Rise of Nationalism in Europe PDF

www.padhle.in @padhle.in The Rise of Nationalism in Europe CH 1 History | Class 10 Hand Written Notes www.padhle.in @padhle.in adhle.in Thank you for using...

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Padhle! THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE → During the Mth century nationalism emerged as a force which changed the political and mental world of Europe and the end result was nation state. 4 Nation - State......... → One in which rulers along with citizens develop a sense of common identity. → This identity was forget through struggle. The French Revolution and the idea of the Nation : Started in 9789. It was first expression of nationalism in Europe. It abolished monarchy. Powers were transferred from monarch to a body of French citizens. Major changes during French Revolution : The ' idea Patrie ' ' La ' of and La citoyen emphasized united upon community and equal nights. Power transferred from monarch to common people. A new French flag , the tricolor , was chosen to replace the former royal standard. New national anthem composed and oath was taken. A centralised administrative it system put in place and was formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished.  Spread of Nationalism : When the news of the events in France reached the different cities of Europe , students and other members of educated middle classes began setting up Jacobin clubs. Their activities and campaigns prepared the way for the French armies which moved into Holland , Belgium , Switzerland and much of Italy in the 9790. With the outbreak of the revolutionary wars , the French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad. → In 9799 , Napoleon took over political power. Civil code of 9804 : → Equality before law. → Right to property. → Feudal system was abolished. → Freed peasants from serfdom. → Transport and communication systems were improved. → However , in the areas conquered , the reactions of the local populations to French rule were mixed. → Initially , in many places such as Holland and Switzerland , as well as in certain cities like Brussels , Mainz Milan , and Warsaw , the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty. → But the initial enthusiasm soon turned to hostility , as it became clear that the new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom. → Increased taxation , censorship , forced conscription into the French armies required to conquer the rest of Europe , all seemed to outweigh the advantage of administrative changes. The Making of Nationalism in Europe : What we know today as Germany Italy , and Switzerland were and divided into kingdoms , duchies cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories.  Structure of European Society The New Aristocracy Peasantry Middle class ( High Class) ( poor) (Low class) The New Middle Class : HIT consist of industrialists , doctors , teachers. 4 For the new middle class liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. 4 Later they became the force of Unity and Nationalism. Features of Liberalism : * For Middle class it means - → Freedom for individual → Equality before law * Politically it means - → Government by consent → End of Autocracy and clerical privileges * Economically it means - → Freedom of Market → Abolition of Taxes wave of Economic Nationalism : D Napoleon Administrative system had created confederation of 39 States. 4 Each of which had its and own currency weighing system. Custom barrier in each city hindered economic growth and exchange.  Zollverein # Custom Union) ' : → Initiated by Prussia in 9834. → Reduction of number of currencies from 30 to 2. → Abolished tariff barriers. → Facilitated railway mobility for economic interests and unification. * Napoleon was defeated in battle of WATERLOO ( 9895) by the conservative forces. Treaty of Vienna was signed. - Believe in traditional institutions and family values. For instances - Church , Monarch , etc. Revolutionaries : 4 During the years following 9895 , the fear of repression drove liberal nationalists many underground -. ↳ Secret societies sprang up in many European stakes to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas. D Revolutionaries also saw the creation of nation - stakes as a necessary part of this struggle for freedom. Giuseppe Mazzini → As a young man of 24 , he was sent into exile for attempting a revolution. → Mazzini believed that god had intended nations to be natural units of mankind. → Found Italy in Marseille and young young Europe in Berne. 8 Following Switzerland his and model , secret societies were set up in Germany , France , Poland. t Mazzini 's relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives. The Age of Revolutions 9830 - 9848 : t As conservative regimes tried to consolidate their power , liberalism and nationalism came to be increasingly associated with revolution in many regions of Europe. July Revolution (France) : * The France July first upheaval took place in in 9830. t The Bourbon king was overthrown. I Installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe as its head. → The to July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels which bed Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Greek war of independence : Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the 95M century. Struggle started in 9829. Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also from many West Europeans. The Treaty of Constantinople was signed in 9832. Greece was recognised as independent nation. Romanticism : A cultural movement that rejected Nationalism by science and reasons. It introduced nationalism through art and love.  Case of Poland : → Poland had been participated at the end of the 98in century by the Great Powers between - Russia , Prussia and Austria. → Emphasized on vernacular language foe carrying the modern nationalist message to large audience who were mostly illiterate. → The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance. Hunger Hardship. and Popular Revolt : → The 9830, were years of great economic hardship in Europe → Population increased → Unemployment increased → Peasants struggled against Aristocracy. → Rise in food prices The Making Germany of and Italy : Unification of Germany : B. Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle - class Germans. Tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation - state governed by an elected parliament. Otto von Bismarck , was the architect of this process carried out with the help of the Prussian army. 7 years of war with Austria , Denmark , France. In 9879 , William I was proclaimed as German Emperor. Process of nation building had demonstrated the dominance of Prussian state power. The new state placed a strong emphasis on modernising the currency, banking , legal and judicial systems in Germany.  Unification of Italy : 1 During the middle of the Mth century , Italy was divided into seven States. t Out of seven only Sardinia - Piedmont was ruled by an Italian Princely States. Giuseppe Mazzini 4 He had also formed a secret society called Young Italy. T Mazzini During the 9830 , Giuseppe had sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic 4 After his failures in 9839 and 9848 the responsibilities fell on Victor Emmanuel - I. Chief Minister Cavour : t the bed the movement and Sardinia - Piedmont defeated the Austrian forces in 9859. Giuseppe Garibaldi : 4 He succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants of two Sicilies in order to drive out the Spanish rulers.  Victor Emmanuel - H f In 9869 he proclaimed the , was as king of United Italy. The Strange Case of Britain : * Ethnic Composition : → English → Welsh → Scottish → Irish All of these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions. 4 But as the English nation steadily grew in wealth , importance and power ' it was able to extends its influence over the other nations of the islands. A English parliament had seized power from the monarchy in 9688. 4 The Act of Union ( Hot) between England and Scotland that resulted in the ' United Great ' formation of the Kingdom of Britain. Later Ireland was merged to form to form Great Britain. Visualising the Nation : It difficult to face to nation give a was a. Artists Mth found by the nation in century out personifying a way. Nations were portrayed as female figures. Ego - Marianne in France and Germania in Germany.  Nationalism % Imperialism During the end of 99 th century nationalism started converting into → , imperialism. Case of Balkan States : Nationalist tension started in Balkan area after 9879. Large area of Balkan was under control of Ottoman empire. Weakening of Ottoman empire allowed them to break into independent States. These States jealous of each and each wanted to were other gain more territory. The situation got more intense when big European powers entered the war. This World War I finally led to -. * Later anti imperial movement started which finally lead to independence of many countries.  1 Mark Questions 1. Which of the treaty recognized Greece as an independent nation? [1M, 2021 Sample Paper] A1. Treaty of Constantinople 2. Who was called as the architect of Germany’s unification? [1M, 2020] A2. Otto Von Bismarck 3. Name the Treaty of 1832 that recognised Greece as an independent nation. [1M, 2016] A3. Treaty of 1832: Constantinople 4. Name the event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe in 1830-1848? [1M, 2016] A4. The Greek War of Independence in 1821. 5. What was the main aim of revolutionaries of Europe during the years following 1815? [1M, 2016] A5. The main aim of revolutionaries of Europe was to oppose. monarchical forms of government. 6. Who was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871? [1M, 2016]  A6. Kaiser William I of Prussia was proclaimed German Emperor. in a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871. 7. Who was proclaimed the King of United Italy in 1861? [1M, 2016] A7. Victor Emmanuel-II 8. What was the major change that occurred in the political and constitutional scenario due to the French Revolution in Europe? [1M, 2015] A8. It led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a. body of French citizens. The revolution proclaimed that it was. the people who would henceforth constitute the nation and. shape its destiny.  3 Mark Questions 9. Explain the measures and practices introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. [3M, 2021 Sample Paper] A9. (i) The ideas of La Patrie (the fatherland) and Le Citoyen (the citizen) emphasized the notion of united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. (ii) A new French flag, tricolour was chosen to replace the Royal Standard. (iii) Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly. 10. “Like Germany, Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation”. Explain. [3M, 2021 Sample Paper] A10. (i) Italians were scattered over several dynastic states (ii) Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house.  (iii) Italy was unified in 1861 and Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed King of United Italy. 11. Describe any three economic hardships faced by Europe in the 1830s [3M, 2017] A11. Economic hardships faced by Europe in 1830s were: Increase in population. Unemployment, migration and price rise. Stiff competition in the market. Bad condition of peasants. (Any three) 12. Describe any three steps taken by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. [3M, 2015] A12. French revolutionaries introduced various other measures. such as:  1. The Estate General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly. 2. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated all in the name of the nation. 3. A centralized administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory. 13. How had the female figures become an allegory of the nation during nineteenth century in Europe? Analyse. [3M, 2016] A13. Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries portrayed nations as female figures. The female form, that was chosen to personify the nation, did not stand for any particular woman in real life. Rather it sought to give the abstract idea of the nation in concrete form. That is, the female figure became the allegory of the nation. In France, she was named Marianne —a popular Christian name and in Germany, Germania. Germania wears a crown of oak leaves as the German oak stands for heroism. The characteristics of Marianne were drawn from those of Liberty and Republic —the red cap, the tricolour and cockade. 