Anatomy of the Eye PDF
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This document provides a detailed description of the different parts and layers of the human eye, from the external to the internal layers. It covers the coats (external fibrous coat, middle vascular coat, and inner nervous coat), and the components inside the eyeball such as the aqueous humor, the vitreous body, and the lens. It also touches on the functions of each part. The specific details, diagrams and cross sections further clarify the eye's delicate structure.
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the eye Eye Structure The eyeball consists of three coats or layers covering the eye major parts (inside eye ball) Coats :From external to internal: (1) the external fibrous coat, (2) the middle vascular coat, (3) the inner nervous coat. Inside the eyeball : the aqueous hum...
the eye Eye Structure The eyeball consists of three coats or layers covering the eye major parts (inside eye ball) Coats :From external to internal: (1) the external fibrous coat, (2) the middle vascular coat, (3) the inner nervous coat. Inside the eyeball : the aqueous humor, the vitreous body, and the lens. .1---اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت ):(Coats اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺎرج ﻟﻠﺪاﺧﻞ: ) (1اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ):(External Fibrous Coat ﻫﺎي اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﺘﺤﻤﻲ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺎرج. ﻗﻮﻳﺔ وﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ أﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻟﻴﻔﻴﺔ. ﻓﻴﻬﺎ: اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ) :(Scleraاﻟﺠﺰء اﻷﺑﻴﺾ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ. اﻟﻘﺮﻧﻴﺔ ) :(Corneaاﻟﺠﺰء اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ اﻟﺸﻔﺎف اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﻴﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﺸﺎن ﻳﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ. ) (2اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ):(Middle Vascular Coat ﻫﺎي اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ أوﻋﻴﺔ دﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺘﻐﺬي اﻟﻌﻴﻦ. ﻛﻤﺎن ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺰوﻳﺪ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﺑﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻠﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻋﺸﺎن ﺗﺸﺘﻐﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ. ) (3اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ):(Inner Nervous Coat ﻫﺎي أﻫﻢ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻀﻮء ﻹﺷﺎرات ﻋﺼﺒﻴﺔ. اﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﺘﻮﺻﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻟﻠﺪﻣﺎغ ﻋﺸﺎن ﻧﻘﺪر ﻧﺸﻮف. .2اﻷﺟﺰاء اﻟﻠﻲ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ):(Inside the Eyeball اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ):(Aqueous Humor ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺷﻔﺎف ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ. وﻇﻴﻔﺘﻪ ﻳﻐﺬي اﻟﻘﺮﻧﻴﺔ وﻳﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ. اﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻲ ):(Vitreous Body ﻣﺎدة ﺟﻴﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ. ﺑﺘﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ وﺗﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ. اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ ):(Lens ﻋﺪﺳﺔ ﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ورا اﻟﻘﺮﻧﻴﺔ. ﺑﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﺸﺎن ﺗﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﻀﻮء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ وﺗﺨﻠﻲ اﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ واﺿﺤﺔ. 1- OUTER FIBROUS COAT -THE SCLERA: Posterior opaque part it is white and dense. -THE CORNEA: the anterior transparent part. is largely responsible for the refraction of the light entering the eye The sclera is directly continuous in front with the cornea at the corneoscleral junction, or limbus. .1اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻠﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ):(Outer Fibrous Coat ﻫﺎي اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﺘﺤﻤﻲ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺎرج.ﺑﺘﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﻦ رﺋﻴﺴﻴﻴﻦ: أ -اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ):(The Sclera وﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة؟ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻷﺑﻴﺾ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﻒ اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﻨﺸﻮﻓﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻴﻦ. وﺻﻔﻬﺎ: ﻫﻲ ﺳﻤﻴﻜﺔ ،ﻟﻮﻧﻬﺎ أﺑﻴﺾ ،وﻏﻴﺮ ﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ )ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺔ(. وﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ: ﺑﺘﺤﻤﻲ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮات اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ وﺗﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ. ب -اﻟﻘﺮﻧﻴﺔ ):(The Cornea وﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة؟ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺸﻔﺎف ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ )اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﻠﻲ ﻗﺪام اﻟﻘﺰﺣﻴﺔ(. وﺻﻔﻬﺎ: ﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ ورﻗﻴﻘﺔ. وﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ: اﻟﻘﺮﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﺘﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﻀﻮء )اﻻﻧﻜﺴﺎر( ﻋﺸﺎن ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﻀﻮء ﻳﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ وﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ. اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ وﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ: اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺑﺘﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻘﺮﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﺳﻤﻬﺎ " "limbusأو "ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ارﺗﺒﺎط اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻘﺮﻧﻴﺔ" ،وﻫﺎي اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ً ﺟﺪا ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺘﻴﻦ. 2-MIDDLE VASCULAR COAT CONSISTS OF: 1-THE CHOROID: The choroid is a black vascular membrane deep to the sclera. 2-THE CILIARY BODY : Contains the ciliary muscle (the main muscle of accomodation). 3-THE IRIS : is a thin, contractile, pigmented diaphragm with a central aperture called The pupil اﻟﺴﻼﻳﺪ ﻫﺬا ﺑﻴﺸﺮح اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ ) (Middle Vascular Coatﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ، وﺑﺘﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ 3أﺟﺰاء رﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ.ﺧﻠﻴﻨﻲ أوﺿﺢ ﻟﻚ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺎﻣﻴﺔ: اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ ):(Middle Vascular Coat ﻫﺎي اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ُﺗﻌﺮف ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ أوﻋﻴﺔ دﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﻐﺬي اﻟﻌﻴﻦ.ﻓﻴﻬﺎ 3أﺟﺰاء ﺟﺪا ،وﻛﻞ ﺟﺰء ﻟﻪ وﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﺤﺪدة: ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ً .1اﻟﻤﺸﻴﻤﻴﺔ ):(The Choroid وﺻﻔﻬﺎ: ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺳﻮدة رﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ )اﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻷﺑﻴﺾ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ(. وﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ: ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ أوﻋﻴﺔ دﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﻐﺬي اﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ وﺑﻘﻴﺔ أﺟﺰاء اﻟﻌﻴﻦ. ﻛﻤﺎن ﻟﻮﻧﻬﺎ اﻷﺳﻮد ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻣﺘﺼﺎص اﻟﻀﻮء اﻟﺰاﺋﺪ وﻳﻤﻨﻊ اﻟﻀﻮء ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺸﺘﺖ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ. .2ﺟﺴﻢ اﻟﻬﺪب ):(The Ciliary Body وﺻﻔﻪ: ﺟﺰء ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻀﻠﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ اﺳﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻀﻠﺔ اﻟﻬﺪب ).(Ciliary Muscle وﻇﻴﻔﺘﻪ: اﻟﻌﻀﻠﺔ دي ﻫﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺑﻌﺪ أو ﻗﺮب اﻷﺷﻴﺎء. ﻫﺬا ﻳﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﺘﻜﻴﻒ ) ،(Accommodationوﻫﻮ اﻟﻠﻲ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻦ ﺑﺮؤﻳﺔ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ واﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪة ﺑﻮﺿﻮح. .3اﻟﻘﺰﺣﻴﺔ ):(The Iris وﺻﻔﻬﺎ: ﻫﻲ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﺘﻜﻮن ﺣﻮل ﻓﺘﺤﺔ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ )اﻟﺒﺆﺑﺆ(. ﺗﻜﻮن رﻗﻴﻘﺔ وﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﻘﺒﺎض )ﺗﺘﻘﻠﺺ أو ﺗﺘﻤﺪد ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﻮء(. وﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ: ﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻀﻮء اﻟﻠﻲ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ. ﻓﻲ اﻟﻀﻮء اﻟﺴﺎﻃﻊ :ﺗﻨﻜﻤﺶ )ﺗﻨﻐﻠﻖ( ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻀﻮء. ﻓﻲ اﻟﻈﻼم :ﺗﺘﻤﺪد )ﺗﻔﺘﺢ( ﻟﺰﻳﺎدة ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻀﻮء اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻦ. اﻟﺒﺆﺑﺆ ):(Pupil ﻫﻮ اﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﻘﺰﺣﻴﺔ ،وﻫﻮ اﻟﻠﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻀﻮء ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺧﻮل إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ. ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎر:اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻦ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ 3أﺟﺰاء رﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ: .1اﻟﻤﺸﻴﻤﻴﺔ ) :(Choroidﺗﻐﺬي اﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻷوﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ وﺗﻤﺘﺺ اﻟﻀﻮء اﻟﺰاﺋﺪ. .2ﺟﺴﻢ اﻟﻬﺪب ) :(Ciliary Bodyﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻀﻠﺔ ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺑﻌﺪ أو ﻗﺮب اﻷﺷﻴﺎء. .3اﻟﻘﺰﺣﻴﺔ ) :(Irisﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻀﻮء اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ اﻟﺒﺆﺑﺆ )ﻓﺘﺤﺔ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ(. ﻛﻞ ﻫﺎﻷﺟﺰاء ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻌً ﺎ ﻟﺘﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻜﻴﻒ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻐﻴﺮات اﻹﺿﺎءة واﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء اﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪة واﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ. 