The History of Tourism and Hospitality PDF

The History of Tourism and Hospitality  Topic 1: “Evolution and Growth of Tourism and Hospitality as an industry”  Early Tourism  Travel and exploration are basic to human nature. Man has traveled since the earliest times although the term tourism was used only in the 19th century. To...

The History of Tourism and Hospitality  Topic 1: “Evolution and Growth of Tourism and Hospitality as an industry”  Early Tourism  Travel and exploration are basic to human nature. Man has traveled since the earliest times although the term tourism was used only in the 19th century. Tourism can trace its ancestry in the Old Testament. Early Tourism has two forms: 1. Travel for business  Throughout the history, merchants have travelled extensively in order to trade with other nations or tribes. 2. Travel for religious reasons Took the form of pilgrimages to places of worship. Pilgrimages were made to fulfill a vow as in case of illness or of great danger or as penance for sins. St. James of Galicia was the foremost destination of English pilgrims in the 14th century. St. James of Galicia  Tourism in the Medieval Period During the medieval period, travel declined Travel is derived from the word travail, became burdensome, dangerous and demanding during this time. After the decline of the Roman Empire in the 5th century, roads were not maintained and they became unsafe. Thieves inflicted harm on those who dared to travel. No one during this time travelled for pleasure. Crusaders and pilgrims were the only ones who travelled. Tourism during the Renaissance and Elizabethan Eras With the Renaissance, a few renowned universities developed so that travel for education was introduced largely by the British. This practice was gradually adopted by others in the lower social scale. In time, it became recognized that the education of a gentleman should be completed by a “Grand tour” of the cultural centers of the continent which lasted for three years. The term was used as early as 1670. While apparently educational, the appeal became social. Under Elizabeth I, young men seeking positions in court were encouraged to travel to the continent to widen their education. Pleasure seeking young men of leisure travelled predominantly throughout France and Italy to enjoy the cultures and social life of Europe, with Venice, Florence and Paris as the key attractions. By the end of the 18th century, the practice had become institutionalized for the upper class of society. As young men sought intellectual improvement in the continent, the sick sought a remedy for their illness in “spas” or medicinal baths. The term “spa” is derived from the waloon word “espa” meaning fountain. Travelers immersed themselves in the healing waters. Soon Entertainment was added and dozens of watering places became resort hotels  Tourism during the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution brought about major changes in the scale and type of tourism development. It brought about not only technological changes but also essential social changes that made travel desirable as a recreational activity The increase in productivity, regular employment, and growing urbanization gave more people the motivation and opportunity to go on holiday. The emerging middle class combined higher incomes and growing education into annual holidays. To escape from their responsibilities and the crowded city environment, they travelled to the countryside or seashore for their holidays. This led to the creation of working class resorts near major industrial centers. Tourism in the 19th Century Two technological developments in the early part of the 19ᵗʰ century: - Introduction of the railway and - Development of steam power The railroads created not only more business by providing reliable and cheap transportation but also more competition as various private companies invested heavily in hotels, resorts, and entertainment facilities. Thus tourism was transformed from a small business catering to the elite into the start of a mass market that is travel by a large number of individuals. The use of steam power provided the increased mobility needed by the tourism business. Steamers on the major rivers provided reliable and inexpensive transportation that led to the popular day trip cruises and the growth of coastal resorts near large industrial towns. As tourism became organized in the later years of the 19th century, the organization of travel became an established institution. Travel organizers emerged. The first and most famous of these was Thomas Cook. His first excursion train trip was between Leicester and Loughborough in 1841 with 50 passengers at a round trip fare of one shilling. These were in effect the first travelers’ checks. The success of this venture encouraged him to arrange similar excursions using chartered trains. In 1866, he organized his first American tour. In 1874, he introduced “circular notes” which were accepted by