Napoleon Forges an Empire PDF

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Napoleon Forges an Empire tl:Z ~:....::!N.... c )NHYIT MATTERS Now: :J I._.......:._ ~! -~D..~~,......::J.TE_R_ M.. __...1 s- -N-AM_es pOWER AND AUTHORITY_. In times of political turmo il, N oleon Bonaparte, a m1htary Napo leon conco rdat milita ry dictators often seize Bonap arte g:~ius, seized power in France Napo leonic control of nations. coup d'etat and made himself emperor. Code plebiscite Battle of lycee Trafalgar Pictured Above: SETI'ING THE STAGE Napo leon Bona parte was quite a short man -just five (L) French feet three inche s tall. However, he cast a long shado w over the histo ry of Revolution: mode m times. He woul d come to be recog nized as one of the world 's great est Assault on military geniu ses, along with Alexa nder the Grea t of Mace theBastille, donia, Hann ibal of Carthage, and Juliu s Caes ar of Rome. In only four years Jean-Baptiste , from 1795 to 1799, Napoleon rose from a relati vely obscu re posit ion as an Lallemand; office r in the Frenc h army to becom e maste r of Franc e. (R) Napoleon ond His General Stoff Napoleon Seizes Pow er in Egypt, Jean- Napo leon Bona parte was born in 1769 on the Medi LeonGerome terranean island of Corsi ca. When he was nine years old, his parents sent him to a milita ry school. In 1785, at the age of 16, be finish ed school and becam e a lieutenant in the artille ry. When Use the graphic organizer the Revolution broke out, Napo leon joine d the army of online to take notes on the new gover nmen t. Hero of the Hour In Octob er 1795, fate hande d the events that led to the young office r a chanc e for Napoleon's crowning as glory. When royalist rebel s marc hed on the National Conv ention, a gover nmen t emperor of France. official told Napo leon to defen d the delegates: Napo leon and his gunners greet ed the thousands of royalists with a cannonade. With in minu tes, the attackers fled in panic and confusion. Napo leon Bona parte becam e the hero of the hour and was hailed throu ghout Paris as the savior of the Frenc h repub lic. In 1796, the Direc tory appoi nted Napoleon to lead a Frenc h army again st the forces of Austria and the King dom of Sardinia. Cross ing the Alps, the youn g general swept into Italy and won a series of remarkable victories. Next, in an attempt to prote ct Frenc h trade interests and to disru pt Britis h trade with India , Napoleon led an expedition to Egypt. But he was unabl e to repea t the succe sses he had achieved in Europe. His army was pinne d down in Egypt, and the Britis h admiral Horat io Nelso n defeated his naval forces. Howe ver, Napo leon mana ged to keep stories about his setba cks out of the news paper s and thereby rema ined a great hero to the peopl e of France. Coup d'ttat By 1799, the Direc tory had lost control of the political situat ion and the confi dence of the Frenc h people. When Napo leon return ed from Egyp t, his friends urged him to seize political power. Napo leon took action in early November 1799. His troops surro unded the national legisl ature and drove out most of its members. The remai ning lawmakers voted to dissolve the Directory. The French Revolution and Napoleon 229 SEcno N 3 PR  In its place, they establis hed a group of three consuls Hi stor y Make rs. of whom was Napole on. Napoleon quickly took the title , one of first consul and assui:ned the pow~rs_of a dictator. A sud. den seizure of power hke Napole ons 1s known as a co from the French phrase coup d ,1.. UJ>-- 11:tat (Koo day TAH) tt "blow to the state. 16).~ At the time of Napole on's coup, France was still at w In 1799, Britain , Austria, and Russia joined forces with : : 0 goal in mind, to drive Na~ole on from power. Once again, Napole on rode from Pans at the head of his troops. Eventu ally, as a result of war and diplomacy, all three nations signed peace agreem ents with France. By 180 2 Napoleon Bonaparte Europe was at peace for the first time in ten years. Napoleo~ 1769-1 821 was free to focus his energie s on restorin g order in France. Because of his small stature and thick Corsican accent, Napoleon was mocked by his fellow students at Napo leon Rules France military school. Haughty and proud, At first, Napole on pretend ed to be the constitutionally Napoleon refused to grace his chosen leader of a free republi c. In 1800, a plebiscite tormentors' behavior with any kind of (PLEHB ih sYT), or vote of the