The Concept of Society PDF

slidesmania.com The concept of society  slidesmania.com The term society is derived from a Latin word socius. The term directly means association, togetherness, gregariousness, or simply group life. The concept of society refers...

slidesmania.com The concept of society  slidesmania.com The term society is derived from a Latin word socius. The term directly means association, togetherness, gregariousness, or simply group life. The concept of society refers to a relatively large grouping or collectivity of people who share common and distinct culture, occupying a certain geographical locality, with the feeling of identity or belongingness, having all the necessary social arrangements or insinuations to sustain itself.  slidesmania.com Calhoun et al (1994): "A society is an autonomous grouping of people who inhabit a common territory, have a common culture (shared set of values, beliefs, customs and so forth) and are linked to one another through routinized social interactions and interdependent statuses and roles."  slidesmania.com Common questions to ask! What roles do institutions play in society? Institutions such as family, education systems, religious organizations, and governments provide structure and stability within a society. They help organize social behavior, transmit cultural values, enforce norms and laws, and support the functioning of society by addressing needs and resolving  slidesmania.com Common questions to ask! How is social order maintained? Social order is maintained through a combination of formal mechanisms (laws, regulations, and enforcement by authorities) and informal mechanisms (social norms, customs, and community expectations). Institutions like the legal system, law enforcement, and education play key roles in upholding social order.  slidesmania.com Common questions to ask! What are the functions of social norms and values? Social norms and values provide guidelines for behavior and help maintain social cohesion. They promote predictability and stability by outlining acceptable behaviors and expectations. Norms and values also help individuals understand their roles within society and how to interact with  slidesmania.com Common questions to ask! How do technological advancements affect societies? Technological advancements impact societies by transforming communication, work, and daily life. They can lead to increased efficiency, new opportunities, and greater connectivity but may also result in social disruptions, such as job displacement or privacy concerns. Technology often drives societal change and requires adaptation to new realities.  slidesmania.com TYPES OF SOCIETIES First Second Third World World World  slidesmania.com Hunting and Gathering Societies Subsistence Strategy Social Structure Technology and Tools Population Size and Density  slidesmania.com Pastoral and Horticultural Societies Subsistence Strategy Mobility Social Structure Population Size and Density  slidesmania.com Agricultural Societies Subsistence Strategy Mobility Social Structure Population Size and Density  slidesmania.com Industrial Societies Subsistence Strategy Mobility Social Structure Population Size and Density  slidesmania.com SOCIAL INSTITUTION ORGANIZATION  slidesmania.com The Family In the discipline of sociology, the family is the smallest unit after the individual. It establishes kinship, which is defined as a family member's blood or marital link to another. In addition, the family institution is a child's initial introduction to society.  slidesmania.com Economic Institutions The economy, or market institutions, is the next level of social institution. The industry that buys and sells things is covered by market institutions.  slidesmania.com Religious Organizations While not everyone is a member of a religious group, religion is an important aspect of every human culture.  slidesmania.com Political Institutions The groups in a government that establish, enforce, and implement laws are known as political institutions. Political institutions are the bodies that make up the modern government's entire mechanism: parties, legislatures, and heads of state  slidesmania.com Educational Institutions Individuals are taught skills and knowledge in educational institutions. Educational institutions, like families, transmit culture on to the next generation and prepare them to fully engage in society.  slidesmania.com Culture is organic and supra-organic: When we contemplate the reality that there is no culture without human civilization, it is organic. It is supra organic because it exists outside of any single lifespan. Individuals may come and go, but culture endures.  slidesmania.com Culture is overt and covert: It can be separated into two types: material and non- material cultures. Any physical human-made object, such as tools, automobiles, buildings, and so on, is considered material culture. Language, belief, ideas, knowledge, attitude, values, and other non-physical aspects of culture make up nonmaterial culture  slidesmania.com Culture is explicit and implicit: It is explicit when we consider those actions which can be explained and described easily by those who perform them. It is implicit when we consider those things we do, but are unable to explain them, yet we believe them to be so.  slidesmania.com Culture is ideal and manifest (actual): Ideal culture involves the way people ought to behave or what they ought to do. Manifest culture involves what people actually do.  slidesmania.com Culture is stable and yet changing: Culture is stable when we consider what people hold valuable and are handing over to the next generation in order to maintain their norms and values. However, when culture meets other cultures, it can change. However, culture changes not only because of direct or indirect contact between cultures, but also through innovation and adaptation to new circumstances.  slidesmania.com Culture is shared and learned: Culture is the public property of a social group of people (shared). Individuals get cultural knowledge of the group through socialization. However, we should note that all things shared among people might not be cultural, as there are many biological attributes which people share among themselves (Kottak, 2002).  slidesmania.com Culture is symbolic: It is based on the purposeful creation and usage of symbols; it is exclusive to humans. Symbolic thought is unique and crucial to humans and to culture. Symbolic thought is the human ability to give a thing or event an arbitrary meaning and grasp and appreciate that meaning Symbols are the central components of culture.  slidesmania.com Symbols: are the central components of culture. Symbols refer to anything to which people attach meaning and which they use to communicate with others. More specifically, symbols are words, objects, gestures, sounds or images that represent something else rather than themselves. Symbolic thought is unique and crucial to humans and to culture. It is the human ability to give a thing or event an arbitrary meaning and grasp and appreciate that meaning. There is no obvious natural or necessary connection between a symbol and what it symbolizes  slidesmania.com Language: specifically defined as a system of verbal and in many cases written symbols with rules about how those symbols can be strung together to convey more complex meanings, is the distinctive capacity and possession of humans; it is a key element of culture. Culture encompasses language, and through language, culture is communicated and transmitted. Without language it would be impossible to develop, elaborate and transmit culture to the future generation.  slidesmania.com Values: are essential elements of non-material culture. They may be defined as general, abstract guidelines for our lives, decisions, goals, choices, and actions. They are shared ideas of a groups or a society as to what is right or wrong, correct or incorrect, desirable or undesirable, acceptable or unacceptable, ethical or unethical, etc., regarding something.  slidesmania.com Norms: are also essential elements of culture. They are implicit principles for social life, relationship, and interaction. Norms are detailed and specific rules for specific situations. They tell us how to do something, what to do, what not to do, when to do it, why to do it, etc. Norms are derived from values. That means, for every specific norm, there is a general value that determines its content.  slidesmania.com Mores: Are important and stronger social norms for existence, safety, well-being and continuity of the society or the group or society. Formal laws are written and codified social norms. The other kinds of mores are called conventions. Conventions are established rules governing behavior; they are generally accepted ideals by the society. Conventions may also be regarded as written and signed agreements between nations to govern the behaviors of individuals, groups and nations.  slidesmania.com Culture shock is a psychological and social maladjustment that occurs when people are exposed to new cultural aspects for the first time, such as new products, new ideas, new concepts, and seemingly unusual beliefs and practices. No one is immune to the effects of culture shock. Individuals, on the other hand, differ in their ability to adapt to and overcome the effects of culture shock. People who are ethnocentric are frequently subjected to culture shock. Cultural relativists, on the other hand, may find it simple to adjust to new settings and overcome culture shock.  slidesmania.com 1. Authoritative parenting- they are the parent who encourage kids to be responsible, to think for themselves, and to consider the reasons for rules. 2. Authoritarian parenting- they are the one who expect their orders to be obeyed without question and who rely on punishment--or the threat of punishment--to control their kids. 3. Permissive parenting- are parents who are responsive and warm (a good thing) but also reluctant to enforce rules (a bad thing). 4. Uninvolved parenting- are the parents who offer their children little emotional support and fail to enforce standards of conduct.