banks, hotels, shops and restaurants. Other tour companies which appeared in Britain at this time were Dean and Dawson in 1871, the Polytechnic Touring Association in 1872 and Frames in 1881. In the United States, American Express was founded by Henry and William Fargo. As the 19th century drew to a close, photography and guide books became popular. A huge variety of guide books which dealt with both local and overseas travel were sold to tourists. Karl Ludwig Johannes Baedeker was a German publisher whose company, Baedeker, set the standard for authoritative guidebooks for tourists. Karl Baedeker was descended from a long line of printers, booksellers and publishers  The most popular of these was Baedeker, first published in 1839, which became the leading guide for European countries at the end of the century. Tourism in the 20th Century At the beginning of the 20th century, pleasure travel continued to expand, encouraged by the increasing wealth, curiosity and outgoing attitudes of the people as well as the increasing ease of such movement. World War I brought about many changes which influenced the volume of tourism. New forms of mass communications stimulated curiosity about other countries. In addition to the influence of posters and the press, the cinema, radio and television widened knowledge and interest in travel. After world war, forms of travel began to change radically The railways as a means of travel declined with the introduction of the motor car. Motorized public road transport and improved road conditions led to the popularity of seaside tours. World War II also led to the increased interest in travel. The war had introduced combatants not only to new countries but to new continents, generating new friendships and an interest in different cultures. Another outcome of the war was the progress in aircraft technology. Air travel had become more comfortable, safer, faster and cheaper in comparison with other forms of transport. With the introduction of the Boeing 707 in 1958, the age of air travel for the masses arrived, hastening the decline of sea travel. BOEING 707 in 1958 Travelers switched to the use of private cars and this change affected both coach and rail services. Governments have created more vacation time by incorporating isolated public holidays into the familiar long “weekends” throughout the year. As business and trade prospered in the developed countries, business travel also flourished, leading to the demand not only for individual travel but also for conference and incentive travel on a world wide scale.  The 1970 have also seen the emergence of new patterns of tourism. As economic power has shifted between countries, new tourism generating countries arose, notably the oil rich Arab countries and Japan. Europe as well as the developing tourist based economies of Asia have benefited from this influx. The Philippines, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia have strengthened their tourist attractions to appeal to new markets. Governments of many nations are encouraging the growth of both domestic and international tourism as a means of job creation, economic diversification, and source of foreign exchange.  Beyond its economic significance, there is a growing realization of the role of international travel in promoting world peace and prosperity.  Topic 2: “History of Hospitality Industry” Hospitality Industry in Early Days The concept of hospitality industry is extremely old. It is mentioned in writings dating back to Ancient Greece, Rome and Biblical Times. In ancient times people felt the requirement of hospitality because they believed that hospitality to strangers was necessary to their religious well being Hospitality in Ancient Greece is missionaries, priests and pilgrims formed a very large part of the travelling public. They travelled understandable that certain elements of religion were intermingled with the idea. Visit to holy places, perhaps oracles or temples that had a dominant position in their relation. Medieval Period This was the era that started with English travel and excursion when they built inns as their private residence that nobility used to stay in the monasteries they had to garner a permit to import and sell wine which later led the spread of hospitality else where. Stage coach became favoured transportation. In ancient Persia accommodation known as “khans” where constructed. In later years of roman taverns and inns provided shelter for travelling merchants actors and scholar. The high spot of that era in terms of hospitality was the development of “post house” by Persian along the caravan Renaissance Period The rebirth in travel emerge slowly during the Renaissance Era 14ᵗʰ and 16ᵗʰ century. The merchant began to venture further from their village as the church and the Kings and Queens brought larger geographical area under their control trade routes. Slowly began to reopen as commercial activities grew and the merchant ventured into new territories increase interests in travel During this period there were high demand for inns and traverns. Hotel de Henry the first hotel was build on 1788 It was build at a cost of 17.500 dollars There was 60 beds Coffee houses came during this period.  