The Earth and its Structures Group 1 PDF

GROUP 1 Codia, Joseph Miguel Fajilagot, Niño Emmanuel The Ever-Evolving Planet Igares, Dexter John Rivera, Ren Ruzzel Santo...

GROUP 1 Codia, Joseph Miguel Fajilagot, Niño Emmanuel The Ever-Evolving Planet Igares, Dexter John Rivera, Ren Ruzzel Santos, Kiane Daniele The evolution of the Earth was believed to have formed approximately 4.5 billion years ago, when a massive cloud of gas and dust known as a solar nebula collapsed due to gravity. Particles within the nebula stuck to one another, growing larger and larger bodies until they finally merged to form the Earth. This process is known as accretion. Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the fifth-largest planet in the solar system. It's smaller than the four gas giants — Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune — but larger than the three other rocky planets, Mercury, Mars and Venus. Our planet has many different types of environments, like forests, deserts, and oceans. Each of these places is home to a wide variety of plants and animals that are specially adapted to survive there. The air around our planet is special because it has just the right amount of oxygen and nitrogen to support life. This helps keep us safe from harmful radiation from the Sun and keeps the climate stable. Continents: Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Europe, North America, Australia, and South America. Mountain Ranges: Major mountain ranges include the Himalayas, the Rockies, and the Andes. Deserts: Significant deserts include the Sahara, the Arabian Desert, and the Gobi Desert. Climate Zones: Earth has various climate zones, including tropical, temperate, and polar regions. Composition Earth is the densest major body in the solar system at 5.52 grams per cubic inch. It is composed of 34.6% iron, 29.5% oxygen, 15.2 %silicon, 12.7% magnesium, 2.4% nickel, 1.9% sulfur, 0.05% titanium. Solar System Placement Earth is positioned within the “HABITALIZED ZONED” 92,957,130 miles from the sun. HABITALIZED ZONED is defined as the distance where water can found in solid and liquid form. IF earth at the position of mercury or venus, it’s atmosphere and water would evaporate. If earth push away to mars, It would be too cold to sustain liquid water or life. Rotational Properties Earth leans on a 23.5 degrees angle from vertical, rotating on that axis once every 24 hours at 1,000 miles per hour. Surface Properties Earth surface is covered with 71% of water. Earth is believed to be 4.5 to 4.6 billion years old because the oldest known rocks are 4 billion years old. Dimension Earth is 7,926 miles in diameter and 24,902 miles in circumference. The reason on how the earth called oblate spheroid is earth bulge at the equator and flatten at the poles. The Earth is divided into four "Sub-systems" or "Spheres" namely: ATMOS(Gaseous)-SPHERE HYDRO (Water)-SPHERE LITHOS(Rock)-SPHERE BIOS(Life)-SPHERE  The layer of surrounding gas on Earth's surface. This is the Earth's sphere that supports life. This sphere regulates the climate. It acts both as a blanket and a filter. Earth's atmosphere is a mixture of gases, mostly nitrogen and oxygen, with smaller amounts of Argon, Carbon dioxide, and other gases. Atmosphere Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Exosphere Crust Mantle Outer Core Inner Core It is composed of all the water found on under and over the surface of the planet. (Including different bodies of water.) This sphere covers about 70% of the surface of the Earth and is the home for many plants and animals.  Most of Earth's water is salty and, in the oceans, – about 97%. Two-thirds of the remaining 3% is Only 1% of the hydrosphere is liquid frozen in glaciers and polar ice freshwater, and even most of this exists caps. as groundwater down in the soil. It is composed of all the living organisms on the planet. This includes all people, plants, animals, bacteria, fungi and single-celled organisms found on Earth.  Crust The Earth's crust is composed of a variety of rocks. The continental crust is mainly made up of granitic rocks, which are rich in silicon and aluminum. The oceanic crust, on the other hand, is primarily composed of basaltic rocks. Continental Crust: 30 to 70 km (19 to 43 miles) thick Oceanic Crust: 5 to 10 km (3 to 6 miles) thick  Upper Mantle The upper mantle of the Earth is a dynamic and complex layer that plays a crucial role in geological processes such as plate tectonics and volcanic activity. It extends from the base of the crust to about 410 km (255 miles) deep. Lithosphere: The rigid outer part of the Earth, including the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle. It is divided into tectonic plates. Asthenosphere: A semi-fluid layer beneath the lithosphere where convection occurs, allowing tectonic plates to move.  Lower Mantle It is characterized by its high pressure and temperature conditions, which lead to different mineralogical compositions and behaviors compared to the upper mantle. It extends from 660 km to about 2,900 km (410 to 1,800 miles) deep.  Core Outer Core: This layer is liquid and is responsible for generating the Earth’s magnetic field through its convective movements. Liquid layer extending from about 2,900 km to 5,150 km (1,800 to 3,200 miles) deep.  Core Inner Core: The inner core is solid due to the immense pressure despite the high temperatures. It is mostly iron with some nickel. Solid sphere extending from about 5,150 km to the Earth's center, approximately 6,371 km (3,959 miles) deep. Conrad Discontinuity Crust Transition zone between upper and lower crust. Mantle Mohorovicic Discontinuity Outer Core Transition zone between Crust and Mantle. Inner Core Repiti Discontinuity Transition zone between outer mantle and inner mantle. Gutenberg Discontinuity Transition zone between Mantle and Core. Lehman Discontinuity Transition zone between Outer core and Inner core.