The Respiratory System PDF

Respiratory System  Objectives At the end of the session, students are able to: identify the parts of the respiratory system, understand the function of each part of of the respiratory system; and appreciate the intricate contribution of the respiratory system in the overall functi...

Respiratory System  Objectives At the end of the session, students are able to: identify the parts of the respiratory system, understand the function of each part of of the respiratory system; and appreciate the intricate contribution of the respiratory system in the overall function of the human body.  Overview The Respiratory System Responsible in supplying O2 to the blood and removing CO2 in the body.  Overview The Respiratory System Respiratory system forms the path through which the air passes from the nose to the lungs. Exchange of gases during internal and external respiration is the major function of the respiratory system. The system also filters, warms, and humidifies the inhaled air. The system includes vocal cord- produces sound. Lungs controls body pH level. Olfactory bulb helps in smelling.  Overview The Respiratory System The human cells need continuous supply of oxygen for its proper functioning. It eliminates CO2 as metabolic waste product The exchange of gas between the atmosphere and the human body takes place during the process of respiration.  Overview Major Functions Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation) Gas Exchange Oxygen Transport Removal of Carbon dioxide Sound Production (Phonation) Olfaction (Smell) Protection Anatomy of the Respiratory Tract Overview The Upper Respiratory The Upper Respiratory Tract Tract Nose Larynx Nasal cavity Trachea Sinuses Bronchial tree Pharynx Lungs Respiratory Tract (According to Overview Function) The Conduction Portion The Respiratory Portion Nose Pharynx Bronchioles Larynx Alveolar ducts Trachea Alveoli Bronchi  General Anatomy 1.Nose/Mouth: filters, warms, humidifies Mucus Cilia 2.Pharynx: passage of food/air Tonsils 3. Larynx: contains the vocal chords Epiglottis 4. Trachea: windpipe; lined with cartilage 5. Bronchi: branches to lungs 6. Bronchioles: smaller branches 7. Lungs -> Alveoli: air sacs for gas exchange 8. Diaphragm: THE NOSE Is positioned between the forehead and the upper lip The first organ of respiratory tract Provides an entrance for inhaled air Performs the process of warming, moistening and filtering of inhaled air 2 portions External nose Internal nose (nasal cavities) This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA THE NOSE Is a bony and cartilaginous structure Bony part: frontal, nasal, and maxillae bones Cartilaginous part: septal, lateral, and alar cartilages The internal portion is a large cavity in the skull, merging with the external nose anteriorly and communicating with the This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA throat posteriorly THE NOSE At the base of the nose, there are two openings separated by nasal septum The openings are called nostrils (anterior nares) The anterior nares are the openings of the nasal cavity The posterior nares are the nasal cavity openings into the pharynx THE NOSE Sinuses are air-filled spaces Present within the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones of the skull The space is lines with mucus membrane The sinuses reduce the weight of the skull THE NOSE FUNCTIONS 1.Passage of air 2.Filters the air 3.Warms the air 4.Humidifies air 5.Has mucociliary system 6.Sense of smell This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA  PHARYNX The throat is a funnel shaped tube that lies posterior to the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx and anteriorly to the cervical vertebra. Common passageway of air and food; provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds Composition: A. Nasopharynx B. Oropharynx C. Laryngopharynx  PHARYNX FUNCTIONS 1. Passage way for air and food 2. Taste 3. Warming and humidying 4. Hearing 5. Protection 6. Speech  EPIGLOTTI S Large leaf-shaped piece of cartilage Found in the entrance of the larynx Closes the tracheal opening during the swallowing of food Prevents food from entering the trachea (windpipe)  LARYNX Triangular chamber in the front upper part of the neck Adam’s apple Connects the pharynx and the trachea Single cartilages: Thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis Paired cartilages: Arytenoids, corniculates, cuneiforms  LARYNX Inside the larynx, two pairs of folds of muscle and connective tissues covered with mucous membrane make up the vocal cords. Changes tension on the vocal cords controls pitch Vocal