14. How did nationalism develop through culture in Europe? Explain. [3M, 2015, 2013] A14. Culture, music, dance and religion played an important role in. the growth of nationalism. (i) Culture :- Role of culture was important in creating the idea of the nation. Art, poetry, music etc. helped in developing and expressing nationalist feelings. Romanticism was a cultural movement that led to the development of nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists and poets criticized the glorification of reason and science and instead focussed on emotions and intuition. (ii) Language :- Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. After Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of schools and Russian language was imposed everywhere. In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian rule took place which was ultimately crushed. Following this, many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance. (iii) Music and Dance :- Romantics such as the German philosopher Herder claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people —das volk. It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation was popularised. 15. Explain the conditions that were viewed as obstacles to the economic exchange and growth by the new commercial classes during the nineteenth century in Europe. [3M, 2014] A15. In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of. markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on. movement of goods and capital. 1. But in the 19th century Napoleon’s administrative measures had created out of countless small principalities a confederation of 39 states. Each possessed its own currency, and weights and measures. 2. A merchant travelling from Hamburg to Nuremberg had to pass through 11 custom barriers and pay 5% duty at each one of them. 3. As each region had its own system of weights and measures this involved time-consuming calculations. Such conditions were viewed as obstacles to economic growth and exchange by the new commercial classes who argued for the creation of a unified economic territory allowing free movement of goods, people and capital. 16. How did the local people in the areas conquered by Napoleon react to French rule? Explain [3M, 2014] A16. The reactions of the local population to the French rule were. mixed. Initially, in many places such as Holland and Switzerland, as well as in cities like Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of liberty. As new administrative arrangements did not go hand in hand with political freedom, enthusiasm turned into hostility. Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription into the French armies to conquer the rest of Europe, outweighed the advantages of the administrative changes. 17. Explain any three causes of conflict in the ‘Balkan area’ after. 1871. [3M, 2011] A17. The nationalist tensions emerged in the Balkans due to the. following reasons: (i) Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were known as the Slavs. A large part of Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman empire. (ii) After the decline of the Ottoman empire and the growth of romantic nationalism in the Balkans, the region became very explosive. Its European subject nationalities broke away from its control and declared independence.  (iii) As the different nationalities struggled to define their identity and independence, the Balkan area became an area of intense conflict. The Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of others. 18. Explain the contribution of Giuseppe Mazzini in spreading revolutionary ideas in Europe. [3M, 2011] A18. The year following 1815, was the period of revolutionaries. Most of the revolutionaries were committed to oppose monarchical forms and to fight for liberty and freedom One such prominent revolutionary was “Giuseppe Mazzini”, an Italian revolutionary. Mazzini also saw the creation of nation- states as a necessary part in the struggle for freedom. Ele strongly believed in the unification of Italy as a single unified republic which could be the basis of Italian liberty. Mazzini’s relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of a democratic republic frightened the Conservatives. His ideas also influenced the revolutionaries of Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland.  5 Mark Questions 19. “Napoleon had, no doubt, destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient.” Support the statement. [5M, 2016, 2014, 2012] A19. Napoleon had brought revolutionary changes in the. administrative field in order to make the whole system rational. and efficient. The Civil Code of 1804 is usually known as the. Napoleonic Code. 1. The first major change was doing away with all privileges based on birth, establishing equality before law and securing the right to property. 2. Administrative divisions were simplified. 3. Feudal system was abolished and peasants were freed from serfdom and manorial dues (abuse of manorial lords). 4. In towns, guild restrictions were removed. 5. Transport and communication systems were improved. 20. Explain any five economic hardships that Europe faced in the 1830s.  [5M, 2016, 2013, 2011] A20. Following are the causes of economic hardships in Europe. during 1830s: 1. Europe had come under the grip of large scale unemployment. In most of the countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment. 2. Cities had become overcrowded and slums had emerged as population from the rural areas migrated to the cities. 3. Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine-made goods from England where industrialization was more advanced specially in the field of textile production. 4. In those regions of Europe, where aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations. 5. The rise of food prices and bad harvests added to the hardships of the peasants. 21. Describe any five measures which were introduced by the French Revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. [5M, 2016, 2015, 2012] A21.  