Theories of Crime and Causation PDF

THEORIES OF CRIME AND CAUSATION INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY 3% 15 THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION 3% 15 HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY 3% 15 PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT AND ETHICAL STANDARDS 2% 10 JUVENILE DELINQUENCY AND JUVENILE...

THEORIES OF CRIME AND CAUSATION INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY 3% 15 THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION 3% 15 HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY 3% 15 PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT AND ETHICAL STANDARDS 2% 10 JUVENILE DELINQUENCY AND JUVENILE 3% 15 JUSTICE DISPUTE RESOLUTION AND CRISIS/INCIDENT MANAGEMENT 2% 10 CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH 1 AND 2 4% 20 1. fundamentals of crime causation (biological or medical, psychological, psychiatric, and sociological determinism) 2. biological and psychological theories of crime causation. 3. sociological and economic theories in understanding the causes of crimes. 4. bio-psychosocial theories of the causes of crimes. 5. Understanding theories on.  LT - crimen  crime / Etymological accusation ly GK - Logos  to study. CRIM E - conduct that is prohibited and has a specific punishment (as incarceration or fine) prescribed by public law - an act committed or omitted in violation of public law forbidding or commanding it. CAUSATION - the act or agency which produces an effect - it is defined as the actus reus (an action) from which the specific injury or other effect arose and is combined with mens rea (a state of mind) to comprise the elements of guilt - refer to the relationship between a person‟s actions and the result of those actions.. CRIME CAUSATION - deals with different theories and principles that explains how the internal and external faculties of person affects his actions - assume that a criminal‟s behavior is determined biologically, sociologically, economically, etc. WHEN DOES CRIME EXIST? LEGAL VIEWPOINT crime exists the moment a person has been proven guilty by the court SCIENTIFIC POINT OF VIEW crime exists the moment it is reported. WHY DOES CRIME EXIST?. CRIMINOLOGICAL APPROACHES  SUBJECTIVE  OBJECTIVE  ECOLOGICAL  ECONOMIC  SOCIO-CULTURAL  CONTEMPORARY. A. SUBJECTIVE APPROACHES  biological explanation of crimes  focused on identifying the forms of abnormalities that was experienced by criminals before, during and after committing the crime 1.Anthropological approach 2.Medical approach 3.Biological approach 4. Physiological approach 5.Psychological approach 6.Psychiatric approach 7.Psychoanalytical approach. B. OBJECTIVE APPROACHES deals on the study of groups, social processes and institutions as factors that influence human behavior. 1. Geographic Approach- (Adolph Quetelet‟s theory)  Topography - the condition, situation of a certain place or  natural resources region - material source of existence  geographical of population in one area location or place  climate - characteristics of the location –the seasons or weather conditions. C. ECOLOGICAL APPROACH grouping of men resulting to the following (Ezra Park‟s theory): ✓ migration - moving from one place to another ✓ competition area ✓ social - rivalry in certain things discrimination - rejection in terms of race, ✓ division of belief, origin, appearance, labor intellect, ✓ social conflict - may result to scarcity, lack of area subsistence, greed - may result to survival of the fittest. D. ECONOMIC APPROACH inability to achieve the goals, objectives or wants of an individual are important factors to criminality (Robert King Merton‟s theory). ✓ financialinsecurity and inadequacy of the necessities to support life. E. SOCIO-CULTURAL APPROACH the causes of crimes can be traced from the following originating from the environment of an individual (Albert Cohen‟s theory). ✓ effects of institutions - where a certain work or belongs (adaptation) ✓ educatio economics - lack of knowledge, - relation wisdom to goods, for people services, n and better decisions making ✓ politic - government that have no concern capital s for the welfare of the whole, the ✓ religio nation, the people n - the spiritual belief can make the resistance and values of a person stronger against evil,. F. CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES  emphasis on scientific explanation of crime and criminal behavior  these approaches focused on psychoanalytical, psychiatric and sociological explanations of crime in an integrated theory (an explanatory statement that combines ideas or concepts from different sources). HISTORY OF CRIME CAUSATION Antique Philosophy (4th century BC).  poverty as a mother of all revolutions and crime ARISTOTLE Medieval Philosophy (17th century).  criminality will depend on social situations FRANCIS BACON  “opportunity makes a thief” French Renaissance Philosophy (18th century)  concept of free will hedonistic behavior VOLTAIRE AND ROUSSEAU. THEORY  GK: theoria which means contemplation or speculation  set of statement that explains behavior, event, or phenomena.  supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained.  Scientifically accepted bcs of consistency of empirical facts/relationships. DEVELOPMENT THEORY SPECULATIVE DESCRIPTIVE CONSTRUCTIV E. SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT. DEMONOLOGICAL THEORY People commit crime because they are possessed with demons.. CLASSICAL THEORY based on the assumption that individuals choose to commit crimes after weighing the consequences of their actions. According to classical criminologists, individuals have free will. They can choose legal or illegal means to get what they want, fear of punishment can deter them from committing crime and society can control behavior by making the pain of punishment greater than the pleasure of the criminal gains.. CLASSICAL THEORY  CESARE BECCARIA  JEREMY BENTHAM. CLASSICAL THEORY CESARE BECCARIA Book: On Crimes and Punishment  Right and just punishment  Reformed the punishment system  Prevention of commission of crime  Modern penal forms. JEREMY BENTHAM UTILITARIANIS is a philosophy which argues that what M is right is the one that would