Lesson 2. The Self, Society, and Culture (Student Material) PDF

8/11/24 OBJECTIVES: Lesson 2: The Self, At the end of the lesson, you should be Society, and Culture...

8/11/24 OBJECTIVES: Lesson 2: The Self, At the end of the lesson, you should be Society, and Culture able to: 1. Explain the relationship of the self, society, and culture; 2. Compare and contrast how social institutions and culture affected the formation of the self; and Mr. John Franz B. Badoraya, LPT 3. Examine one’s ”self” against the Instructor different perspective in this lesson and various experiences of your classmates. 1 2 Introduction Introduction For a long time, philosophers have As most of this branches of social debated over the “self” in a mind-body science study society and culture, the perspective. But the advent of the “self” was also seen as a part of social institutionalization of the other social processes. sciences, like history, anthropology, sociology, political science, and Let’s dive in and find the how society psychology, among others, as an academic and culture is considered in the and research fields have widened this formation of ourselves. perspective of the self. 3 4 1  8/11/24 Analysis Analysis What do you feel that both of our Olympic gold medalist athletes won in sports deemed for different sexes? If you are to change a stereotype, what would it be and why? 5 6 Analysis Analysis Reflecting on your answers would show Also, you should realize that not all that you have formed your ideas about a expected attitudes and behaviors are person from your interaction from other biologically programmed but are socially people. determined; and because of that, they can differ from society to society and change There are similarities of experiences, through time. but each person can also have a different perspective based on the people or groups he/she interacts with. 7 8 2  8/11/24 Abstraction Abstraction Human beings are social beings by nature. If we take the idea of the self as a mind Each of us do not exist in a vacuum. We and body duality from the philosophical interact with people and even the most perspective, we can see the mind and introvert of us would have to relate and body, ergo the self, to be existing, communicate with a few. operating, and developing within a social content. 9 10 Culture "We are born into a social environment; is the characteristics and knowledge of we fully develop into human beings in a a particular group of people, social environment; and we live our lives encompassing language, religion, in a social environment. What we think, cuisine, social habits, music, and how we feel, and what we say and do all arts. are shaped by our interactions with other people." – Hughes and Kroehler (2008) a way of life. 11 12 3  8/11/24 Culture Culture The Center for Advanced Research on Culture is divided into two: Language Acquisition goes a step further, defining culture as shared patterns of 1. Material culture behaviors and interactions, cognitive 2. Nonmaterial culture constructs and understanding that are learned by socialization. Thus, culture can be seen as the growth of a group identity fostered by social patterns unique to the group. 13 14 Material Culture Nonmaterial Culture Material culture – the attires, tools, Nonmaterial culture – is the belief weapons, architectural designs, religious systems, the values, the norms, as well implements. (objects or belongings of a as the shared language and symbols. group) (ideas, attitudes, and belief of a society.) 15 16 4  8/11/24 Norms Values rules on what to do or what not to do ideal behaviors or principles that set in a certain situations. the standard of what is acceptable and admirable from a person who is a part rules/standard of behavior shared by of a society. members of a social group. culture’s core beliefs about what’s internalized (incorporated within the good or right. individual) 17 18 “Society is composed of the people and To maintain a smooth-functioning society, culture is compose of ideas, behavior, social institutions are created, which and material possessions.” – (Kendall, are sets of ideas, norms, practices, or 2006) mechanisms organized and focused on addressing the needs of the community The society and the culture coexist and (McIntyre, 2002) is interdependent with each other. 19 20 5  8/11/24 Socialization Status and Roles As a person grows in a society, s/he Status – position in society or a imbibes the culture of that society particular group. through the process of socialization. Status can either be ascribed Socialization (enculturation in (inherited or given at birth) or Anthropology) is a lifelong process of achieved (personally acquired). learning, teaching, internalizing, and living the culture of the society. 21 22 Status and Roles Theoretical Approaches Each position or title also have Theoretical approaches and frameworks expected roles or parts to play. enable us to combine and use concepts in a meaningful way to look and understand a Roles - expected behaviors, norms, part of reality–in this case, the values, and attitudes. connection of self, society, and culture. 