The first clear-cut expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789. In 1789, France was under the rule of an absolute monarch. When the revolutionaries came to power in France, they were determined to create a new sense of unity and nationhood. For this, they emphasized the concept of France being the father land (La Patrie) for all French people, who were from now on addressed as citizens (citoyen). They were given the tri-colour flag, the three colours representing liberty, equality and fraternity. French revolutionaries introduced various other measures such as: 1. The Estate General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly. 2. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated all in the name of the nation. 3. A centralized administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory. 4. Internal customs, duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted. 22. Describe the process of unification of Germany. [5M, 2015, 2013, 2012] A22. Unification of Germany: In the 18th century, Germany was divided into a number of states. Some of these states ceased to exist during the Napoleonic wars. At the end of the war, there were still 39  independent states in Germany. Prussia was most powerful, dominated by big landlords known as Junkers. (i) Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle class Germans who had tried to unite the different regions of the German federation into a nation-state governed by an elected Parliament. (ii) In May 1848, a large number of political associations came together to vote for an All German National Assembly. Their representatives met at Frankfurt and the Frankfurt Assembly proposed the unification of Germany as a constitutional monarchy under the King of Prussia as emperor. (iii) The King of Prussia rejected the offer and the liberal initiative of nation building was repressed by combined forces of the monarchy, the military and the ‘Junkers’. (iv) Then on, Prussia under its Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck led the movement for unification of Germany. Bismarck carried out this process with the help of the Prussian army and the bureaucracy. He fought three wars over seven years with Denmark, Austria and France. Prussia was victorious in all these wars and the process of unification was completed as a result of Prussia’s victory over France. (v) Consequently, on 18th January 1871, an assembly comprising of princes of German states, representatives of the army, important Prussian ministers and Bismarck gathered in the Palace of Versailes and proclaimed the Prussian King, Kaiser William, the new German Emperor. 23. How had revolutionaries spread their ideas in many European States after 1815? Explain with examples. [5M, 2014] A23. During the years following 1815, the fear of repression drove. many liberal nationalists underground. 1. Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas. Revolutionary ideas were spread by opposing monarchical forms and to fight for liberty and freedom. 2. Most of the revolutionaries also saw the creation of nation- states as a necessary part of this struggle for freedom. 3. Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary bom in Geneva in 1807. He was a member of the Secret Society of the Carbonari. He attempted a revolution in 1831 and was sent into exile. 4. He had set up two more underground societies, namely, Young Italy (1832) in Marseilles and then Young Europe in Berne. The members were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and Germany. 5. He opposed monarchy and small states and kingdoms and dreamt of a Democratic Republic. He believed the unification of Italy alone could be the basis of Italian liberty. 24. How did culture play an important role in creating the idea of the ‘nation’ in Europe? Explain with examples. [5M, 2013] A24. Culture, music, dance and religion played an important role in. the growth of nationalism. (i) Role of culture was important in creating the idea of the nation. Art, poetry, music etc. helped in developing and expressing nationalist feelings. Romanticism was a cultural movement that led to the development of nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists and poets criticized the glorification of reason and science and instead focussed on emotions and intuition. (ii) Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries portrayed nations as female figures. The female form, that was chosen to personify the nation, did not stand for any particular woman in real life. Rather it sought to give the abstract idea of the nation in concrete form. That is, the female figure became the allegory of the nation. In France, she was named Marianne—a popular Christian name and in Germany, Germania. (iii) Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. After Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of schools and Russian language was imposed everywhere. In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian rule took place which was ultimately crushed. Following this, many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance. (iv) Romantics such as the German philosopher Herder claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people – das volk. It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation was popularized. 25. What did Liberal Nationalism stand for? Explain any four ideas of Liberal Nationalists in the economic sphere. [5M, 2011] A25. Liberalism or Liberal Nationalism stood for freedom for the. individual and equality of all before the law. Lour ideas of. Liberal Nationalists in the economic sphere are: 1. Liberalism stood for freedom of markets and abolition of state imposed restriction. For example, Napoleon’s administration was a confederation of 29 states, each of these possessed its own currencies, weight and measures. Such conditions were viewed as obstacles to economic exchange. 2. Liberal Nationalists argued for the creation of a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movement of goods, people and capital. 3. In 1834, a customs union or ” zollverein” was formed. The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from 30 to 2. 4. The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interest to national unification.