cause the greatest good for greatest number of people. FELICIFIC CALCULUS theory that proposes that individuals calculate the consequences of his actions by weighing the pleasure (gain) and the pain (suffering) they would derive from doing the action. PANOPTICAN PRISON - “observer to observe”. THEORIES IN CLASSICAL THEORY 1. Rational Choice Theory 2. Deterrence Theory 3. Routine Activity Theory 4. Life style Theory 5. Victim Precipitation Theory 6. Incapacitation Theory. RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY William Glasser  people make the decision maximize rewar whil that minimizing cost s d e  states that when determining our economic and social behavior we undergo a cost-benefit analysis to arrive at the action that will bring about our greatest personal benefit, which often benefits society as a whole.. DETERRENCE THEORY  prevention of crime through fear of punishment  persons are affected by both the costs and rewards that are consequent to their behavior. DETERRENCE THEORY EFFECTIVE DETERRENCE:  CLERITY / – rapidly punish SWIFT after commission of crime  SEVERITY –complex / unpleasant sanction  CERTAINTY – likelihood of the crime to be discovered / detected and punished. ROUTINE ACTIVITY THEORY Cohen & Marcus Felson, Criminologists Laurence  offenders make choices about whether or not to commit a crime based on their access to their potential victim / situation. LIFE STYLE THEORY The lifestyletheory maintainsthat criminals target individuals due to their lifestyle choices. Man victims‟ expos the to y options and e m criminal is offender situations where crim likely s occur. e to. VICTIM PRECIPITATION THEORY People may actually initiate the confrontation that eventually leads to their injury or death. By acting in certain provocative ways, some individuals initiate a chain of events that lead to their deaths. 2 types: ACTIVE VS. PASSIVE. INCAPACITATION THEORY Reductions in crime rates are achieved through higher imprisonment rates since the offender cannot commit new crimes while incarcerated. If more criminals are sent to prison the crime, the crime rate should go down; keeping known criminals out of circulation. This theory supported on the idea of imprisonment of criminals.. NEO CLASSICAL THEORY modified the doctrine of free will by stating that free will of men may be AFFECTED BY OTHER FACTORS and crime is committed due to some compelling reasons that prevail. These causes are pathology, incompetence, insanity or any condition that will make it impossible for the individual to exercise free will entirely.. ITALIAN / POSITIVIST THEORY  Analysis based on observable scientific facts  Causes of behavior can be measured and observed  Behavior are imposed by biological and psychological s factors  human behavior is pre-disposed and fully determined by individual differences and biological traits meaning it is not freewill that drives people to commit crimes.. AUGUSTE COMTE  was a French philosopher and sociologist and is believed to be the one who reinvented the French term sociologie.  he was recognized as the “FATHER OF SOCIOLOGY AND POSITIVISM”. HOLY 3 of ITALIAN / POSITIVIST SCHOOL OF THOUGHT CESARE LOMBROSO RAFAELLE GARROFALO ENRICO FERRI FOUNDER OF IST PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY BIOLOGICAL THEORY. EZCHIA MARCO “CESARE” LOMBROSO Italian criminologist, phrenologist, physician Founder of Italian School of Thought Father of Modern and Empirical Criminology Wrote the book entitled THE CRIMINAL MAN (1876)  distinct biological class of people are prone to criminality. (atavistic)  Atavistic derives from the LT word “avatus” means ancestor Famous from the concept of “BORN.  ATAVISM  LT atavus means ancestor  characterized physically by a variety of inferior morphological features reminiscent of apes and lower primates. EZCHIA MARCO “CESARE” LOMBROSO 4 CLASSES OF CRIMINALS: BORN CRIMINAL INSANE CRIMINALS CRIMINALOIDS PSEUDO. BIOLOGICAL THEORIES Theories that point to the physical, psychological, and other natural factors the criminal behavior. BIOLOGICAL THEORIES  ATAVISM  PHYSIOGNOMY  PHRENOLOGY / CRANIOLOGY  PHYSIOLOGY / SOMATOTYPE  KAROTYPE STUDIES  BIO-CHEMICAL. ATAVISTIC THEORY OF CRIME (1876) LOMBROSO CESARE  distinct biological class of people that were prone to criminality.  These people exhibited „atavistic‟ (i.e. primitive) features.  who had biological characteristics from an earlier stage of human development that manifested as a tendency to commit. PHYSIOGNOMY - Facial features  criminal behavior GIAMBATTISTA JOHANN DELLA PORTA LAVATER founder of  believed in Della Porta human  persons character is physiognomy revealed through facial noted for his features biological index of personality each trait of the facial tendencies features gave clues to behavior may be one's innate goodness - predicted with facial or evil. features. PHRENOLOGY - Formation of  criminal skull behavior FRANZ JOSEPH JOHANN KASPAR GALL SPURZHEIM  Developed  Responsible in popularizing cranioscopy and spreading the (phrenology) phrenology as a study. PHYSIOLOGY / - body  criminal behavior and SOMATOTYPE build types of offenses prone to commit ERNST KRETSCHMER – principal types of physique WILLIAM HERBERT SHELDON – somatotyping theory. PHYSIOLOGY /SOMATOTYPE ERNST KRETSCHMER – 4 principal types of PHYSIQUES: ASTHENIC ATHLETIC PYKNI DYSPLASTIC C. PHYSIOLOGY /SOMATOTYPE WILLIAM HERBERT SHELDON – somatotyping theory ECTOMORPH MESOMORPH ENDOMORPH CEREBROTONIC ROMOTONIC VISCEROTONIC sensitive active / aggressive extrovert / relaxed. KAROTYPE STUDIES - comparison and examination of chromosomes KAROTYPE - the general appearance of the complete set of chromosomes in the cells of a species or in an individual organism NATURE THEORY NURTURE THEORY.  