3-Nervous Coat: The Retina The retina consists of : 1-Outer pigmented Layer 2-Inner nervous Layer. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid, and its inner surface is in contact with the vitreous body اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ) (Nervous Coatأو اﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ):(Retina ﻫﻲ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﺴﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻀﻮء ﻹﺷﺎرات ﻋﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﻟﻠﺪﻣﺎغ ﻋﺸﺎن ﻧﻘﺪر ﻧﺮى.اﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻠﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻮء. --- اﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﻦ رﺋﻴﺴﻴﻴﻦ: .1اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﻮﻧﺔ ):(Outer Pigmented Layer ﻫﺎي اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺳﻮداء ،ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻣﺘﺼﺎص اﻟﻀﻮء اﻟﺰاﺋﺪ وﺗﻤﻨﻊ اﻟﻀﻮء ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺸﺘﺖ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ. ﻛﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﺴﺘﺎرة ﺗﻤﻨﻊ اﻧﻌﻜﺎس اﻟﻀﻮء داﺧﻞ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ. .2اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ):(Inner Nervous Layer ﻫﺎي اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ ،ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺠﻴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻮء ).(Photoreceptor cells ﺑﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻀﻮء إﻟﻰ إﺷﺎرات ﻋﺼﺒﻴﺔ ُﺗﺮﺳﻞ ﻟﻠﺪﻣﺎغ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﺼﺐ اﻟﺒﺼﺮي )Optic ّ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ دي .(nerve اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ: اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ: ﺑﻴﻜﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ اﺗﺼﺎل ﻣﻊ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﻴﻤﻴﺔ ) ،(Choroidوﻫﻲ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷوﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻠﻲ ﺗﻐﺬي اﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ. اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ: ﺑﻴﻜﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ اﺗﺼﺎل ﻣﻊ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻲ ) ،(Vitreous Bodyوﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺠﻴﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻠﻲ ﺗﻤﻸ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ. ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎر: ﺑﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻀﻮء ﻹﺷﺎرات ﻋﺼﺒﻴﺔ. ّ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻠﻲ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺧﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻠﻮﻧﺔ )ﺗﻤﺘﺺ اﻟﻀﻮء اﻟﺰاﺋﺪ( وﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﺼﺒﻴﺔ داﺧﻠﻴﺔ )ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻮء(. ﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺎرج ﻣﻊ اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﻴﻤﻴﺔ ) (choroidوﻣﻦ اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻲ. ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬا ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ وﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻀﻮء إﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ اﻟﺪﻣﺎغ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ. Contents of the Eyeball The contents of the eyeball are : 1 The aqueous humor 2 The vitreous body 3 The lens Aqueous Humor is a clear fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eyeball Obstruction to the draining of the aqueous humor results in a rise in intraocular pressure called glaucoma. Vitreous Body: The vitreous body fills the eyeball behind the lens and is a transparent gel. اﻟﺴﻼﻳﺪ ﻫﺬا ﺑﻴﺤﻜﻲ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﻌﻴﻦ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ،وﻫﻲ ﺛﻼث أﺷﻴﺎء ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺑﺘﻤﻼ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ: .1اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ):(Aqueous Humor ﻫﻮ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺷﻔﺎف وﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ اﻷﻣﺎم واﻟﺨﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺳﺔ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ. وﻇﻴﻔﺘﻪ: ﻳﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ. ﻳﻐﺬي اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ُ وﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮازن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﺪاﺧﻠﻬﺎ. ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪوث اﻧﺴﺪاد: ﻟﻮ ﺣﺼﻞ اﻧﺴﺪاد ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ،ﺳﻴﺘﺮاﻛﻢ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ،وﻳﺰﻳﺪ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ. ﻫﺬا ُﻳﻌﺮف ﺑـ اﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮﻣﺎ ) ،(Glaucomaوﻫﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﺗﻠﻒ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺼﺐ اﻟﺒﺼﺮي وﻗﺪ ُﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻘﺪان اﻟﺒﺼﺮ ﻟﻮ ﻟﻢ ُﺗﻌﺎﻟﺞ. .2اﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻲ ):(Vitreous Body ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﺎدة ﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ ﺟﻴﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ اﻟﻬﻼم. ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﺧﻠﻒ اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ. وﻇﻴﻔﺘﻪ: ﻳﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ. ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻤﺮور اﻟﻀﻮء داﺧﻞ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﺑﺪون أي ﺗﺸﻮﻳﺶ. .3اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ ):(The Lens اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ ﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ وﻣﺮﻧﺔ. ُﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﺳﻮاء ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﻨﻈﺮ ﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ أو ﺑﻌﻴﺪة. ُﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ً ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ُﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺸﻲء اﻟﺬي ﺗﻨﻈﺮه ،ﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﻋﻀﻼت اﻟﻌﻴﻦ. ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎر:ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﻌﻴﻦ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ: .1اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ) :(Aqueous Humorﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺷﻔﺎف ﻳﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮازن اﻟﻌﻴﻦ وﺻﺤﺘﻬﺎ. .2اﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻲ ) :(Vitreous Bodyﻣﺎدة ﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ ﺟﻴﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ و ُﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ اﻟﻀﻮء. .3اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ )ُ :(Lensﺗﺤﺴﻦ اﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ وﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء. The Lens The lens is a transparent, biconvex structure enclosed in a transparent capsule. It is situated behind the iris and in front of the vitreous body اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ ):(The Lens ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﻋﺸﺎن اﻟﻀﻮء ﻳﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ(. ً ﻫﻲ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﺷﻔﺎف )ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺷﻔﺎف ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﻜﻮن ﺑﻴﻀﺎوي ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺘﻘﻌﺮ ) ،(Biconvexﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﻔﺦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻬﺘﻴﻦ. ﻣﻐﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻜﺒﺴﻮﻟﺔ ﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻬﺎ. ﻣﻜﺎن اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ:ﺗﻜﻮن ﺧﻠﻒ اﻟﻘﺰﺣﻴﺔ ) ،(Irisاﻟﻠﻲ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﻤﻠﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ. وﺗﻜﻮن أﻣﺎم اﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻲ ) (Vitreous Bodyاﻟﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺨﻠﻔﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ. وﻇﻴﻔﺔ اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ:ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ ﺳﻮاء ﻛﻨﺖ ﺑﺘﺒﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺷﻴﺎء ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ أو ﺑﻌﻴﺪة. ﺗﺘﺤﺮك وﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻔﻀﻞ اﻟﻌﻀﻼت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﻋﺸﺎن ﺗﻘﺪر ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ. MUSCLES OF THE EYE There are two groups of muscles of the eye: - extrinsic muscles of eyeball :(extra-ocular muscles) involved in movements of the eyeball or raising upper eyelids; usually originate from a tendinous ring around the optic canal. - intrinsic muscles within the eyeball, which control the shape of the lens and size of the pupil. The extrinsic muscles include 1. SUPERIOR RECTUS 2. INFERIOR RECTUS 3. MEDIAL RECTUS 4. LATERAL RECTUS 5. SUPERIOR OBLIQUE 6. INFERIOR OBLIQUE ﻋﻀﻼت اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ):(Muscles of the Eye ﻓﻲ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻀﻼت اﻟﻌﻴﻦ: .1اﻟﻌﻀﻼت اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻦ ):(Extrinsic Muscles of Eyeball ُﺗﻌﺮف ً أﻳﻀﺎ ﺑـ اﻟﻌﻀﻼت ﺧﺎرج اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ).(Extra-ocular Muscles وﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ :ﺑﺘﺤﺮك اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ أو ﺗﺮﻓﻊ اﻟﺠﻔﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻮي. ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﻏﻀﺮوﻓﻴﺔ ُﺗﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﻘﻨﺎة اﻟﻌﺼﺐ اﻟﺒﺼﺮي ).