cords open- abducted Vocal cords close- adducted  LARYNX The larynx contains: Vestibule- false vocal cord Ventricle Infraglottic cavity- from the vocal cords to the tracheal cavity TRACHEA The wind pipe Measured around 10-11 cm Composed of 16-20 c shaped rings of hyaline cartilage The trachea cartilage is covered by three tissue layers The end divides the R and L bronchi TRACHEA The bronchioles are the finest branches of bronchi Bronchioles converted into terminal bronchioles and then subdivided into two or more respiratory bronchioles Terminate at alveolar sacs  BROCHI Air way passage into the respiratory tract Carried inhaled air into the lungs R and L bronchi The primary bronchi split into 3 secondary bronchi Secondary bronchi further divide into tertiary bronchi Tertiary bronchi then divide into more smaller branches (Bronchioles)  LUNGS Present in the thoracic region Paired soft, spongy, cone- shaped lungs, separated medially by the mediastinum and are enclosed by the diaphragm and thoracic cage 2 layers of serous membrane (pleural membrane) Parietal pleura- outer Visceral pleura- inner  LUNGS Apex: round; extends up to the root of the neck Base: concave and semilunar; associated with the thoracic surface of diaphragm Costal Surface: convex costal surface; associated with the costal cartilages, ribs and intercostal muscles Medial Surface: concave; triangular shaped hilum present in the 5-7th vertebra  LUNGS Parietal pleura: outer layer lines the thoracic cavity Visceral pleura: deep layer; lines the lungs Pleural cavity: space between the two layers and contains pleural fluid  LUNGS Lobes/Fissures and Lobules Each lung is separated in lobes Left – divided into two Right –divided into three The lobes are further divided into lobules (contains alveoli) FUNCTIONS: 1. Respiration 2. Alter blood pH 3. Filter out small blood clots formed in the vein 4. Provides protection by Ig-A  ALVEOLI Hollow cavity Pulmonary alveoli is a spherical projections of the respiratory bronchioles The alveolar membranes are the major sites were exchange of gases occurs with the blood 300 million alveoli Made up of epithelial layers 70% of each alveoli is occupied with blood capillaries  ALVEOLI Mechanism of Respiration Breathing- the process which the respiration organs allow the air to move in and out of the lungs 1. Inhalation/Inspiration 2. Exhalation/Expiration Oxygen rich air is taken from the atmosphere; CO2 rich air is given out to the atmosphere REGULATION Transport of Respiratory Gases Respiration involves inhalation of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide During respiration O2 and CO2 gases are transported by the blood The oxygen enters the  REGULATION Exchange of Gas/ Transport of Respiratory Gas Exchange of gas occurs when a difference in the partial pressure exist across a semipermeable membrane Gas moves by diffusion from the region of higher concentration until the equilibrium is attained Diffusion of oxygen and CO2 depends on the pressure difference  Disorders Asthma A chronic condition where the bronchioles become inflamed and constricted leading to difficulty beathing. Asthma is often triggered by allergens or environmental factors.  Disorders Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) A group of lung diseases, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema, that cause airflow blockage and breathing- related problems. COPD is often caused by smoking.  Disorders Pneumonia A group of lung diseases, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema, that cause airflow blockage and breathing- related problems. COPD is often caused by smoking.  Disorders Lung Cancer The uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the lungs, often associated with smoking. Lung cancer can obstruct airways and affect normal lung function.  Disorders Tuberculosis (TB) A bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs but can spread to other parts of the body. TB is contagious and can be fatal if untreated.  Activity Time Nervous System Respirato Create a diagram that illustrates ry System the interaction of the respiratory system with other body Circulator Muscular y System System systems. Conclusion The respiratory system is vital for oxygenating the blood and removing carbon dioxide, playing a critical role in maintaining life. From the nose and nasal cavity to the alveoli in the lungs, each structure is designed to facilitate efficient breathing and gas exchange. Understanding the respiratory system’s functions and how it interacts with other systems is essential for maintaining respiratory health and recognizing common disorders.