NATURE THEORY NURTURE THEORY Intelligence is determined genetically Who we are is determine with how and/or by ancestors we are raised, social relationships, culture, and childhood experiences ALFRED BINET – developed first IQ test. RICHARD LOUIS studied Jukes Family (most ancestors DUGDALE are criminals) HENRY coined the term MORON GODDARD traced Martin Kallikak descendants Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of Feeblemindedness (w/ Elizabeth S. Kite) CHARLES criminal traits can be GORING passed FRANCIS GALTON developedEUGENICS – science of human population by controlled improving breeding SCHULSINGE found criminality in adoptive R boys if biological father is criminal... BIO – - chemical composition of CHEMICAL living matter  diet, vitamin intake, hormonal imbalance, food allergies  KATHARINA DALTON – MENSTRUATION AND CRIME (PRE-MENSTRUAL SYNDROME)  ALEXANDER SCHAUSS – NUTRITIONAL DIFFERENCES  HYPOGLYCEMIA – condition when blood sugar falls below acceptable range. HOLY 3 of ITALIAN / POSITIVIST SCHOOL OF THOUGHT CESARE LOMBROSO RAFAELLE GARROFALO ENRICO FERRI FOUNDER OF ISC PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY BIOLOGICAL THEORY. RAFFAELE GAROFALO Italian jurist expert in criminology first author to use this term criminologia founded and suggested the criminal elimination system:  death sentence  partial elimination (long-term imprisonment or isolation in agrarian colonies for young)  forced repair (repair the damage done by the offense committed). RAFFAELE GAROFALO FOUR TYPES OF CRIMINALS ON THE BASIS OF MORAL DEFICITS MURDERER  altruism (humanity) is lacking  sentiments of both pity and probity are absent  will steal or kill as the occasion arises. LASCIVIOUS CRIMINAL  sexual offenders. RAFFAELE GAROFALO VIOLENT CRIMINAL  the lack of pity  (may also commit crimes of passion, sometimes under the influence of alcohol; such crimes are indicative of inferior innate moral capacities) THIEF  Those thieves who lacks probity (such offenses are  committed by a small minority of the population).. PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES Fact-based ideas that describe a phenomenon of human behavior and theories that attributes criminal behavior to psychological factors. PSYCHOLOGY scientific discipline that studies mental states and processes and behavior in humans and other animals. includes the study of conscious and unconscious phenomena, including feelings and thoughts. It is an academic discipline of immense scope, crossing the boundaries between the natural and social sciences. basis for many forms of mental health treatment, particularly psychotherapy. MENTAL DISORDER any illness with psychological or manifestations significant that is associated behavioralwith either a painful or distressing symptom or an impairment in one or more important areas of functioning. patterns of behavioral or psychological symptoms that impact multiple areas of life.. 4 TYPES OF CRIMINALS BASED ON MORAL DEFICIT 1. MURDER 2. THIEF 3. VIOLENT CRIMINAL 4. LASCIVIOUS CRIMINAL. CLASSES OF MORAL DEFECIENCY IDIOT unable to guard themselves with S physical dangers IMBECILES incapable of managing themselves and their affairs FEEBLE – require care, supervision and MINDEDNESS control. INSANIT a severely disordered state of mind; Y unsoundness of mind or lack of the ability to understand COMMON TYPES OF INSANITY 1. DEMENTIA PRAECOX collective term of mental disorders (after puberty) and the general failure of mental faculties 2. MANIC is a mental disorder characterized by wide DEPRESSIVE mood swings from high (manic) to low (depressed). Periods of high or irritable mood are called manic episodes.. 3. PARALYSIS temporary or permanent loss of movement (inability to act) in one or more bod parts of the y 4. mental deterioration (old SENILE age).  HALLUCINATION DELLUSION false perception without external false belief object Visual, auditory, sensations Firmly maintained despite contradicted.  PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY human personality is the result of three fundamental structures – the id, the ego, and the superego. It concentrates on awareness levels combined with our experiences in early childhood that together can form the basis of certain mental disorders..  PSYHOANALYSIS type of therapy that aims to release pent-up or repressed emotions and memories in or to lead the client to catharsis, or healing. the goal is to bring what exists at the unconscious or subconscious level up to consciousness.. SIGMUND FREUD Austrian and the father neurologist of Psychoanalysis thin abou and mental health revolutionizedhow k t treat psychoanalysis conditions. we as a wayFreu of founde listening to patients anddbetter d understanding how their minds work. “criminality is caused by the imbalance of 3 components of personality – id, ego, superego” “humanbehavior is influencedby unconscious memories, thoughts, and urges.”. FREUD’S MODEL OF MIND Consciou current thoughts, s feelings, and focus live; Preconsciou home of everything s can recall we or retrieve from our memory; Unconsciou the deepest level s of our mind.  COMPONENT OF HUMAN I PERSONALITY SUPEREGO D at an operates morality and higher unconscious principles level reside Two biological encouraging instincts make us to act in up the id, socially and according to morally Freud: acceptable EROS THANATOS EG ways O conduit for and a check on the id, working to meet the id‟s needs in a socially appropriate way. It is the most tied to reality and begins to..  ID SUPEREG O when the conflict is too much for a person to handle, his or her ego may engage in one or many defense mechanisms to protect the individual.. DEFENSE MECHANISM REPRESSION pushes disturbing or threatening thoughts out of one‟s consciousness; DENIA blocks upsetting or overwhelming L experiences from awareness, causing the individual to refuse to acknowledge or believe what is happening; PROJECTION attempts to solve discomfort by attributing the individual‟s unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and motives to another person;. DEFENSE MECHANISM DISPLACEMENT satisfies an impulse by acting on a substitute object or person in a socially unacceptable way REGRESSIO the individual moves backward in N development in order to cope with stress (adult acting like a child); SUBLIMATION satisfying an impulse by acting on a substitute but in a socially acceptable way.  PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT It is the central element of the psychoanalytic sexual drive theory. Freud believed that personality developed through a series of childhood stages in which pleasure seeking energies from the child. psychosexual energy, or libido, was described as the driving force behind. PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ORAL STAGE infant's primary source of interaction occurs through the mouth. infant derives pleasure from oral stimulation through gratifying activities such as tasting and sucking.. PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ANAL STAGE the primary focus of the libido was on controlling bladder and bowel movements. toilet training — the child has to control learn to bodily needs. this their Developing leads accomplishment control to and a sense independence.of. PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT PHALLIC STAGE the primary focus of the libido is on the genitals.  OEDIPUS COMPLEX  ELECTRA COMPLEX. PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT LATENCY ego and superego contribute to this period begins around the time that children enter into school and become more concerned with peer relationships, hobbies, and other interests.. PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT GENITAL develops a strong sexual interest in the opposite sex. interest in the welfare of others grows during this stage. IF PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES AREN’T GRATIFIED? FIXATED PERSON exhibits behavior, traits, characteristics of those encounter during the stages arrested in development or adjustment fastened or held in one. STAGE YEAR EROGONEOUS IF NOT SATISFIED, ZONE RESULTS TO (WHERE) WHAT BIRTH TO 1ST YR MOUTH SMOKING ORAL DRINKIN G 1ST YR TO 3 YRS BLADDER AND BOWEL MESSY ANAL DESTRUCTIVE WASTEFUL 3RD YR TO 6TH YEAR OWN GENITAL MAY NOT PHALLIC DEVELOP AFFECTIONS 6 YRS TO PUBERTY FEELINGS OF immaturity LATENCY SEXUALITY / inability to ATTENTION SEEKING form fulfilling relationships BEGINS SOCIAL RELATIONSHIP AGGRESSIVE GENITAL DURING INFERIOR PUBERTY.  PSYCHOPATH / ANTI – SOCIAL PEROSNALITY persistent antisocial behavior, impaired empathy and remorse, and bold, disinhibited, and egotistical traits a broader mental health condition used to describe people who chronically act out and break rules. PSYCHOPATH / ANTI – SOCIAL PEROSNALITY PHILIPPE PINEL manie sans delire (madness without confusion) JAMES PRICHARD moral insanity GINA LOMBROSO- irresistible atavistic FERRERO impulses. BEHAVIORAL THEORY Albert Bandura Human behavior is developed through gaining and learning experiences while growing up. The children learn violence from others, it is seen that the children learn most of the acts from movies and try to apply them in real world.. COGNITIVE THEORY  focuses on how people perceive the world and how this perception governs their actions, thoughts and emotions.  down the int thre brea process of calle o e k what developmen is d “mor level t.” al s. PRE-CONVENTIONAL LEVEL how they learn the external consequences of their actions. CONVENTIONAL LEVEL. begin to base on society‟s behavior views and expectations. POST-CONVENTIONAL LEVEL. judging the moral worth of societal values and rules and how they relate to values of liberty, human welfare and human rights (law). COGNITIVE THEORY Jean William Fritz Piaget hypothesized a child‟s that processes reasoning in an beginning at birth orderly develop manner, and continuing until age 12 and older and it has 4 stages..  STAGE AGE RANGE DESCRIPTION SENSORIMOTOR Coordination of sense, sensory curiosity, language 0-2 years is used for demands and cataloging PREOPERATIONAL 2-7 years Symbolic thinking, use of proper grammar to express full concepts, Imagination and intuition are strong CONCRETE OPERATIONAL 7-11 years Concepts attached to concrete situations FORMAL Abstract logic and reasoning. Strategy and OPERATIONS 11+ years planning become possible.. INTEGRATED THEORY James Q. Wilson and Richard Julius Herrnstein the interplay psychological, how human biological, and social factors. nature develops of Its main concept from is the interaction of genes with the environment that some individuals form the kind of personality likely to commit crimes. factors that pushed the individuals to commit crimes are intelligence quotient, body build, genetic makeup, impulsiveness, ability to delay gratification, aggressiveness, and even those mothers who drink and smoke while pregnant.. INTERGENERATIONAL THEORY Intergenerational refer to transmission socialization and social s the explain that growing learningthe ways in which children helps up in a violent family learn violent rolestoand subsequently, may play out the roles of victim or victimizer in their own adult families.. EYSENCK’S CONDITIONING THEORY Hans J. Eysenck human personality may be seen in three dimensions such as psychoticism, extroversion, and neuroticism. A. PSYCHOTICISM  are aggressive, egocentric and impulsive. B. EXTROVERSION are sensation-seeking, dominant and C.  are those with low self-esteem, assertive. NEUROTICISM excessive anxiety and wide mood swings.. MATERNAL DEPRIVATION AND ATTACHMENT THEORY Edward John M. Bowlby social development takes place after the birth of any mammal and that is the construction of an emotional bond between the infant and his mother. his attachment affects the capacity to be affectionate and to develop intimate relationships with others.. HOLY 3 of ITALIAN / POSITIVIST SCHOOL OF THOUGHT CESARE LOMBROSO RAFAELLE GARROFALO ENRICO FERRI FOUNDER OF ISC PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY BIOLOGICAL THEORY. ENRICO FERRI Italian criminologist and socialist Lombroso researche the purporte physiologicd factors d criminals, al Ferri that motivate economic focused d social and criminal influences on crime rates. on the and crime prevention methods to be the mainstay of law enforcement, as opposed to punishment of criminals after their crimes had taken place. SOCIOLOGY a social thatstudies huma societies thei science interactions, the processesn , r change and them. It does preserv an thatthis by examining the dynamics of constituent parts of e societies d such as institutions, communities , populations, and gender, racial, or age groups. A group of people who live in a defined geographic area, who interact with one another, and who share a common culture is what sociologists call a society.. SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES ANOMIE THEORY OF IMITATION THERMIC LAW CONCENTRIC ZONE THEORY MODERN SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES SOCIAL STRUCTURE THEORIES SOCIAL PROCESS THEORIES SOCIAL REACTION THEORY.  SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES attempts to explain socialization and its effect on the development of the self. It looks at the individual learning process, the formation of self, and the influence of society in socializing individuals. ANOMI EMILE E DURKHEIM a social condition defined by an uprooting or breakdown of any moral values, standards or guidance for individuals to follow. crime is normal part of the society like birth and death  Lack of common shared values  Lack of respect  Lack of appreciation to what is acceptable or not  lack of social regulation. IMITATION THEORY GABRIEL TARDE believed that the origins of deviance were similar to the origins of fads and fashions individual imitate others based on the degree of their association Criminal behavior is socially learned behavior. ADOLPHE QUETELET AND ANDRE GUERRY Founder of cartographic school (uses statistical data, geographical location, and season to explain criminality) Father of modern sociological and psychological statistics Founder of moral statistics Thermic law (uses climate to.  PROPONENT THEORY EMILE DURKHEIM ANOMIE absence of social norms individual imitate others GABRIEL TARDE IMITATION THEORY based on the degree of their association cartographic school uses statistical data, geographical location, ADOLPHE QUETELET and season to explain AND ANDRE GUERRY criminality Thermic law uses climate to explain crimes Interrelationship of ROBERT EZRA PARK HUMAN ECOLOGY THEORY people and environment.  MODERN SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES gives readers a comprehensive overview of the major theories. Environmental factors as believed to be contributing to the criminal. MODERN SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES SOCIAL STRUCTURE THEORIES SOCIAL REACTION  social disorg THEORY  strain  labelling  cultural deviance  DOT  Concentric Zone SOCIAL CONTROL SOCIAL PROCESS THEORIES THEORY  DAT  containment  DRT  social bond  Neutralization. SOCIAL STRUCTURE THEORIES developed by the Chicago School, not only refer to the physical feature but how the society is organized shifted criminological scholarship from a focus on the pathology of people to the pathology of places.  level of poverty  unemployment.  SOCIAL STRUCTURE THEORIES SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY by CLIFFORD SHAW AND HENRY MCKAY theory directly links crime rates to ecologic characteristics; neighborhood a core principle of al social disorganization theory that states location matters. crime in a neighborhood is a result of the weakening of traditional social bonds. This weakening of bonds results in social disorganization  impersonal relationship among urban community  broken families  single parenthood  poor living condition.  SOCIAL STRUCTURE THEORIES SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY by CLIFFORD SHAW AND HENRY MCKAY Characteristics of Communities where crime is more likely to happen: a.economically deprived b.large in size c. high in multiunit housing like apartments d.high in residential mobility (people frequently move into and out of the community) e.high in family disruption (high rates of divorce, single parent families). SOCIAL STRUCTURE THEORIES.  SOCIAL STRUCTURE THEORIES STRAIN THEORY by ROBERT MERTON strains or stressors increase the likelihood of crime. These strains lead to negative emotions, such as frustration and anger. These emotions create pressure for corrective action, and crime is one possible response. Strain:  Unable to achieve a goal because of social class standing.  SOCIAL STRUCTURE THEORIES STRAIN THEORY by ROBERT MERTON FOUR POSSIBLE WAYS TO ADOPT TO INNOVATION STRAIN approved goals unacceptable means RITUALISM abandon goals embrace acceptable means RETREATISM withdraws to goals not resort to illegitimate means REBELLION Pursue oppose / alternative alternative to cultural goal accepted means.  SOCIAL STRUCTURE THEORIES CULTURAL DEVIANCE THEORY by CLIFFORD SHAW AND HENRY MCKAY crime is correlated strongly to the cultural values and norms prevalent in a society. individuals may turn to crime not on account of any innate character traits, but because they are influenced by:  place they live in,  people they are surrounded by, and  socio-economic conditions of their.  SOCIAL STRUCTURE THEORIES CULTURAL DEVIANCE THEORY 2 SUB – THEORIES:  CULTURE CONFLICT THEORY different groups - different conduct and norms - clash  SUB CULTURE THEORY (ALBERT COHEN) lower class can‟t socialize to upper class  creates their own culture.  SOCIAL STRUCTURE THEORIES THREE TYPES OF GANGS: 1. CRIMINAL GANG. Exist in stable lower-class areas in which close connections among adolescent, young adult, and adult offenders create an environment for successful criminal enterprise such as joining gang. 2. CONFLICT tough adolescentswho fight with weapons to GANG. from rivals andwin respect engage in destructive assaults on people and property. They are willing to fight to protect their own and their gang‟s integrity and honor. 3. RETREATIST GANG. double failures because they are unable to gain success through legitimate means and unwilling to do so through illegal ones. They have tried crime or violence but are either too weak or scared.  SOCIAL STRUCTURE THEORIES DIFFERENTIAL OPPORTUNITY THEORY by LLOYD OHLIN idea that people (usually teens) from low socioeconomic backgrounds who have few opportunities for success, will use any means at their disposal to achieve success. Society leads the lower class to want things.  SOCIAL STRUCTURE THEORIES CONCENTRIC ZONE THEORY by ERNEST W. BURGESS AND ROBERT E. PARK Distinct ecological area had developed in the city of Chicago, comprising a series of 5 concentric zones, and that there were stable and significant differences in interzone crime rates..  