics of adipose CT? Large, empty-looking cells with thin margins; nucleus pressed against cell membrane 74. What creates takes up space in adipocytes, creating an empty look? Lipid droplets/fat vacuoles 75. Where in the body can adipose CT be found? Subcutaneous fat beneath skin and surrounding organs 76. What is the function of adipose CT? Insulation, padding, energy source 77. What are the characteristics of dense regular CT? Densely packed parallel collagen fibers; compressed, flat nuclei 78. Where in the body can dense regular CT be found? Tendons and ligaments 79. What is the function of dense regular CT? Stabilize joints, attach to muscles 80. What are the characteristics of dense irregular CT? Densely packed collagen fibers running in random directions; scantly open space; few visible cells 81. Where in the body can dense irregular CT be found? Deeper portion of skin; capsules around organs 82. What are the characteristics of dense irregular CT? Withstands stresses applied in different directions 83. What is cartilage? Supportive connective tissue with rubbery ECM 84. How is cartilage made? Chondroblasts produce ECM -> trapped in lacunae surrounded by matrix -> mature into chondrocytes 85. Describe the vascularity of cartilage. Avascular; uses diffusion for nutrients and waste; heals slowly 86. What are the types of cartilage? Hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage 87. What is hyaline cartilage? Clear, glassy matrix with fine dispersed collagen fibers 88. Where in the body can hyaline cartilage be found? Ends of bones at movable joints; sternal ends of ribs; supportive material in larynx, trachea, bronchi, and the entire fetal skeleton 89. What is the function of hyaline cartilage? Supports airway, eases joint movement 90. What is elastic cartilage? Hyaline cartilage with a web-like mesh of elastic fibers between lacunae 91. Where in the body can elastic cartilage be found? External ear and epiglottis of larynx 92. What is the function of elastic cartilage? Provides flexible, elastic support 93. What is fibrocartilage? Toughest cartilage; contains extensive interwoven collagen fibers 94. Where in the body can fibrocartilage be found? Pubic symphysis, meniscus of the knee, and intervertebral discs 95. What is the function of fibrocartilage? Resists compression, absorbs shock in some joints, and limits certain movements 96. What are the types of bone tissue? Spongy bone and compact bone 97. How is bone tissue made? Osteoblasts produces ECM -> matrix hardens and traps cells in lacunae -> mature into osteocytes 98. What compound hardens bone tissue? Calcium salts 99. What is spongy bone? Bone with delicate struts of rods and plates (trabeculae) 100. Where in the body is spongy bone found? Heads of long bones 101. What is the function of spongy bone? Lightens bone, serves as reservoir for bone marrow 102. What is compact bone? Bone made of calcified matrix; composed of osteons 103. Describe the composition of an osteon. Matrix created in concentric rings (lamellae) around a central canal containing blood vessels 104. What are canaliculi? Passageways connecting osteocytes in lacunae between lamellar rings 105. Where in the body is compact bone found? In skeleton 106. What is the function of compact bone? Physical support; leverage for muscles; mineral storage 107. What is blood? Fluid matrix containing variety of cells and cell fragments; some with nuclei and some without 108. T or F: Erythrocytes are nonnucleated. True 109. Where in the body is blood found? Heart and blood vessels 110. What is the function of blood? Transport, defense, and clotting 111. What is nervous tissue? Large neurons with long cell processes surrounded by much smaller glial cells 112. Where in the body is nervous tissue found? Brain, spinal chord, nerves, and ganglia 113. What is the function of nervous tissue? Convert stimuli to electrochemical signals for transferring information 114. What are the types of muscle tissue? Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth 115. What are characteristics of muscles? Contain contractile proteins; respond to stimuli by contracting; provide body heat; well vascularized 116. What is skeletal muscle? Voluntary muscle with long, cylindrical fibers; striated; multiple peripheral nuclei 117. Where in the body is skeletal muscle found? Attached to bones and dermis of skin 118. What is the function of skeletal muscle? Movement, facial expression, posture, breathing, speech, swallowing, and excretion 119. What is cardiac muscle? Involuntary muscle with short, branched cells; striated with intercalated discs; mononucleated 120. Where in the body is cardiac muscle found? Heart 121. What is the function of cardiac muscle? Propels blood, maintains blood pressure 122. What is smooth muscle? Involuntary muscle with short, fusiform cells; nonstriated; one central nucleus per cell 123. Where in the body is smooth muscle found? Walls of hollow organs (blood vessels, GI tract, airways, bladder) 124. What is the function of smooth muscle? Propel fluids, control tube diameter (GI tract functions, labor contractions, control of airflow, erection of hairs, control of pupil) 125. What are the primary germ layers? Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm 126. What cells are formed from the ectoderm? Skin cells of epidermis, neurons, and pigment cells 127. What cells are formed from the mesoderm? Muscle cells, tubule cells of kidneys, and red blood cells 128. What cells are formed from the endoderm? Lung cells, thyroid cells, and pancreatic cells 129. What is the function of glands? Secretion of substances for elimination or for use (sometimes elsewhere) in the body 130. What are the types of glands? Exocrine and endocrine 131. What are exocrine glands? Glands with ducts leading to body surface; secretions are secreted into duct system 132. What are endocrine glands? Glands made of cuboidal cells that have no ducts; secrete hormones directly into bloodstream 133. What are mixed organs? Organs with both exocrine and endocrine glands; i.e. liver secretes bile into ducts (exocrine) and albumin into blood (endocrine) 134. What are unicellular exocrine glands? Single cell glands; i.e. goblet cells 135. What are multicellular exocrine glands classified by? Duct configuration and shape of secretory units 136. What are simple exocrine glands? Glands with unbranched duct; can also have simple branching such as in gastric and sebaceous glands 137. What are compound exocrine glands? Glands with branched ducts 138. Describe an acinar shaped gland. Secretory cells form dilated sac instead of a tube 139. Describe a tubuloacinar shaped gland. Secretory cells exist in both tubes and sacs 140. What is the stroma of exocrine glands? Capsule and extensions of capsule that divide glands into lobes and lobules 141. What is the parenchyma of exocrine glands? Cells that synthesize secretions of the gland 142. What are the methods of secretion? Cytogenic, holocrine, and merocrine/apocrine 143. What is the cytogenic method of secretion? Release of whole cells, i.e. gonads releasing sperm and egg cells 144. What is the holocrine method of secretion? Secretory cells disintegrate in order to deliver their product; cells stack up and the top cells disintegrate 145. Where in the body is holocrine secretion found? Oil-producing glands of the scalp 146. What is the merocrine method of secretion? Cells release product via exocytosis 147. Where in the body is merocrine secretion found? Tear ducts, gastric glands, pancreas 148. What is the apocrine method of secretion? Same as merocrine secretion but had a confusing appearance 149. Where in the body is apocrine secretion found? Mammary and armpit sweat glands 150. What is the function of serous glands? Produce thin, watery secretions 151. What do serous glands secrete? Sweat, milk, tears, and digestive juices 152. What is the function of mucous glands? Produce mucin that absorbs water to form mucus 153. What are the types of intercellular junctions? Tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions 154. What are tight junctions? Junctions that encircle entire cells; zipper-like pattern of complementary grooves and ridges 155. Where in the body are tight junctions found? GI and urinary tracts 156. What is the function of tight junctions? Prevents substances and bacteria from passing between cells 157. What are desmosomes? Patch between 2 cells holding them together against mechanical stress; snap buttons 158. Where in the body are desmosomes found? Uterus, heart, and epidermis 159. What is the function of desmosomes? Attach two cells together 160. What are gap junctions? Ring of 6 transmembrane proteins that form a waterfilled channel 161. Where in the body are gap junctions found? Embryos, cardiac, and smooth muscle 162. What is the function of gap junctions? Allow electrolytes to pass between cells 163. What are the types of membranes formed by epithelium and connective tissue? Mucosa, serosa, cutaneous, and synovial 164. What is the mucous membrane structure? Epithelium that secretes mucus, lamina propria connective tissue, and muscularis mucosae 165. Where in the body are mucous membranes found? Digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive; (passageways that open directly to the exterior of the body) 166. What is the function of mucous membranes? Lubricates surfaces and provide a defensive barrier that traps particles and microbes 167. What is the serous membrane structure? Simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue 168. Where in the body are serous membranes found? Lining closed body cavities and their organs 169. What is the function of serous membranes? Produce watery serous fluid to lubricate the cavity and its organs 170. What is the serous membrane of the lungs? Pleura 171. What is the serous membrane of the heart? Pericardium 172. What is the serous membrane of the abdomen? Peritoneum 173. What is the general term for serous membranes? Mesothelium 174. What is the cutaneous membrane structure? Stratified squamous epithelium on layer of connective tissue 175. Where in the body are cutaneous membranes found? External body surface 176. What is the function of cutaneous membranes? Relatively dry to protect against microorganisms 177. What is the synovial membrane structure? No epithelium, only areolar connective tissue 178. Where in the body are synovial membranes found? Moveable joints 179. What is the function of synovial membranes? Secrete synovial fluid that lubricates joints