(optic canal اﻟﻌﻀﻼت اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ: .1اﻟﻌﻀﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ) :(Superior Rectusﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﻷﻋﻠﻰ. .2اﻟﻌﻀﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ ) :(Inferior Rectusﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﻷﺳﻔﻞ. .3اﻟﻌﻀﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ) :(Medial Rectusﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﺪاﺧﻞ. .4اﻟﻌﻀﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ) :(Lateral Rectusﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﺨﺎرج. .5اﻟﻌﻀﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ) :(Superior Obliqueﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﻷﺳﻔﻞ وإﻟﻰ اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ. .6اﻟﻌﻀﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻠﺔ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ ) :(Inferior Obliqueﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﻟﻸﻋﻠﻰ وإﻟﻰ اﻟﺨﺎرج. .2اﻟﻌﻀﻼت اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻦ ):(Intrinsic Muscles ُﺗﻌﺮف ً أﻳﻀﺎ ﺑـ اﻟﻌﻀﻼت اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ. وﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ :ﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﺪﺳﺔ ) (Lensوﺣﺠﻢ ﺑﺆﺑﺆ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ).(Pupil tendinous ring of the eye muscles The movements of the eyeball, in three dimensions are: Elevation-moving the pupil superiorly. Depression- moving the pupil inferiorly Abduction- moving the pupil laterally Adduction-moving the pupil medially :(Movements of the Eyeball) ﺣﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺜﻼث أﺑﻌﺎد :اﻟﻌﻴﻮن ﺑﺘﺘﺤﺮك ﻓﻲ أرﺑﻊ اﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎت رﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ. ﺑﺘﺤﺮك ﺑﺆﺑﺆ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﻷﻋﻠﻰ:(Elevation) اﻟﺮﻓﻊ.1. ﺑﺘﺤﺮك ﺑﺆﺑﺆ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﻷﺳﻔﻞ:(Depression) اﻟﺨﻔﺾ.2 ً.ﺑﻌﻴﺪا ﻋﻦ اﻷﻧﻒ ﺑﺘﺤﺮك ﺑﺆﺑﺆ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﺨﺎرج:(Abduction) اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪ.3. ﺑﺘﺤﺮك ﺑﺆﺑﺆ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﺪاﺧﻞ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎه اﻷﻧﻒ:(Adduction) اﻟﺘﻘﺎرب.4 1-SUPERIOR RECTUS Nerve supply: Oculomotor nerve. action: Elevation, adduction, 2-INFERIOR RECTUS Nerve supply: Oculomotor nerve. ACTION:Depression, adduction, .1اﻟﻌﻀﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ):(Superior Rectus اﻟﻌﺼﺐ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ :اﻟﻌﺼﺐ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻦ ).(Oculomotor nerve اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ: ﺗﺤﺮك اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﻷﻋﻠﻰ )اﻟﺮﻓﻊ .(Elevation - ﺗﺤﺮك اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎه اﻷﻧﻒ )اﻟﺘﻘﺎرب .(Adduction - --- .2اﻟﻌﻀﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ ):(Inferior Rectus اﻟﻌﺼﺐ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ :اﻟﻌﺼﺐ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻦ ).(Oculomotor nerve اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ: ﺗﺤﺮك اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﻷﺳﻔﻞ )اﻟﺨﻔﺾ .(Depression - ﺗﺤﺮك اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎه اﻷﻧﻒ )اﻟﺘﻘﺎرب .(Adduction - 3-MEDIAL RECTUS Nerve supply:Oculomotor nerve Action: Adduction of eyeball 4-Lateral rectus Nerve supply:Abducent nerve [VI] Action: Abduction of eyeball 5-Superior oblique Nerve supply:Trochlear nerve Action:Depression, with medial rotation of eyeball ﻋﻀﻼت اﻟﻌﻴﻦ وﺣﺮﻛﺎﺗﻬﺎ ):(Eye Muscles and Their Functions --- .3اﻟﻌﻀﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ):(Medial Rectus اﻟﻌﺼﺐ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ :اﻟﻌﺼﺐ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻦ ).(Oculomotor nerve اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ :ﺗﺤﺮك اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎه اﻷﻧﻒ )ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺗﻘﺎرب اﻟﻌﻴﻦ أو .(Adduction --- .4اﻟﻌﻀﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ):(Lateral Rectus اﻟﻌﺼﺐ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ :اﻟﻌﺼﺐ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ )].(Abducent nerve [VI ً ﺑﻌﻴﺪا ﻋﻦ اﻷﻧﻒ )ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪ أو .(Abduction اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ :ﺗﺤﺮك اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﺨﺎرج --- .5اﻟﻌﻀﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ):(Superior Oblique اﻟﻌﺼﺐ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ :اﻟﻌﺼﺐ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻦ ).(Trochlear nerve اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ :ﺗﺤﺮك اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﻣﻊ دوران اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ )ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﺨﻔﺾ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺪوران اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ(. 6-INFERIOR OBLIQUE .6اﻟﻌﻀﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻠﺔ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻰ ) :(Inferior Oblique Nerve supply:Oculomotor nerve /inferior اﻟﻌﺼﺐ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ :اﻟﻌﺼﺐ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻦ branch ) ،(Oculomotor nerveﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺮع اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ. Action: Elevation, lateral rotation of eyeball اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ: ﺗﺤﺮك اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﻷﻋﻠﻰ. ﺗﺤﺮك اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﺨﺎرج ﻣﻊ دوراﻧﻬﺎ )اﻟﺘﻨﺎوب اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻦ(.