SOCIAL STRUCTURE THEORIES CONCENTRIC ZONE THEORY by ERNEST W. BURGESS AND ROBERT E. PARK Zone I (Central Business District): it is where hotels, offices, businesses, other commercial activities) are in. Zone II (Zone of Transition): Gray zone, Tendency to convention of land uses. Zone III (Lower Income working People): Homes/slums. Zone IV (High Income Residences): White Collar/middle class families. Zone V (Commuter Zone): People who work in the center choose to live in the suburbs.. SOCIAL PROCESS (LEARNING) THEORIES things that leads to criminality:  social interaction  experiences  diverse environment 3 sub – theories:  DAT.  SOCIAL PROCESS (LEARNING) THEORIES DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY by EDWIN SUTHERLAND people learn values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior through their interactions with others It explains that people learn to become offenders from their environment..  SOCIAL PROCESS (LEARNING) THEORIES 9 PRINCIPLES OF DAT 1. criminal behavior is learned 2. people learn criminal behavior by interacting with other people 3. people learn criminal behavior in intimate personal groups. 4. learning criminal behavior includes learning the techniques of committing crime as well as the motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes. 5. the motivation to commit crime comes from whether we view legal codes as favorable or unfavorable.  SOCIAL PROCESS (LEARNING) THEORIES 9 PRINCIPLES OF DAT 5.a person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable of breaking the law over definitions favorable of obeying the law. 6.differential association may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity 7.learning criminal behavior involves all of the mechanisms that are involved in other types of learning. 9. criminal behavior is not explained by general needs and values, because noncriminal behavior is an expression of the same needs and values..  SOCIAL PROCESS (LEARNING) THEORIES DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT THEORY by EDWIN SUTHERLAND reinforcing a target behavior while withholding reinforcement from an unwanted behavior. The goal is to replace unwanted behaviors with desirable behaviors..  SOCIAL PROCESS (LEARNING) THEORIES NEUTRALIZATION THEORY by DAVID MATZA AND GRESHAM SYKES also known as drift theory a delinquent is able to justify his behavior through own a process of delinquent “neutralization,” wherebyredefined the behavior to makeis morally it acceptable.  SOCIAL PROCESS (LEARNING) THEORIES NEUTRALIZATION THEORY by DAVID MATZA AND GRESHAM SYKES 5 ways of neutralization: DENIAL OF - shifts blame of the act away RESPONSIBILITY from the actor DENIAL OF - offender claims that no real INJURY offense occurred as no one is DENIAL OF harmed VICTIM - implies victim deserves the result CONDEMNATION OF of the act of the offender CONDEMNERS - offenders shares the guilt to the condemners asserting that APPEAL TO HIGHER LOYALTIES his behavior is just same as other - elevates moral integrity by SOCIAL REACTION THEORIES by ERWIN LEMERT commonly known as LABELLING THEORY  people become criminals as mush as the society tags them to be criminals  the negative reaction of others to a particular behavior is what causes that behavior to be labeled as “criminal” or “deviant.”. SOCIAL REACTION THEORIES EFFECTS OF LABELLING 1. THE CREATION OF A STIGMA. People who have been negatively labeled because of their participation or alleged participation in deviant or outlawed behaviors 2. SELF-IMAGE / SELF-LABELLING. Stigmatized offenders may begin to reevaluate their own identities around the label.. SOCIAL REACTION THEORIES EFFECTS OF LABELLING 3. SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY Deviant behavior patterns that are in response to an earlier labeling experience, a person act out these social roles even if they were falsely bestowed. 4. DRAMATIZATION OF EVIL Transforms the offender‟s identity from a “doer of evil” to “an evil person”.. TWO STAGES OF DEVIANCE 1.PRIMARY DEVIANCE These are crimes that have little influence on the actor and can quickly be forgotten (little bearing in the future) 2. SECONDARY DEVIANCE It arises when a deviant comes to the attention of significant others or social control agencies who apply a negative label (has bearing in the future). SOCIAL CONTROL THEORIES everyone has potential to become criminal, it‟s the bond in our society that keeps us on becoming one people's relationships, commitments, values, norms, and beliefs encourage them not to break the law. if moral codes are internalized and individuals are tied into and have a stake in their wider community, they will voluntarily.  SOCIAL CONTROL THEORIES CONTAINMENT THEORY by WALTER RECKLESS Containment  forces that has the power to influence one‟s actions inner and outer containments keeps juvenile offending ; restrain a person from committing a crime series of internal and external qualities effectively insulate certain individuals from criminal involvement even when ecological variables.  SOCIAL CONTROL THEORIES CONTAINMENT THEORY Reckless noted some of the crime-producing forces that a strong self-image counteracts (Hagan, 2017): Internal Pushes External Pressures External Pulls.  SOCIAL CONTROL THEORIES SOCIAL BOND THEORY by TRAVIS HIRSCHI criminality is the result of weakened or broken bond in a society all people, from the time we are born, are basically bad apples that must be controlled by laws, rules and regulations in order to keep society in check..  SOCIAL CONTROL THEORIES SOCIAL BOND THEORY by TRAVIS HIRSCHI 4 SOCIAL BONDS BELIE  acceptance of norms in the F society INVOLVEMENT  amount of time spent for the conventional pursuit ATTACHMENT degree to which a person care about the opinion of others COMMITMENT investment of energy and emotion to pursuits.  