The formation of the Universe Flashcards _ Knowt.pdf

8/26/24, 9:38 PM The formation of the Universe Flashcards | Knowt The formation of the Universe the most widely accepted theory on The Big Bang Theory...

8/26/24, 9:38 PM The formation of the Universe Flashcards | Knowt The formation of the Universe the most widely accepted theory on The Big Bang Theory “how the universe came into existence.” first suggested by Georges Lemaitre a catholic priest, physicist and mathematician in 1927 (extremely hot and extremely dense point that described the universe as a singularity is smaller than a single atom) that exploded which created matter, space and time, as it cooled off. in the 1960s, the Cosmic Microwave (cooled remnant of the first light that could Background ever travel freely throughout the Universe) was discovered. used by Edwin Hubble to calculate the speed at which celestial bodies COSMOLOGICAL REDSHIFT are moving away from each other, subsequently the speed at which the Universe expands. 10^-43 seconds (The Planck Era) closest the universe is incredibly hot, dense, that physics can get to the absolute beginning and turbulent of time) https://knowt.com/flashcards/8da3860c-b70a-4c12-9f78-31025eebaf7f 1/6 8/26/24, 9:38 PM The formation of the Universe Flashcards | Knowt inflationary energy triggers a 10^-35 seconds dramatic burst of expansion, expanding the universe the Grand Unification Era superforce begins to break apart into constituent forces we see today energy dumped into the universe by the end of inflation leads to the appearance of particles of matter via 10^-32 seconds Einstein’s most of the particles annihilated each other (when electromagnetism and weak nuclear force are still unified with one another finally split) 10^-11 seconds leaving the universe with four separate forces the Electroweak Era Strong Nuclear Force Weak Nuclear Force Electromagnetism Gravity as the universe cools down it allows the familiar particles, protons and neutrons to form from quarks. 10^-6 seconds in neutrons there are two down quarks and 1 up quark in protons there are two up quarks and 1 down quark https://knowt.com/flashcards/8da3860c-b70a-4c12-9f78-31025eebaf7f 2/6 8/26/24, 9:38 PM The formation of the Universe Flashcards | Knowt at 1 billion degrees celsius, protons and neutrons start to form nuclei (charged core of atoms) 200 seconds within 20 minutes universe becomes too cold, ceasing formation of hydrogen and helium nuclei the universe is about 1000 degrees celsius cool enough to allow electrons pair with nuclei forming the first atoms. the Recombination Era, at this time 300,000 years the universe consists of 75% hydrogen and 25% helium The universe finally becomes transparent to light, earliest observable epoch small dense regions of cosmic gas start to collapse under their own gravity, becoming hot enough to trigger nuclear fusion and form into stars 200 million years β– decay - a radioactive decay in which a beta ray is emitted from an atomic nucleus. force of gravity starts to pull together huge regions of dense cosmic gas, 0.5 to 1 billion years forming vast, swirling collections of stars we call galaxies. https://knowt.com/flashcards/8da3860c-b70a-4c12-9f78-31025eebaf7f 3/6 8/26/24, 9:38 PM The formation of the Universe Flashcards | Knowt force of gravity trying to slow cosmic expansion begins to lose out to anti gravitational “dark energy” accelerating cosmic expansion. 9 billion years dark matter - strong gravitational field, cannot be observed dark energy - acceleration of the expansion of the universe a region of gas and dust from exploding stars in the Milky Way galaxy starts to collapse under its own gravity, forming a small star 9.1 billion years (4.6 billion years ago) surrounded by a disk of rocky materials and gas. giant chunks of debris, collide and merge to form planets a model which describes the formation and the evolution of the Solar System theory of Immanuel Kant and further Nebular Hypothesis modified by Pierre Laplace disk of gas and dust spinning around the Sun → the dust grains clump into planetesimals → which collides and collect into planets a group of protostars (one of which 4.6 billion years ago will become the sun) form from the debris of prior star explosions https://knowt.com/flashcards/8da3860c-b70a-4c12-9f78-31025eebaf7f 4/6 8/26/24, 9:38 PM The formation of the Universe Flashcards | Knowt giant planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune form around the sun at least Uranus and Neptune formed around the Sun closer than where 4.59 billion years ago they are right now one or more ice giants may have also formed that were later ejected from our solar system let there be light 4.55 billion years ago sun starts fusing hydrogen into helium our sun gravitationally starts 4.5 - 4.1 billion years ago separating from its protostar siblings giant planet’s orbit shifts, scattering small worlds throughout the solar system. some ended up bombarding the Earth 4.1 - 3.8 billion years ago delivering organics and water the late heavy bombardment - delivers water to the earth 3.8 - 3.5 billion years ago life starts on Earth mars loses most of its atmosphere 3 billion years ago and water 1 billion years ago volcanism on the moon stops https://knowt.com/flashcards/8da3860c-b70a-4c12-9f78-31025eebaf7f 5/6 8/26/24, 9:38 PM The formation of the Universe Flashcards | Knowt when Neil Armstrong stepped into the moon there are still volcanic ashes that did not go away due to it having no atmosphere an impact on the moon forms Tycho 100 million years ago crater saturn gets its rings a giant asteroid impacts Earth, triggering global climate change 66 million years ago three quarters of life, including dinosaurs go extinct https://knowt.com/flashcards/8da3860c-b70a-4c12-9f78-31025eebaf7f 6/6