The Eighteenth Century In 18ᵗʰ century they called grand tour became a rite of passage for aristocratic young men. The journey typically involve 3 to 4 years of travel around the Europe and included an extensive sojourn in Italy as Rome was considered the ultimate destination. Eating and sleeping places developed during the period. Taverns started to appear in New York/New England. Inns started to function in Pennsylvania Ordinaries developed in southern colonies Coffee houses became extremely popular in Europe and were incorporated in many of the inns. The French Revolution Changed the course of culinary history Escoffier brought the brigade system. M. Boulanger, father of modern restaurant, called the soup he sold “resorantes”. Revolution caused some of the chefs to come to the new world.  Philippine Tourist and Travel Association (PTTA) Nineteenth Century In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, public dining was not popular. Many hotels were constructed without dining facilities Hotel guests took their meals in their rooms. In 1875, a dining facility was opened in the Albermarle Hotel in London. One of the best known hotels was the Savoy which was opened by Richard d'Oyly Carte in 1889. In the Savoy, d'Oyly Carte employed two men who became famous throughout theworld-Cesar Ritz and Auguste Escoffier. Delmonico's was the only expensive and aristocratic restaurant in the United States. The Hotel Del Coronado in San Diego was the first hotel in the United States where guests could pay for their room and meals separately from an à lacarte menu of eat elsewhere. The modern hotel was a American invention, but the Europeans contributed the European Hotel Plan which meant that a guest need not pay for both room and meal. Twentieth Century After World War II, travel started in many parts of the world.  In 1958 there was an advent of cross continental flights.  In 1958 trans-Atlantic flights developed. First motel in California began during this period. Resurgence of inner city lodging properties. Interest in cruises increased.  Twentieth Century Restaurants 1921 - Walter Anderson and Billy Ingraham Began the White Castle Hamburger Chains. The name White Castle was chosen because white stood for purity and castle for strength 1925 - Howard Johnson opened his original restaurant in Wollaston, Massachusetts  1934 - The Rainbow Room This art deco restaurant supported the re- emergence of New York as the center of power and  1937 - Trader Vic’s Restaurant The social elite was attracted to the Polynesian- themed restaurant which served exotic drinks including the Mai Tai that Vic invented. 1927 - Marriott’s Hot Shoppe and root beer At about this time, the drive in and fast food also sprang up in America. 1939 - Le Pavillon de France  The Four Seasons (1939) It was the first restaurant to offer seasonal menus (summer, spring, fall, winter) with its modern architecture and art as a theme. 1950s -The emergence of fast food restaurants. 1960s - Fine dining became popular because businessmen liked to eat well. 1970s - New establishments were introduced such as the Taco Bell, TGI Friday, Houston’s, and Red lobster in the restaurant industry. Taco Bell TGI Friday Red lobster 1990s-Started with recession which began in 1989. The hospitality industry experienced a downturn due to the Gulf War. Organizations strived for profitability, hence, they downsized and consolidated. 1993- The economic recovery was very strong. Thus, several mergers and acquisitions have taken place. Many corporations have expanded overseas. Eastern Europe and China have opened up.  History of Tourism and Hospitality in the Philippines  History of Tourism and Hospitality in the Philippines  History of Tourism and Hospitality in the Philippines  History of Tourism and Hospitality in the Philippines  History of Tourism and Hospitality in the Philippines  History of Tourism and Hospitality in the Philippines  History of Tourism and Hospitality in the Philippines  History of Tourism and Hospitality in the Philippines  History of Tourism and Hospitality in the Philippines  History of Tourism and Hospitality in the Philippines  History of Tourism and Hospitality in the Philippines  History of Tourism and Hospitality in the Philippines  History of Tourism and Hospitality in the Philippines  Personalities in Hospitality and Tourism industry Tourism Professionals Qualities and skill of Tourism and Hospitality Professionals Traits of a Successful Tourism and Hospitality Professionals  Top Qualities of a Great Hospitality Professionals Qualities of Tourism Airlines Professionals *The ability to all tactfully with upset or angry passengers Qualities of Travel Agency and Tour Operator Professionals THANK YOU!