Earth and Life Science 1st Quarter Summative Test PDF

REVIEWER FOR EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE 1ST QUARTER SUMMATIVE TEST THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM A) Descartes Vortex Theory -the universe is filled with matter, which due to some initial motion, has settled down into a syst...

REVIEWER FOR EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE 1ST QUARTER SUMMATIVE TEST THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM A) Descartes Vortex Theory -the universe is filled with matter, which due to some initial motion, has settled down into a system of vortices which carry the sun, the stars, planets and comets in their paths. -solar system was formed into bodies with nearly circular orbits because of the whirlpool-like motion B) Buffon’s Collision Theory -the planets were formed by the collision of the sun and a giant comet. The resulting debris formed into planets that rotate in the same direction as they revolved around the sun. C) Jean-Jeffreys Tidal Theory -The planets were formed from the substances that were torn of the sun when a speeding massive star passed near the sun, it pulled off materials due to gravitational attraction. D) Kant-Laplace Nebular Theory -A great cloud of gas and dust clouds called nebula, began to collapse because of gravitational pull. As the cloud contracted, it spun more rapidly, flattening into a pancake-shaped object with a bulge at the center. E) Solar Nebular Theory  Formation of Nebula composed of hydrogen and helium  Nebula collapsed due to gravity causing regions of higher density(triggered by a nearby supernova explosion or some other external event.)  Formation of a protostar( a young and still-forming star that has not yet begun nuclear fusion.)  Formation of Protoplanetery disks (containing dust and gas, surrounds the young star and serves as the building blocks for the formation of planets and other celestial bodies.)  Formation of Planetisimals( small solid particles began to clump together and accumulate due to electrostatic forces and gravity. )  Formation of Planets and other Celestial bodies( the planetesimals continued to grow and attract more material, they eventually coalesced into larger bodies such as protoplanets, asteroids, and comets. )  Ignition of the sun(As the protostar at the center of the newly formed Solar System continued to grow, its core became denser and hotter, thus giving birth to the sun) CLASSIFICATION OF PLANETS TERRESTRIAL PLANETS GAS GIANTS/JOVIAN PLANETS Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune formed by solid particles formed by gaseous particles Solar winds blew away a lot of gases and dust larger from terrestrial planets insufficient to hold the escaping gases smaller EARTH: HISTORY AND GEOLOGIC TIME  Earth’s history began with the formation of the Solar System.  It underwent evolutionary processes that can be described in geologic time.  Geologist reconstruct the sequence of events from the study of rocks, rock layers, and fossils. *Geologic Time Scale -represents the interval time occupied by the geologic history of Earth. How do scientist determine the geologic time?  RELATIVE DATING -Arranges events or rocks in their chronological sequence or order of occurence without knowing their actual age. -the age of one object compared to the age of another Principles of Relative Dating 1.. Principle of Original Horizontality -Sedimentary rocks are deposited as horizontal or nearly horizontal layers. 2.Principle of Superposition -In this sequence of sedimentary rocks, the layer at the bottom of the sequence is the oldest, and the suceeding layers are younger. 3.Principle of Cross-cutting Relationships -Geologic features like faults or igneous intrusions are younger than the cut they cut across or the layers surrounding them. 4.Principle of Inclusion -If rock or rock fragments are included within another rock layer, the rock fragment must be older than the rock layer where they are embedded. *Index fossils are widespread, rapid life spans, abundant throughout their geographic and geologic ranges, and are easily recognized (unique).  Absolute Dating -deals with assigning actual dates (in years before the present) to rocks or geological events. A) Radiometric dating -the atomic nucleus that undergoes radioactive decay the parent and the resulting product the daughter product (or, decay product) -A half-life is the amount of time needed for half of the parent atoms in a sample to be changed into daughter products. B) Radiocarbon dating -When an organism dies, carbon intake stops and the carbon-14 begins to decay at a known rate. Scientists can determine how much C-14 remains in an organism by measuring radiation emitted by the C-14 isotopes. SUBSYSTEMS OF THE EARTH -Our planet is dynamic, and each part of the Earth-land, water, air, life... are interconnected and continously interacting with one another forming a system. -The interacting parts of the Earth system are called subsystems. 1. ATMOSPHERE - made up of layers of gases that surround the earth. -provide living things with air to breathe, trap heat to warm earth and create a protective layer from the Sun(Ozone layer found in the stratosphere) Layers of the Atmosphere  Troposphere-first layer where weather patterns occur  Stratosphere-where ozone layer is.  Mesosphere-coldest layer, meteor enters here  Thermosphere-hottest layer  Exosphere-outermost layer, satellites are located 2) HYDROSPHERE -all the water found on, under and above the earth's surface. -71% of the Earth’s surface is covered by the ocean. *Saltwater 95% (oceans and seas) *Freshwater 2.5%(rivers, ponds, lakes) 3) LITHOSPHERE -the outer layer of the Earth, made up of the crust and upper mantle. -provide plants with the nutrients needed to grow and contain the different rocks from the rock cycle. 4. BIOSPHERE -composed of all the ecosystems on earth where there is life. (zone of life) Five major biomes 1. Aquatic- includes freshwater and marine 2. Forests- Includes tropical, temperate and boreal forests 3. Grassland- areas dominated by grasses 4. Desert- areas with little to no rainfall. 5. Tundra- coldest of all biomes. It has low biotic diversity and simple vegetation structure. EARTH MATERIALS AND PROCESSES ROCK-a solid mass of geological materials. MINERALS- naturally occurring inorganic element or compound having an orderly internal structure and characteristic chemical composition, crystal form, and physical properties. ROCK CYCLE-continous process that forms, alters, and reforms rocks GOODLUCK! ACE THE TEST!I’M ROOTING FOR YOU!