Fundamentals of Networks and the Internet PDF

The Fundamentals of Networks and the Internet Networks are the backbone of modern communication and information sharing. The internet, a global network of networks, connects billions of devices NETWORK TYPES 1. PERSONAL AREA NETWORK (PAN) 2. LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN) 3. WIRELESS LOCAL AREA...

The Fundamentals of Networks and the Internet Networks are the backbone of modern communication and information sharing. The internet, a global network of networks, connects billions of devices NETWORK TYPES 1. PERSONAL AREA NETWORK (PAN) 2. LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN) 3. WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORK (WLAN) 4. CAMPUS AREA NETWORK (CAN) 5. METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN) 6. WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN) PERSONAL AREA NETWORK (PAN) NETWORK THAT IS USED ON A PERSONAL LEVEL Network Devices (PHONE,TABLET,LAPTOP,ETC) Transfer small file such as Photos, music, video etc. PAN’s use wireless technologies such as : Bluetooth NFC (Near Field Communication) Example of NFC 1. Device Pairing Connect via USB Cable  LOCAL AREA NETWORK A group of devices(computers, servers , switches and printers) that are l Connection between computers The most common type of LAN is an Ethernet LAN Small Physical Location Ethernet (Wired Connection) or WIFI(Wireless) Example Of LAN 1.School 2. Home WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORK (WLAN) A WLAN lets devices connect to a network and the internet without physical wires. It uses wireless technologies, most commonly Wi-Fi, to transmit data within a limited area, like a home, office, or school. CAMPUS AREA NETWORK A Campus Area Network (CAN) is a specialized network that connects multiple Local Area Networks (LANs) within a limited geographical area, such as a UNIVERSITY CAMPUS, CORPORATE OFFICE PARK, OR MILITARY BASE. It acts as a bridge, allowing different departments, buildings, or facilities to communicate and share resources with each other. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) Uses Of Metropolitan Area Network: A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a computer network that interconnects multiple Local Area Networks (LANs) within a metropolitan area, typically a MAN is used in communication city or a large campus. between the banks in a city. It can be used in a college within Government agencies use MAN to a city. connect to the citizens and private industries. It can also be used for communication in the military. WAN(Wide Area Network) A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large geographical area such as states or countries. A Wide Area Network is quite bigger network than the LAN. A Wide Area Network is not limited to a single location, but it spans over a large geographical area through a telephone line, fibre optic cable or satellite links. The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world. A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of Business, government, and education.  NETWORK LINK NETWORK LINK IS A COMMUNICATION CHANNEL THAT CONNECTS 2 OR MORE DEVICES FOR THE PURPOSES OF DATA TRAN NETWORK LINK MAY BE A DEDICATED PHYSICAL LINK OR A VIRTUAL CIRCUIT THAT USES ONE OR MORE PHYSICAL LINKS THE SHARES ARE PHYSICAL LINK WAS OTHER TELECOMMUNICATION DEVICES NETWORK LINK IS USED IN COMPUTER NETWORKING TO REFER TO COMMUNICATION DEVICES THAT CONNECT NODES OF THE NETWORK  TYPE OF LINKS POINT TO POINT POINT TO MULTIPOINT PRIVATE AND PUBLIC POINT TO POINT Example: Securely sharing files Backing up data CCTV Processing credit cards POINT TO MULTIPOINT Multipoint Communication means the channel is shared among multiple devices or nodes. In this communication, there is one transmitter and many receivers.  NETWORK NODE A network node is any active device connected to a network that can communicate with send and receive data,and contribute to the overall functioning of the network. Examples: Device Attached to the Network Computers (desktops, laptops, servers) Wireless or Wired Node Mobile devices (smartphones, tablets) Network devices (routers, switches, hubs) Minimum of 2 Nodes Printers IoT devices (smart TVs, security cameras) DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM (DNS) The Domain Name System (DNS) turns domain names into IP addresses, which browsers use to load internet pages. Every device connected to the internet has its own IP address, which is used by other devices to locate the device. DNS servers make it possible for Lookup peoplebetween to inputDomain normal&words IP into their browsers Example Domain Name : Google.com IP Addresses: 142.250.180.14  DNS QUERY COMPONENTS DNS Recursor (Receiver) Root Server (Main Direction) TLD Namespaces (extension) Authoritative nameserver (IP ADDRESS)  DNS QUERY TYPES Recursive Query Iterative Query Non-recursive Query  VPN Virtual Private Network Secure Access to office data Virtual Point-to-point Privacy and Anonymity protects Un-secured WI-FI ACTIVE DIRECTORY DOMAIN ACTIVE DIRECTORY DOMAIN Directory Service (Database) Organizational Unit Domain Controller 1. Users User Accounts 2. Group Computer,printers,etc 3. Computers Centralized security  ROUTER Networking Device Forward Packets between networks Connects network segments Determines best data path Stores Data in Routing Tables Operates at Network Layer (OSI)  Basic Networking Concepts Networks are comprised of devices connected by communication chan 1 Nodes 2 Links Devices connected to a Physical or wireless network, including connections between computers, servers, and nodes, transmitting data. routers. Basic Networking Concepts 3 Protocols 4 Topologies Rules governing Physical arrangements of communication between devices in a network, devices, ensuring data affecting data flow. transfer. Network Security Principles Network security safeguards against unauthorized access and data breaches. Firewalls Encryption Control network traffic, blocking Transforms data into unwanted connections. unreadable code, protecting information during transmission. Anti-Malware Access Control Detects and removes malicious Restricts access to network software from networks. resources based on user permissions. Internet Applications and Services The internet provides a wide range of applications and services. Email 1 Electronic messaging system for sending and receiving messages. 2 Web Browsing Access to websites, information, and online services. Social Media 3 Platforms for social interaction, communication, and content sharing. 4 E-commerce Buying and selling goods and services online. Cloud Computing 5 Storing and accessing data and applications remotely over the internet.