the-Nervous-System.pdf

BS PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAM Nervous System The Nervous System Psychology Faculty 2 Sections of the Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - Sensory Receptors and Motor Effectors Central Nervous System(CNS) - Brain and Spinal Cord Biolog...

BS PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAM Nervous System The Nervous System Psychology Faculty 2 Sections of the Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - Sensory Receptors and Motor Effectors Central Nervous System(CNS) - Brain and Spinal Cord Biology 1  The Human Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Brain Spinal Cord Somatic Nervous Autonomic Nervous System System Allows Controls Sensory and communication Controls internal Motor Nerves between brain organs and glands Defining Biology and peripheral nervous system Sympathetic Parasympathetic Nervous System Nerous System Expends energy Conserves energy, e.g. dilation of the e.g. constriction of pupils, increased pupils, normalises heart rate, etc. heart rate, etc, Peripheral Nervous System -Consists of nerve cells that lie outside the brain case or spinal vertebrae. - It is divided into two sections: Autonomic and Somatic Division. PNS consists of: - Sensory (afferent nerves) - Motor (efferent nerves) - Somatic Division - Autonomic Division Parasympathetic Sympathetic - Maintains bodily functions such - Fight-or-flight system as digestion and blood flow at a - Diverts energy away from balanced level sustaining activities - Maintains homoestasis - Instead, mobilizes the delivery of oxygen (via blood) to the extremities and brain Central Nervous System integrates information arriving from the PNS, processes this information to generate behavior, which it communicates back to the PNS. The Brain and Spinal Cord  2 Divisions of Central Nervous System Spinal Cord Brain Responsible for all thought and Connects directly with the PNS movement that the body produces.  Allows humans to successfully interact with their environment, by communicating with others and interacting with inanimate objects near their position. The Human If the brain is not functioning properly, the ability to move, generate accurate Brain sensory information or speak and understand language can be damaged as well. It consists of three major divisions: The Human Brain Cerebral Hemispheres, Cerebellar Hemispheres and the Brain Stem Forebrain Consists of Cerebrum, Thalamus, and The 3 main Hypothalamus Midbrain parts of the Consists of the Tectum and Tegmentum Brain Hindbrain Made of the Cerebellum, Pons and Medulla  Parts of the Brain Frontal Lobe Controls thought, problem solving, intellect, judgment, behavior, attention, abstract thinking, physical reactions, muscle movements, coordinated movements, smell and personality. CEREBRUM: Is the largest portion of the brain, and contains tools which are responsible for most of the brain's function.  Parts of the Brain Parietal Lobe Located in the cerebral hemisphere, this lobe focuses on comprehension, visual functions, language, reading, internal stimuli, tactile sensation, and sensory comprehension will be monitored here. CEREBRUM: Is the largest portion of the brain, and contains tools which are responsible for most of the brain's function.  Parts of the Brain Sensory Cortex Receives information relayed from the spinal cord regarding the position of various body parts and how they are moving. Motor Cortex Helps the brain monitor and control movement throughout the body. CEREBRUM: Is the largest portion of the brain, and contains tools which are responsible for most of the brain's function.  Parts of the Brain WERNICKE'S AREA Temporal Lobe Controls visual and auditory memories. It includes areas that help manage some speech and hearing capabilities, behavioral elements, and language. Wernicke's Area Helps the body formulate or understand speech. CEREBRUM: Is the largest portion of the brain, and contains tools which are responsible for most of the brain's function.  Parts of the Brain Occipital Lobe Located in the Cerebral Hemisphere in the back of the head. It processes and interprets vision. Broca's Area Controls the facial neurons as well as the understanding of speech and language. It is located in the triangular and opercular section of the inferior frontal gyrus CEREBRUM: Is the largest portion of the brain, and contains tools which are responsible for most of the brain's function.  Cerebellum Commonly referred as "The Little Brain" and is considered to be older than the cerebrum on the evolutionary scale. Parts of the Human Brain It controls essential body functions such as balance, posture and coordination, allowing humans to move properly and maintain their structure  Limbic System Contains glands which help relay emotions. Many hormonal responses that the body generates are initiated Parts of the Human Brain in this area. It includes the Amygdala, Hippocampus, Hypothalamus and Thalamus  Amygdala Helps the body respond to emotions, memories and fear. It is a large portion of the telecephalon, located within the temporal lobe which can be seen from the surface of the brain. Hippocampus Parts of the Human Brain Portion of the brain used for learning memory, specifically converting temporary memories into permanent memories which can be stored within the brain.  Hypothalamus Controls mood, thirst, hunger and temperature. It also contains glands which control the hormonal processes throughout the body. Thalamus Parts of the Human Brain Helps control the attention span, sensing pain and monitors input that moves in and out of the brain to keep track of the sensations the body is feeling.  Brain Stem: Commonly referred to as the simplest part of the brain, as most creatures on the evolutionary scale have some form of brain creation that resembles the brain stem. The brain stem consists of midbrain, pons and medulla. Midbrain: Also known as the mesencephalon is made up of tegmentum and tectum. It helps regulate body movement, vision and hearing. The anterior portion of the midbrain contains the cerebral pdeunle which contains the axons that transfer messages from the cerebral cortex down the brain stem, which allows Brain Stem voluntary motor function to take place.  Pons: This portion of the metencephalon is located in the hindbrain, and links to the cerebellum to help with posture and movement. It interprets information that is used in sensory analysis or motor control. Medulla: also known as Medulla Oblongata is an essential portion of the brain stem which maintains vital body functions such as the heart rate and breathing. Brain Stem Ways of Studying the Brain The brain is where the information from the sensory neuron is processed. It weighs about three pounds and is composed of billions of neurons. To study the brain, psychologists and neuroscientists rely on the following instruments.  Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) Electroencephalogram (EEG) Ways of Studying the Brain Ways of Studying the Brain - records the electrical activity of the - constructs an image that is a combination of brain by using electrodes placed outside thousands of separate x-rays taken from the skull. It measures voltage different angles fluctuations resulting from ionic current flows within the neurons of the brain  Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Ways of Studying the Brain Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Ways of Studying the Brain - uses powerful magnets to create a - records the location of radioactive isotopes picture of the brain. It is a medical in the brain during brain activity, thus allowing imaging technique used in radiology to a picture of the activity. investigate the anatomy and function of the body in both health and disease.  The Endocrine Gland One of the ductless glands regulates and controls the rates of certain bodily processes associated with maturation. It serves to speed up and slow down as start and stop various physiological activities. It produces chemicals called hormones, which influences behavior (Gaerlan, 1994 p.45) Pituitary Gland Thyroid Gland Adrenal Glands Hormone Secreted: Growth Hormone Hormone Secreted: Thyroxin Hormone Secreted: Function: The master gland, it controls Function: Influences pituitary Epinephrine/Adrenaline much of the body's endocrine activity. actions, contains parathyroid glands Function: Causes arousal especially that regulate blood calcium levels. during emergency Gonads/Sex Glands Pancreas Note: Both endocrine and the nervous system carry out Males: Testes (Androgen & Hormone Secreted: Insulin specific tasks and share Testosterone) Function: Control sugar common messenger- Females: Ovary (Estrogen levels in the blood molecules. and Progesterone) Functions: Growth of sex organs and body development during puberty The Endocrine System