The Nano World - Module 9 PDF

The Nano World - Module 9 Science, Technology, and Society (STS) MODULE 9 The Nano World Sources: https://jamesjmurray.blog/2015/01/28/nanoparticles-to-cure-and-to-kill/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X14sRtcHJXs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uUDWK4MGcr0 Week Covered...

The Nano World - Module 9 Science, Technology, and Society (STS) MODULE 9 The Nano World Sources: https://jamesjmurray.blog/2015/01/28/nanoparticles-to-cure-and-to-kill/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X14sRtcHJXs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uUDWK4MGcr0 Week Covered: Week 10 Lesson Objectives: At the eend nd of this module, the students are ex expected pected to: 1. define nanotechnology and characterize nanoscale; 2. describe the various uses of nanotechnology; 3. discuss concerns on the use of nanotechnology; and 4. explain the status of the use of nanotechnology in the Philippines. Week 10 ACTIVITY NO.1 WATCH and LEARN! Watch the video on the next page by accessing the provided link and answer the succeeding questions. This video will give you a brief background about nanotechnology. [Lawsin, N. (2020). Science, Technology, and S Society ociety. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Improving STS Teaching Practice Through Transversal Competencies Towards Seamless Blended Digital Learning] 124  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OLa8DQkKlyU&t=37s Guide Questi Question on What are the significant contributions of Nanotechnology that were mentioned in the video? Give at least 30 examples. ______________________________ ________________________________ ______________________________ ________________________________ ______________________________ ________________________________ Scientific researchers have designed and developed new technological tools that greatly improve different aspects of our lives. The use of nanoscale is one important interdisciplinary area generated by advancement in science and technology. Scientists and engineers were able to build materials with innovative properties as they manipulate nanomaterials. Indeed, research and application of knowledge of nanomaterials will continue to bring widespread implications in various areas of the society, especially health care, environment, energy, food, water, and agriculture. Nano Nanotechnology technology refers to the science, engineering, and technology conducted at the nanoscale, which is about 1 to 100 nanometers (NNI, 2017). Nanoscience and nanotechnology employ the study and application of exceptionally small things in other areas of science including materials science, engineering, physics, biology, and chemistry (NNI, 2017). The concepts of nanotechnology and nanoscience started in December 29, 1959 when Physicist Richard Feyman discussed a method in which scientists can direct and control [Lawsin, N. (2020). Science, Technology, and S Society ociety. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Improving STS Teaching Practice Through Transversal Competencies Towards Seamless Blended Digital Learning] 125  individual atoms and molecules in his talk “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” during the American Physical Society meeting at the California Institute of Technology. The term “nanotechnology” was coined by Professor Norio Taniguchi a decade after the dawn of the use of ultraprecision machining (NNI, 2017). Various activities of the cells take place at the nanoscale. The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) serves as the genetic material of the cell and is only about 2 nanometers in diameter. Furthermore, the hemoglobin that transports oxygen to the tissues throughout the body is 5.5 nanometers in diameter. How Small is a Nanoscale? A nanometer is a billionth of a meter, or 10−9 of a meter. The illustration below shows how small nanoscale is compared to other particles or materials. https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/141230138292222344/ Manipulation of nanomaterials need a deep understanding of their types and dimensions. The various types of nanomaterials are classified according to their individual shape and sizes. They may be particles, tubes, wires, films, flakes, or shells that have one or more nanometer-sized dimensions. One should be able to view and manipulate them so that we can take advantage of their exceptional characteristics. [Lawsin, N. (2020). Science, Technology, and S Society ociety. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Improving STS Teaching Practice Through Transversal Competencies Towards Seamless Blended Digital Learning] 126  https://www.slideshare.net/NANOYOUproject/the-nanoscale-8751578 [Lawsin, N. (2020). Science, Technology, and S Society ociety. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Improving STS Teaching Practice Through Transversal Competencies Towards Seamless Blended Digital Learning] 127  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TDvhVSXxnjw How to ViView ew Nanomaterials Scientists use special types of microscopes to view minute nanomaterials. During the early 1930s. Scientists used electron microscopes and field microscopes to look at the nanoscale. The scanning tunneling microscope and atomic force microscopes are just among the modern and remarkable advancements in microscopy. 1. El ectron microscope o German engineers Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll built the first electron microscope during the 1930s. o This type of microscope utilizes a particle beam of electrons to light up a specimen and develop a well-magnified image. o Electron microscopes produce higher and better resolution than older light microscopes because they can magnify objects up to a million times while conventional light microscopes can magnify objects up to 1,500 times only. o Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) are the two general types of electron microscope. 