people, was held to approve response. He simply ignored them, preferring to lose himself in his a new constitu tion. Desper ate for strong leadership, the studies. He showed a particular people voted overwh elming ly in favor of the constitution. passion for three subjects-classical This gave all real power to Napole on as first consul. history, geography, and mathematics. Restoring Order at Home Napole on did not try to return the In 1784, Napoleon was recommended for a career in the nation to the days of Louis XVI. Rather, he kept many of the army and he transferred to the Ecole change s that had come with the Revolution. In general, he Militaire (the French equivalent of supported laws that would both strengthen the central govern- West Point) in Paris. There, he proved ment and achieve some of the goals of the Revolution. to be a fairly poor soldier, except His first task was to get the econom y on a solid footing. when it came to artillery. His artillery Napole on set up an efficien t method of tax collection and instructor quickly noticed Napoleon's abilities: "He is most proud, establis hed a nationa l bankin g system. In additio n to ensur- ambitious, aspiring to everything. This ing the govern ment a steady supply of tax money, these young man merits our attention;" actions promot ed sound financi al manage ment and better control of the economy. Napole on also took steps to end corrupt ion and ineffici ency in govern ment. He dismissed corrupt official s and, in order to provide the govern ment with trained official s, set TT up lycees, or govern ment-ru n public schools. These lycees were open to male stu- J~ ~ dents of all backgro unds. Gradua tes were appoin ted to public office on the basis of HISTO RY merit rather than family connec tions. One area where Napole on disrega rded change s introdu ced by the Revolut VIDEO ion Napoleon was religion. Both the clergy and many peasan ts wanted to restore the position of Bonaparte: The the Church in France. Respon ding to their wishes, Napole on signed a concord Glory of France at, or agreem ent, with Pope Pius VII. This establis hed a new relation ship between - ✓i hmhsoc1al stud1 es com church and state. The govern ment recogni zed the influen ce of the Church , but rejected Church control in nationa l affairs. The concor dat gained Napoleo n tbe suppor t of the organiz ed Church as well as the majorit y of the French people. Napole on though t that his greates t work was his compre hensive system of law~ known as the Napoleonic Code. This gave the country a uniform set of laws an elimina ted many injustic es. However, it actually limited liberty and promot 0rd ed er and authori ty over individ ual rights. For exampl e, freedom of speech and of t:e press, establis hed during the Revolu tion, were restrict ed under the code. The co e also restore d slavery in the French colonie s of the Caribbe an. 230 Chapter 7  NaPoleon Crowned as Emperor In 18~, Napoleon decided to make himself emperor, and the French voters supported him. On December 2, 1804, dressed in a Jendid robe of purple velvet, Napoleon walked down the long aisle of Notre ~ ~)OU 6ame Cathedral in Paris. The pope waited for him with a glittering crown. As thou- nds watched, the new emperor took the crown from the pope and placed it on his sawn head. With this gesture, Napoleon signaled that he was more powerful than the ~~~ ~ hP" ~hurch, which had traditionally crowned the rulers of France. ~ ~ l ll¢f wshOW & t,:lla5 not Napoleon Creates an Empire :ii the control Napoleon was not content simply to be master of France. He wanted to control the '7i' hmhsoc1alstud1es com # Jii~ rest of Europe and to reassert French power in the Americas. He envisioned his INTERACTIVE western empire including Louisiana, Florida, French Guiana, and the French West MAP Indies. He knew that the key to this area was the sugar-producing colony of Saint Explore Napoleon's Domingue (now called Haiti) on the island of Hispaniola. empire and Loss of American Territories In 1789, when the ideas of the Revolution reached meet the the planters in Saint Domingue, they demanded that the National Assembly give people he put into positions them the same privileges as the people of France. Eventually, enslaved Africans in of power in the colony demanded their rights too--in other words, their freedom. A civil war Europe. 1 erupted, and enslaved Africans under the leadership of Toussaint I.;Ouverture \"'-----....