ECONOMIC THEORIES The economic analysis of crime points out to the link between economics and criminology.. ECONOMIC THEORIES criminals rationally maximize their own self-interest (utility) subject to the constraints (prices, incomes) that they face in the marketplace and elsewhere. the decision to become a criminal is in principle no different from the decision to take up another occupation. (ATLANTA ECONOMIC REVIEW JOURNAL) economic crimes as illegal acts in which offenders' principal motivation appears to be economic gain focused on sanction effects and the relationship between work and crime. ECONOMIC MODEL OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR: BASIC THEORY (GARY S. BECKER) It is assumed that participation in criminal activity is the result of an optimizing individual responding to incentives  Expected gains from crime when compared with legal works  Chance of being caught and convicted  Opportunities in legal activities.. MARXIST THEORY By KARL MARX bourgeoisie (rulers) and proletariats (workers) conflict. society becomes a fertile ground for breeding criminals as those who could not afford the basic needs of life turns to crime to provide what they lack. Again, workers' exploitation breeds anger and frustration which leads to crime and violent destruction of property.. MARXIST THEORY BOURGEOISIE PROLETARIAT (CAPITALISTS, (WORKERS, POOR) OWNERS,RULERS). MARXIST THEORY Marxist perspectives on crime key points: competitio gree CAPITALISM IS CRIMINOGENIC exploitation, personal – abov n, the d, interest (profit) consumers e poverty public , good materialism, pressure inequality to make profits, competitive class distinction , and THE CAPITALIST LAW - laws are made by the capitalist elite or superstructure (parliament) to serve or work for the interests of the ruling classes  lead to an increase in crime rate as people will result to self- help knowing that justice will elude them.. MARXIST THEORY Marxist perspectives on crime key points: ALL CLASSES COMMIT CRIME - the crimes of the capitalist class are maintained and costlier in the society than the working class or street crime. SELECTIVE LAW ENFORCEMENT – The criminal justice system of the state is selective and mainly concerns itself with policing and punishing the marginalized, not the wealthy.. MARXIST SOCIALIST’s THEORY FRIEDRICH ENGELS crime as a function of social demoralization- a collapse of people‟s humanity reflecting a decline in society. Workers are demoralized by the capitalist society. WILLEM BONGER society is divided into have and have not groups, not on the basis of people‟s innate ability, but because of the system production that use in force. In every society that is divided into ruling class and an inferior class, penal law serves the will of the ruling class.. MARXIST THEORY In the capitalist system makes both the proletariat and bourgeoisie crime prone, but only the proletariat likely to become officially recognized criminals. Because the legal system discriminates against the poor by defending the actions of the wealthy. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL. SOCIOLOGICAL ECONOMI C. BIO-PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORIES by GEORGE E. ENGELANDJOHN R. ROMANO multidisciplinary perspective attempts that understandcriminal (and to outcome behavior like antisocial behavior related its s, consequence b and considering s) the interactions between y biological, psychological, and sociological factors... SOCIAL/POLITICAL THEORIES CONFLICT THEORY LEFT REALISM THEORY IDENTITY FUSION LIBERALISM CONSERVATISM RADICALISM. CONFLICT THEORY Willem A. Bonger, Ralf G. Dahrendorf, and George B. Vold Crime is the outcome of class struggle. The classes that are struggling here are the upper, middle and lower class. crime is defined by those in power. LEFT REALISM street criminals prey on the poor, thus making the poor doubly abused, first by the capitalist system and then by the members of their own class. relative deprivationequals disconte discontent; plus lack of political nt solution equals crime.. IDENTITY FUSION THEORY William B. Swann Jr. And Michael D. Buhrmester a visceral feeling of oneness with the group that is associated with increased permeability of the boundary between the personal and social self. Fused persons view the group as “family” and believe that family membership requires sacrifices.. PEACEMAKING CRIMINOLOGY a non-violent movement against oppression, social injustice and violence as found within criminology, criminal justice and society in general. With its emphasis on inter-personal, intra- personal and spiritual integration, it is well connected to the emerging perspective of positive criminology. active strategy to limit war and violence. Processes include mediation, arbitration, and adjudication. Peacemaking may involve the process of seeking resolution to a conflict while the conflict is ongoing.. POSTMODERN THEORY Those in power are able to use their own language to define crime and law while excluding or dismissing those who are in opposition to their (prisoners or the poor). The dominant language of society is the language of the rich and powerful.. CONSERVATISM THEORY Conservative ideologies assume that the ideal society is one in which authority is unquestioned society is threatened by defective people- individuals and population groups-who cannot or will not accept the authority and direction of their superiors, and resort to crime to profit from the labors of others. LIBERALISM THEORY ideal society is one in which there is equality of opportunity and a general consensus to accept differences in rewards as the outcomes of fair competition.. CONSERVATISM VS LIBERALISM. RADICALISM the ideal society as one in which people- naturally creative and freedom-loving-- are able to do as they please in going about their peaceful business, without interference by anyone-- especially those claiming or representing some presumed higher authority.. FEMINIST CRIMINOLOGY made as a reaction to the general disregard and discrimination of women in the traditional study of crime. attempts to explain the causes and outcomes of criminal behavior from a particular perspective of women. focuses on women offenders, women victims, and women in the criminal justice system in order to understand the causes, trends, and results of female criminality. Key issues within the feminist school of criminology include the role of sex and sexism in sentencing and imprisonment, the role of victimization in women's lives, and the increase in the number of incarcerated women despite declining crime rates. BIO – CHEMICAL MENSTRUATION AND CRIME (PRE-MENSTRUAL SYNDROME) By KATHARINA DALTON reports indicating that women have an increased tendency toward criminal behavior during certain phases of the menstrual cycle. (HORNEY, J., Menstrual cycles and criminal responsibility). BIO – CHEMICAL Of 50 women charged with crimes