2. Atomic force microscope (AFM) It was first developed by Gerd Binig, Calvin Quate, and Christoph Gerber in 1986. It makes use of a mechanical probe that gathers information from the surface of a material. 3. Scanning tunneling microscope This special type of microscope enables scientists to view and manipulate nanoscale particles, atoms, and small molecules. In 1986, Gerd Binig and Heinrich Rohrer won the Nobel Prize in Physics because of this invention. [Lawsin, N. (2020). Science, Technology, and S Society ociety. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Improving STS Teaching Practice Through Transversal Competencies Towards Seamless Blended Digital Learning] 128 Nanomanufacturing It refers to scaled-up, reliable, and cost-effective manufacturing of nanoscale materials, structures, devices, and systems. It also involves research, improvement, and incorporation of processes for the construction of materials. Therefore, nanomanufacturing leads to the development of new products and improved materials. There are two fundamental approaches to nanomanufacturing, either bottom-up or top-down (NNI, 2017): 1. Botottom-up tom-up fabricati fabrication. on. It manufactures products by building them up from atomic- and molecular-scale components. However, this method can be time- consuming. Scientists and engineers are still in search for effective ways of putting up molecular components that self-assemble and from the bottom-up to organized structures. 2. Top-down fab fabrica rica rication tion tion. It trims down large pieces of materials into nanoscale. This process needs larger amounts of materials and discards excess raw materials. There are new approaches to the assembly of nanomaterials based from the application of principles in top-down and bottom-up fabrication These include: o Dip pen lilithograph thograph thographyy. It is a method in which the tip of an atomic force microscope is "dipped" into a chemical fluid and then utilized to "write" on a surface, like an old- fashioned ink pen onto paper. o Self-assembly Self-assembly. It depicts an approach wherein a set of components join together to mold an organized structure in the absence of an outside direction. o Chemical vapor dep depoo sition sition. It is a procedure wherein chemicals act in response to form very pure, high-performance films. o Nanoimprint lithography lithography. It is a method of generating nanoscale attributes by "stamping" or "printing" them onto a surface. Molecular beam epitaxy is one manner for depositing extremely controlled thin films. o Roll- Roll-to to to-roll -roll processing processing. It is a high-volume practice for constructing nanoscale devices on a roll of ultrathin plastic or metal. o Atomic layer epitaxy epitaxy. It is a means for laying down one-atom-thick layers on a surface. With the use of these techniques, nanomaterials are made more durable, stronger, lighter, water-repellent, ultraviolet- or infrared- resistant, scratch-resistant electrically conductive, anti-reflective, antifog, antimicrobial, self-cleaning, among others. The abovementioned characteristics lead to the manufacture of the present variety of nanotechnology-enabled products such as tennis rackets and baseball bats to catalyze the purification of crude oil and ultrasensitive recognition and classification of biological and chemical toxins. It is not impossible that in the near future, computers that are better, more efficient, with larger storage of memory, faster, and energy-saving will be developed. Soon, the entire memory of a computer will be saved in a single tiny chip. Moreover, nanotechnology has the potential to construct high-efficiency, low-cost batteries and solar cells. [Lawsin, N. (2020). Science, Technology, and S Society ociety. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Improving STS Teaching Practice Through Transversal Competencies Towards Seamless Blended Digital Learning] 129 Hornyak, Gabor L. (2009). Fundamentals of Nanotechnology. Boca Raton, Florida: Taylor & Francis Group. [Lawsin, N. (2020). Science, Technology, and S Society ociety. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Improving STS Teaching Practice Through Transversal Competencies Towards Seamless Blended Digital Learning] 130 Benefit Benefitss and Concerns of Using Nanotechnology Nanotechnology has various applications in different sectors of the society and environment. Salamanca-Buentello et al. (2005) proposed an initiative called "Addressing Global Challenges Using Nanotechnology" to accelerate the use of nanotechnology to address critical sustainable development challenges. They suggested a model that could help out the possible contributions of the community in overcoming challenges that pose risk on health and other aspects of peoples' lives. However, there are concerns that need to be addressed before using and promoting materials derived from nanotechnology (Dayril, 2005). 1. Nanotechnology is not a single technology; it may become pervasive. 2. Nanotechnology seeks to develop new materials with specific properties. 3. Nanotechnology may introduce new efficiencies and paradigms which may make some natural resources and current practices uncompetitive or obsolete. 