- ---~ seized control of the colony. In 1801, Napoleon decided to take back the colony and restore its productive sugar industry. However, the French forces were devas- tated by disease. And the rebels proved to be fierce fighters. After the failure of the expedition to Saint Domingue, Napoleon decided to cut his losses in the Americas. He offered to sell all of the Louisiana Territory to the - United States, and in 1803 President Jefferson's administration agreed to purchase the land for $15 million. Napoleon saw a twofold benefit to the sale. First, he qizing would gain money to finance operations in Europe. Second, he would punish the TThis painting 111111s British. "The sale assures forever the power of the United States," he observed, by Jacques Louis I Miatellects "and I have given England a rival who, sooner or later, will humble her pride." ~ David shows ll~n Napoleon in a iblthesaie of Conquering Europe Having abandoned his imperial ambitions heroic pose. lai!iana tohave in the New World, Napoleon turned his attention to Europe. He 111 F!ance?onthe had already annexed the Austrian Netherlands and parts of Italy to : /tates?on France and set up a puppet government in Switzerland. Now he ( ~r looked to expand his influence further. Fearful of his ambitions, ~~n hopedto the British persuaded Russia, Austria, and Sweden to join them ~@ifi the money against France. ~lleeded tocon- ri furh5conquest Napoleon met this challenge with his usual boldness. In a 111 _ope and to series of brilliant battles, he crushed the opposition. (See the ~~ thePDwer map on page 232.) The commanders of the enemy armies ~lld nrted States ~ ertoPunish could never predict his next move and often took heavy ~- losses. After the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805, Napoleon issued a proclamation expressing his pride in his troops: PRIMARY SOURCE Sold~ers~ I am pleased with you. On the day of Austerlitz, You Justified everything that I was expecting of [you]. In less than four hours, an army of 100,000 men, cornmanded by the emperors of Russia and Austria, was cut up and dispersed.... 120 pieces of artillery, 20 generals, and_ rno_re than 30,000 men taken prisoner-such are the results of this day ~ ch will forever be famous.... And it will be enough for you to say, Was at Austerlitz,n to hear the reply: "There is a brave man!n NAPOLEON, quoted in Napoleon by Andre castelot -~·~............., ;·. ---~-\\ In time, Napoleon's battlefield successes forced the rulers of Russia to sign ~a c~ treaties. Th Austria Prussia and ese successes also enabled him European empire smce that of to build the l~gest the Romans. France's only ma feated was the great naval pow jor enemy left unde- er, Britain. the Battle of Trafalgar In his drive for a European empir one major battle, the Battle of e, Napoleon lost only Trafalgar (truh FAL guhr). Th ever, was more important than is naval defeat, how- all of his victories on land. Th 1805 off the southwest coast e battle took place in of Spain. The British comma was as brilliant in warfare at sea nde r, Horatio Nelson, as Napoleon was in warfare maneuver, he split the larger Fre on land. In a bold nch fleet, capturing many ships. on the opposite page.) (See the map inset The destruction of the French fleet had two major results. Fir supremacy of the British navy st, it ensured the for the next 100 years. Second to give up his plans of invading , it forced Napoleon Britain. He had to look for ano his powerful enemy across the ther way to control English Channel. Eventually, gant efforts to crush Britain wo Na poleon's extrava- uld lead to his own undoing. The French Empire During o.PoSSible the first decade of the 1800s, had given him mastery over mo Napoleon's victories AJ'SNff st of Europe. By 1812, the onl Napoleon had from Napoleon's control were y areas of Europe free been qurte success- In add Britain, Portugal, Sweden, and ition to the lands of the French the Ottoman Empire. lul. ~nee by 1805 Empire, Napoleon also contro he controlled most supposedly independent cou lled numerous ntries. (See the map on the dEurope except included Spain, the Grand Du opposite page.) These 00~ chy of Warsaw, and a number in Central Europe. The rulers of German kingdoms u g fact, were members of his fam of these countries were Napol ily. Furthermore, the powerfu eon 's puppets; some, in nils Pru ssia, and Austria were loosely l cou ntries of Russia, c.dusians attached to Napoleon's empire Althou not totally under Na through alliances. I &/ 1805, how threats gh of military action. @ poleon's control, they were eas ily manipulated by messfulhad ~ been in The French Empire was huge but unstable. Napoleon was abl !is efforts to build its greatest extent for only e to maintain it at 11empire? five ye ars-from 1807 to 1812. Then pieces. Its sudden collapse wa it quickly fell to s caused in part by Napoleon 's actions. TERMS It NAMES 1. For each term or name, wri te a sentence explaining its sign ·Napoleon Bonaparte coup d'etat ificance. plebiscite lycee concordat Napoleonic Code Battle of Trafalgar USING YOUR NOTES 2.