of violence, 44% committed their offence during the paramenstruum (P < 0·02) and there was a significant lack of offences during the ovulatory and post-ovulatory phases of the menstrual cycle (P < 0·01). (University of Cambridge, Violent crime and the menstrual cycle). AGE-GRADED AND AGING-OUT PROCESS THEORY AGE-GRADED the type of crime committed by a certain individual is in consonance with his age governs or dictates the type of crime to be committed by him. AGING-OUTProcess/phenomenon (desistance or remission) The process by which individuals reduce the frequency of their offending behavior as they age.. LIFE COURSE AND LATENT TRAIT THEORY LIFE COURSE viewed as dynamic process, by criminality a individual characteristics, influenced traits, multiple ofand experiences social LATENT TRAIT human development is controlled by a “master trait- such as personality, intelligence, and genetic make- up“, present at birth. It is also believed that this trait remains stable and unchanging throughout the person‟s lifetime. THEORIES ON WOMEN OFFENDERS four theoretical traditions of female criminality and its causation:  MASCULINITY THEORIES  OPPORTUNITY THEORIES  MARGINALIZATION THEORIES  CHIVALRY THEORY. LOMBROSO AND (MASCULINITY FREUD THEORY) Lombroso viewed female criminals as having an excess of male characteristics. He argued that, biologically, criminal females more closely resembled males (both criminal and normal) than females. Freud argued that female crime results from a "masculinity. FREDA (TH WOMEN' ADLER LIBERATION HYPOTHESIS) E S THEORY) (MASCULINIT Y Female Criminality are directly related to changes in roles of women in society. As women take on more dominant positions in society and adopt more traditional male roles. more serious violent than crime empowered The women women empowered non- to are due masculinity. involved in their. OPPORTUNITY THEORY Rita J. Simon Book: Women and Society Increasing opportunities for women reduced the rates of violent female offending, but increased the rates of property crimes. when more women get access in the labor market as skilled labor and possess highly specialized positions in the job sector, they commit more employment related property crime like men.. MARGINALIZATION THEORY Meda Chesney-Lind and Kathleen Daly Book: Women and Crime: The Female Offender (1986) Marginality (low salary; inadequate job; lower class position; family victimization) of a woman penetrates criminality in contemporary societies. Women are motivated to commit crime as a rational response to poverty and economic uncertainty that they perceive.. CHIVALRY HYPOTHESES Otto Pollak The chivalry hypothesis is a term coined by criminal justice scholars. Chivalry suggests that women who commit crime are awarded more lenient sentences than males who commit crime. One possible reason for the lenient sentencing is that women are generally viewed as the caregiver, or. PINK COLLAR CRIME Kathleen Daly carried out by whose office jobs can women characterized as being be set on a low to medium level, or more simply speaking, at a position as accountant, manager, officers, etc. which embezzlement from their employers. That is, women who may not have carrying main functions but still have enough powers and opportunities to commit fraud or theft at their jobs. PINK COLLAR CRIME Kathleen Daly carried out by whose office jobs can women characterized as being be set on a low to medium level, or more simply speaking, at a position as accountant, manager, officers, etc. which embezzlement from their employers. That is, women who may not have carrying main functions but still have enough powers and opportunities to commit fraud or theft at their jobs. ENVIRONMENTAL THEORIES OF CRIME. ENVIRONMENTAL THEORIES OF CRIME study of crime as it occurs within a geographical area, and it's a positivist theory that suggests crime is influenced, if not caused, by a person's spatial environment. GEOGRAPHY AND CRIMES 1.NORTH AND SOUTH POLE THEORY thermic law of delinquency, crimes against person predominate in the South Pole and during the warm season while crimes against property predominate in the North Pole and cold countries. 2. APPROACH TO EQUATOR- Montesquieu criminality increases in proportion as one approach the equator and drunkenness increases as one approach the north and south pole (spirit of laws). HUMAN ECOLOGY THEORY ROBERT EZRA PARK crime is a function of social change along with environmental change Interrelationship of people and environment Within sociology, human ecology is concerned with the question of how people organize themselves socially to adapt to what are termed “dominant” groups. Those who exercise this control to a lesser degree are termed “subdominant.”.  BRONFENBRENNER’S FIVE STRUCTURE OF ENVIRONMENT: MICROSYSTEM layer closest to the child and contains the structures with which the child has direct contact. The microsystem encompasses the relationships and interactions a child has with her immediate surroundings MESOSYSTEM layer provides the connection between the structures of the child‟s microsystem Childs teacher to parents neigborhood EXOSYSTEM layer defines the larger social system in which the child does not function directly Parent workplace schedules or community-based family resources , mass media MACROSYSTEM layer may be considered the outermost layer in the child‟s environment cultural values, customs, and laws CHRONOSYSTEM dimension of time as it relates to a child‟s environments. Elements within this system can be either external, such as the timing of a parent‟s death, or internal, such as the physiological changes that occur with the aging of a child. BROKEN WINDOWS THEORY a criminological theory that states that visible signs of crime, anti- social behavior and civil disorder, create an urban environment that encourages further crime and disorder, including serious. CRIME PATTERN THEORY Crime pattern theory = crime and place rational offenders will note places without guardians and managers and where their handlers are unlikely to show up. Pattern theory exposes the interactions with their physicaland social environments that influence offenders‟ choices of targets  Complexity of the criminal event  Crime is not random.