4. It may be complicated to detect its presence unless one has the specialist tools of nanotechnology. Benefit Benefitss and Con Concerns cerns of the Application of Nanotechnology in Different Areas Example of Areas Affected by Possible benefits Concerns Nanotechnology Improved detection and High reactivity and toxicity removal of contaminants Pervasive distribution in the Environment Development of benign environment and industrial processes No nano-specific EPA and materials regulation Improved medicine Ability to cross cell members Health and translocate in the body No FDA approval needed for cosmetics or supplements Better products Redistribution of wealth New jobs Potential cost of cleanups and Economy healthcare Accessibility to all income levels (Source: University of Washington, n.d.) Government Fu Funding nding for Nanotechnology i n Different countries (Dayrit, 2005) 1. U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative The best-known and most-funded program is the National Nanotechnology Initiative of the United States. The NNI was established in 2001 to coordinate [Lawsin, N. (2020). Science, Technology, and S Society ociety. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Improving STS Teaching Practice Through Transversal Competencies Towards Seamless Blended Digital Learning] 131  U.S. federal nanotechnology R&D. The NNI budget in 2008 and 2009 were $1.4 billion and $1.5 billion, respectively. 2. European Commission In February 2008, the EC officially launched the European Nanoelectronics Initiative Advisory Council (ENIAC). 3. Japan (Nanotechnology Research Institute, under the National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST) 4. Taiwan (Taiwan National Science and Technology Program for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology) 5. India (Nanotechnology Research and Education Foundation) 6. China (National Center for Nanoscience and Technology) 7. Israel (Israel National Nanotechnology Initiative) 8. Australia (Australian Office of Nanotechnology) 9. Canada (National Institute for Nanotechnology or NINT) 10. South Korea (Korea National Nanotechnology Initiative) 11. Thailand (National Nanotechnology Center or NANOTEC) 12. Malaysia (National [Malaysia] Nanotechnology Initiatives of NNI) https://www.livemint.com/Specials/j8UZSy0iiA8kRpgtjwxioM/Research-speeds-up-but-applications- fail-to-materialize.html Possible Applicati Applications ons of Nanotech Nanotechnology nology in the Philippines (Dayrit, 2005) 1. ICT and semiconductors 4. Food and agriculture 2. Health and medicine 5. Environment 3. Energy [Lawsin, N. (2020). Science, Technology, and S Society ociety. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Improving STS Teaching Practice Through Transversal Competencies Towards Seamless Blended Digital Learning] 132 Nanotech Roadmap for the Phili Philippines ppines (fu (funded nded by PCAS PCAS-- TRD-DOST) 1. ICT and semiconductors 5. Agriculture and food 2. Health and biomedical 6. Health and environmental risk 3. Energy 7. Nano-metrology 4. Environment 8. Education and public awareness Social aand nd E Ethical thical Considerat Considerations ions in Conducting Research on Nanotechnology 1. Who will benefit from it? On the other hand, who won't? 2. For whom and what are your objectives for developing your product? 3. How will it affect social, economic, and political relationships? 4. What problem is your "product" trying to solve? 5. Who will have access to it? Who will be excluded? 6. Are there dangers involved with its development (e.g., safety, health, pollution)? How can you minimize them? 7. Who will own it? How can you assure access to it? STUDENT’S REFLECTION 1. In your own opinion, how can nanotechnological products help to promote the UN Sustainable Development Goals? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2. What are the factors that need to be considered before manufacturing materials through nanotechnology? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ [Lawsin, N. (2020). Science, Technology, and S Society ociety. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Improving STS Teaching Practice Through Transversal Competencies Towards Seamless Blended Digital Learning] 133 REFERENCES Science, Techn Bautista, D.H.S, et.al. (2018). Science, Techno logy, and Society. MaxCor Publishing House Inc. chno Quezon City, Philippines Dayrit, F.M. (2005). “Nanotechnology: Business and Practical Applications: Where the Philippines Is and Where It Should Be. “Ateneo de Manila University. National Nanotechnology Initiative. (2017). “Manufacturing at the Nanoscale.” Accessed February 25, 2017. https://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/. National Nanotechnology Initiative. (2017). “What is Nanotechnology?” Accessed February 25, 2017. https://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/definition. National Nanotechnology Initiative. (2017). “What's so special about the nanoscale?” Accessed February 25, 2017. https://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/special. Roco, M. “National Nanotechnology Initiative: The Long-Term View.” In Proceedings Nanotechnology and the Environment:Applications and Implications. Progress Review Workshop III. EPA, Oct 26-28,2005,Arlington,VA Salamanca-Buentello et al. (2005). “ Nanotechnology and the Developing World,” PLoS Medicine. Accessed February 25, 2017. http://www.plosmedicine.org. Serafica, J.P.J, et.al. (2019). Science, Technology, and Society 1 st Edition. REX Bookstore, Inc. Technolo Quezon City, Philippines University of Washington. “Societal and Ethical Implications of Nanotechnology.” Accessed February 25, 2017. http://depts.washington.edu/ntethics/. Date Retrieved: September 19, 2020 [Lawsin, N. et.al. (2020). Science, Technology, and Society. Instructional Material for Dissertation, Transversal Competencies ((TV TV TVCCs) and Seamless Blended Digital Learning (SBDL) in Teaching STS] 134