~'ch 1 MAIN IDEAS CRITICAL THINKING WR of these events do you 3. Ho ITING lhink had the greatest impact w did Napoleon become a 6. FORMING OPINIONS In your opinion, was Napoleon on Napoleon's rise to power? hero in France? creator or the creation of his tim the es? 4. What did Napoleon con 7. ANALYIING ISSUES Napoleo sider n had his greatest triumph in both inside and outside the Fre to deal with forces nch domestic policy? judgment, which area was more Empire. In your important to control? s. How was Napoleon able to a. MAKING INFERENCES If you had bee control the countries bourgeoisie, would you have bee n a member of the neighboring the French n satisfied with the results of Napoleon's actions? Exp lain. Empire? 9 WRmNG ACTMTY IPOWER AND AUTHORITY I Loo · painting on page 231. Write a k at the parapaph discussing why the painter portrayed Napoleon ~ ~.. ,,,,, = = 1 = = = = = 1 1 = : = = = = == = in this fashion. Identify a d - 'l' {Q CREATING A VENN DIAGRAM ,1 to ru(e hi~ ~ nduct research on 0 liSe Of Paw er country. Use you a present-day world leader wh r findings to er to Napoleon's use of power o has used di~to~~I create a Venn dlapam compar ing r::~ t is e · The French Revolution and Na poleon 13 3  - Napoleon's Empire Colla 1w- ·,.S ,_,_ ----pg--------- pses C.:~~-✓- __c NAMES TERMS ~ 5'~f.-~5Td - ~- !if:::::J blockade POWER AND AUTHORITY. Continental scorched- Napoleon's conquests amused nationalistic feelings acr In the 19905. _national;sti, feehngs contributed to the System :rth Policy Eu,ope and contdbuted':: h;s b,eakup _of n,t;ons such as guerrilla Huaterloo d Peninsular war D n red ~ downfall. Yugoslavia. s~ING THE STAGE Napoleon worried about what would happen to hi · emprre after his death. He fem-edit would fall apart unless he had an hefr wshvast (PL 1ct)~red~., ·. succeed him was _u nd,sputed. nghtto H,s. Josephine, had failed to boa, him. wife, """ ose f1ewMim a child. He, therefore, divorced her and fanned an alliance with the Austrian """"" royal fanuly by marrying Marie Louise, the grandniece of Marie Antoinette. 1, the""< 1811 , Marie Louise gave bfrth to a son, Napoleon 11, whom Napoleon named Jru,.,.. (R) Napo!c:· king of Rome. Lal.,.; and His GeneralCJf. in Egypt !,ii· Napoleon's Costly Mistakes LeonGeroi;, Napoleon's own personality proved to be the greatest danger to the future of lus emprre. His desrre for pawer had raised htin to great heights, and the same L I i laio~ - -r !@ : - & : AMES1. For each term orMette name, write a sentence explaining its signi_fi_cance. rnich balance of power legitimacy Holy Alliance Concert of Europe ~ gress of Vienna Klemens von CRITICAL THINKING & WRITING DRAWING CONQIJSIONS From France's point of vi~, do USING YOUR NOTES MAIN IDEAS &. you think the Congress of Vienna's decisi ons were_ta1r? 2. ~ was the overall effect of 3. What were the three points ~f Metternich's plan for Europe. ANALYIING ISSUES Why did liberals and conse rvatives ernich's plan on France? 4. Why was the Congress of 7. differ over who should have power? -~ -- ----, ~&r Nch 's P/411 Vienna considered a success? 8 FERENCES What do you think is meant by the ::i:~ n!~h at the French Revolution let the genie out of 5. What was the long-term l~gacy Prob/"" So/utio11 of the Congress of Vienna. the bottle"? (!oWER AND AUTHORITY / In the role of a 9. WRmNG ~ in the early 18005, write an edito rial- t on the Congress of Vienna and its impac newspaper pro or con-on politics in Europe. ~ ~ azines on the peacekee~ing ~R,)ujf,j,f;\j CREATING sAinSCRAPBOOK ne~p apers a;;dt ::;: to create a saapbook titled eflo~"Jairs to locate recent article nd u. n 241 th "!he UN e UN. Photocopy or dip the articles a 1 The French Revolutwn and Napo eo as Peacekeeper:' ;itiK~' J legitim, balance of power, p. 238 __ IIAPtternich, P· 238