23 24 6  8/11/24 Theoretical Approaches Theoretical Approaches Under the theory of Symbolic 1. The "self" did not just come out of Interactionism for example, George thin air. We are affected by our Herbert Mead (1863-1931) claimed that the sociocultural context, who we are, even self is created, developed, and changed most of the choices we think we freely through human interaction (Hogg and make. The influence of the society and Vaughan, 2010). There are at least three culture will still influence you even if reasons why self and identity are social you move to a different place. products (Elmore et al., 2012): 25 26 Theoretical Approaches Theoretical Approaches 2. We need others to affirm and reinforce Social interaction and group affiliation who we think we are. We also need them as are vital factors in creating our self- reference about our identity. concept, especially our social identity or our perception of who we are based on 3. Our notion of what is personally our membership to certain groups. important to us is also influence by the current trends of what is important in We can have different social identities, our society. those can overlap, and we automatically play the roles as we interact with our groups. 27 28 7  8/11/24 Theoretical Approaches Theoretical Approaches Culture and Personality by Ruth Benedict Ruth Benedict concluded that personal (1887 – 1948) development, especially on gender roles and traits, is not actually based on - Argued that the personality or the self biological traits. Most of these roles is dependent on the cultural practices are based on cultural expectations. and socialization process of a certain group. Thus, studying a person’s (Ruth Benedict from her “Coming of Age in personality can already provide us an Samoa” and “Sex and Temperament in Three idea of his or her cultural background Primitive Societies”. and social upbringing and vice versa. 29 30 Theoretical Approaches Social Institutions The person is not a passive recipient of Social institutions are organized to all these things. S/he has a choice. address the needs of a society and they, too, have a profound effect on our Clifford James Geertz (1926-2006) looks concept of “self.” at culture as a collection of symbols with meanings, and these meanings are 1. Family made, communicated, and negotiated by 2. Market each person to make sense of their lives 3. Government and interactions. 4. School 5. Church 31 32 8  8/11/24 Social Institutions Social Institutions 1. Kinship/Family 2. Economics/Market - Most basic social institution - Aims to regulate the flow of resources - Organizes based on familial ties and services - Blood-relations (Consanguineal) - Ensures everyone gets fair share of - Marriage (Affinal) goods and services - Family not by blood or marriage - Regulates price of products (Social) - Ensure fair competition among producers and sellers - Control demands 33 34 Social Institutions Social Institutions 3. Politics/Government 4. Education/School - Ensures peace and order - Ensures knowledge of the past and the - Legitimizes the use of power of certain culture of the society gets transmitted people or groups from one generation to another. - Executive Branch (enforces law) - Safeguards continuity or brings about - Legislative Branch (creates, amends, changes to other social institution. and repeals law) - Aims to produce people who can live - Judiciary Branch (interprets laws and harmoniously in the given social ensures everyone follows the environment as well as able to be Constitution and basic human rights. productive citizens for the economy. 35 36 9  8/11/24 Social Institutions Social Institutions 5. Religion/Church - Several reasons why people believe in - Organized set of practices, symbols, the Supernatural: and artifacts regarding the belief of the supernatural. 1. Explanation of the unexplainable 2. Meaning and purpose of life 3. Continuity of relationship with the people that we care about even after death among others. 37 38 Social Institutions Social Institutions - If you will reflect on it, most of the - If you will reflect on it, most of the things we use to describe our “self” things we use to describe our “self” came from these social institutions. came from these social institutions. - Other social institutions includes mass - Other social institutions includes mass media, community service organizations, media, community service organizations, health services, and recreation. health services, and recreation. 39 40 10  8/11/24 Social Institutions Social Institutions Person can still choose what to adapt, The self, or our identity if we want to reject, or change. call it, is a result of the interaction and discourse between a person and the society. We are introduced and socialized into our groups, teaching us all the status, roles, values, and norms that we need to live in this society which became a part of our description of ourselves. 41 42 Social Institutions In, return the way we collectively live, express, and recreate this imbibed culture reinforces and transforms our society and culture (Berger and Luckmann, 1991) 43 11