The Contemporary World NOTES-merged (1) PDF

The Contemporary World balanced and harmonious relationship Globalization DEFINITION: o Increases homogeneity or...

The Contemporary World balanced and harmonious relationship Globalization DEFINITION: o Increases homogeneity or o It is related in economy as it is a heterogeneity business & trading systems taken ▪ Homogeneity in a sense on the international scale where the widespread through cooperations affecting sharing of ideas, social & cultural influences cultures, technologies, o Interdependence of nations in behaviors & products the economic world leads to uniformity amongst different o Borderless world regions of the world. ▪ It is a system linked by Some of the results of an invisible chain homogeneity in connecting different globalization are: nations through Similar cooperations, business consumer & trading systems products worldwide o Expansion and intensification of Cultural social relations exchange & ▪ As it is said to be a hybridization ‘borderless world,’ Standardization wherein it defines the of business limitless connection of practices for relationships that is now consistency being strengthen in the around different modern world with the countries. help of technological advances & good ▪ Heterogeneity – is communication with promoted in every individual, it is then globalization as it makes considered as a tool that the cultures and binds the international practices diverse and community. more varied which has its own pros and cons Incorporation of people into a single world society ▪ No man is an island; IMPACTS: Again, globalization o Homogeneity & Heterogeneity is a result of o Cultural Imperialism & Cultural interdependence of Hybridization: international ▪ Imperialism: relationships It is understood as a way of o We are both objects and subjects colonizing or of globalization conquering a ▪ We all practice co- certain area and dependency with each diverts or other as globalization is controls its also an instrument for a cultural  practices & high-value industries social behaviors and services. by a powerful persona or o Periphery: leader. ▪ These countries are Example: limited in economic and Foreign political influence which products being are often known to be exported across poorer and exploited for the world resources and labor ▪ Hybridization: making them dependent It is a blend of on low-quality services. culture that is ▪ Supplies raw materials being implemented in o Semi-Periphery: the everyday ▪ Nations that are living of an moderate in everything. individual from May it be the economic the past, and government status present, and that transitions between future events core and periphery and Example: is engaging in a neutral Language, Art, demeanor between both and Music the high-value and low- Genre value industries o Challenge: Balancing local, national, and global cultures: o Unequal Distribution of Wealth: ▪ Managing the tension ▪ Core countries between cultural accumulate most of the homogenization & global wealth and hybridization as it can resources. overshadow local ▪ Periphery countries traditions. remain economically disadvantaged and dependent. ▪ Semi-periphery World System Theory: countries play a bridging o Core: role but still face ▪ Core countries are the disparities. allied nations who shares and possesses high economic and political power Theory of the Global System: ▪ Nations under the ‘first o Transnational Networks: world countries’ or even o Transnational refers to activities those who are not but that operates across national are wealthy in terms of boundaries with interactions and dominance in global connections that span multiple trading and technology countries. are the privileged ones that are under the core of globalization focusing on ▪ Economics:  Global its own control and assets aiming to businesses and generate profit for owners competing in a financial business industry that encourages systems innovation and efficiency but is limited interconnected and varies by country and can include across borders. market regulations. ▪ Politics: International political Network Society: alliances and o Tech approach to globalization: organizations ▪ How technology drives influence global and shape world governance. interconnectedness ▪ Culture: ▪ It is used as a tool to Cultural facilitate instant exchanges and communication, global global media trade, and easy access shape shared to information cultural norms o Digital Connectivity and and values. Empowerment: ▪ It is the widespread o Transnational Capitalist Class connection to the (TCC): internet and other digital ▪ Role: platforms to connect Elite group of individuals and individuals and organizations organizations internationally with significant ▪ Through digital tools, the influence across participation in social, national economic and political boundaries. aspects is being ▪ Power: acknowledged and Controls major appreciated in diverse global nations industries, o Rise of Gen Z: financial ▪ Impacts trends, various markets, and communication styles political and indulge in tech- agendas. savvy behaviors and ▪ Impact: enhanced global Shapes global perspective. economic policies, promotes deregulation, and drives Economy Scale market expansion. Global Economy o International Trade Capitalism is an economic system with ▪ Basis for trade: private ownership of production that is usually driven by supply and demand; has  Different ▪ Investments no resource coordinated product endowments offerings in each market Labor-intensive o International/ Global goods Companies/ Corporations Land-intensive ▪ I – e no investments goods o Immergence of the world Capital- systems intensive goods ▪ Interdependence of Efficiency = I/O culture in other ▪ Absolute: Produce good countries at lower cost Marxism = Capitalism ▪ Comparative: Produce o Hold factors of production good at lower ▪ Capital opportunity – What you ▪ Natural Resources give up ▪ LLC Protectionism o Profit motive o Nat’l sec: ▪ Adam Smith Free – trade: no trade barriers ▪ Market: sellers/producer and buyers/consumers meet Globalization of Economic Relations ▪ Supply & Demand Colonial Plantation System: vs adam Goods and Services smith 15 centuries o Monoculture First 2 countries, Spain & Portugal o Exploitation of Agricultural Drivers or globalization: Production by Europeans o Factors: Immanuel Wallerstein ▪ Decline in barriers to the Industrial Revolution free flow of goods and o Imperialism & Colonialism services o Steal engine – coal Tariffs, quotas, Modern: non-trade o 3 levels of economic integration barriers ▪ Global voluntary ▪ Regional withholding of ASEAN free export trade area ▪ Decline in trade and (ASEAN FTA) investment barriers ▪ Bilateral – Lowering trade Preferential barriers = Made trading – Chosen globalization products possible Free trade Silicon Valley – agreement – 9th largest Elimination of all company in the tariffs world NAFTA California – Customs Union Miniturized – European o Multi-national corporations – Union TNC  Common Market - Globalization has existed since the 15th - European Century. Economic Area - European exploration and colonization created Economic Union global empires and markets. – Forming blocks or groups - Current levels of interdependence and speed of eliminating globalization are unprecedented. tariffs to bring down the price o Static or Short-Term Effects Two Types of Economies ▪ Trade Creation o Dynamic or Long-term effects - Protectionism: Protecting one’s economy from ▪ Cost reduction foreign competition by creating trade barriers. ______________________________________________ - Trade Liberalization: Reducing trade barriers to facilitate international trade between countries. What is Economic Globalization? - Refers to the mobility of people, capital, technology, goods, and services internationally. Drivers of Globalization - The spread of trade, transportation, and - Decline in barriers to the free flow of goods, communication systems on a global scale services, and capital since World War II. promotes international commerce. - Technological change. - It involves how integrated countries are in the global economy. - Refers to the increasing interdependence of Effects of Lowering Trade Barriers countries and regions across the world. - Lowering trade barriers made globalization possible. What is Economic Globalization (IMF, 2008)? - Technology accelerated this transformative movement. - A historical process resulting from human innovation and technological progress. - The World Wide Web expanded rapidly in the past two decades. - Involves increasing integration of economies worldwide, primarily through the movement of - Computers facilitate finance capital by moving goods, services, and capital across borders. money around the world. - Includes the movement of people (labor) and - Silicon Valley, the ninth-largest economy, knowledge (technology) across international exemplifies this growth. boundaries. How Do Global Corporations Function? Dimensions of Economic Globalization - International Companies: Import and export but 1. Trade of goods and services do not have investments outside their home country. 2. Financial and capital markets - Multinational Companies: Have investments in 3. Technology and communication other countries but lack coordinated product offerings. 4. Production Historical Context - Global Companies: Invested in many countries - Exploited by core countries. and market products/services locally. - Examples: Sub-Saharan African nations, parts of -Transnational Companies: Complex Latin America. organizations with foreign operations and decentralized decision-making. Semi-Periphery Countries Emergence of the World System - Intermediate development level. 1. Increasing interdependence among cultures - Moderate industrialization and diversified and ecosystems. economies. 2. The European Age of Discovery played a major - Exploit the periphery while being exploited by the role. core. 3. Capitalism’s orientation toward the world - Examples: Brazil, India, South Africa. market for profit. 4. Colonial plantation systems led to monocrop Industrial Stratification production. - Industrialization initially raised the standard of 5. Colonial commodity production was focused living. on European markets. - Factory owners recruited cheap labor from the poorest populations. Wallerstein’s World System Theory - Marx viewed this as a capitalist opposition - International trade created a capitalist world between the bourgeoisie and proletariat. economy with a social system based on wealth - Bourgeoisie owned the means of production and and power differentials. promoted industrialization to maintain their - Suggests a world economic system where some position. countries benefit while others are exploited. - Expansion of capitalism into the periphery - World system classified into core, semi- displaced local landowners, creating a labor force periphery, and periphery. hired at low wages. - Example: British colonialism in Bangladesh increased economic stratification. Core Countries Three Levels of Economic Integration - Economically developed and powerful. - Global: Trade liberalization by GATT or WTO. - High industrialization and technological advancement. - Regional: Preferential treatment of member countries. - Exploit resources and labor from other regions. - Bilateral: Preferential treatment between two - Examples: USA, Germany, Japan. countries. Periphery Countries Forms of Economic Integration - Least developed countries. - Preferential Trading Agreement (PTA): Partial reduction in tariffs between two or more - Depend on exports of raw materials and countries. agriculture. - Example: ASEAN Free Trade Area. Technology: o Faster transportation, but - Free Trade Area (FTA): Complete removal of increased fuel consumption tariffs and quotas on goods traded among member countries. Transnational Corporations - Example: North American Free Trade Agreement Sales Exceeding GDP: (NAFTA), now USMCA. o Surpass the GDP of individual countries - Customs Union: Free trade area with a common o Immense Economic Power: external tariff on non-member countries. ▪ Ability to control the - Example: European Union (EU). price and supply of goods - Common Market: Customs union with free o Shapes markets, industries & movement of labor and capital. gov’t policies o Significant bargaining power with - Example: European Economic Area (EEA). gov’ts - Economic Union: Highest level of integration, o Create jobs & economic growth with harmonized monetary and fiscal policies. ▪ BUT also raise concerns about: - Example: European Union (EU). Labor practices Environmental impact Economic Effects of Economic Integration Tax avoidance - Economic integration results in more efficient Tax Evasion VS Tax Avoidance resource allocation. o Tax Evasion: - Static Effects: Short-term benefits like better ▪ Lowering the value of resource use and trade creation. your product o Tax Avoidance: - Dynamic Effects: Long-term benefits like cost ▪ Finding loopholes to not reduction due to economies of scale and pay the taxes increased competition. ▪ If you won’t buy or ______________________________________________ consume a product or service, you’ll not pay Tariffs – The consumers shoulder the the taxes taxes GMO ______________________________________________ Altering the DNA for longer shelf life The Expansion of Economic Globalization G8 (Previously G7) Impacts on People’s Lives: o Bottled water: Informal group of eight major industrial ▪ 100B industry in just ten democracies yrs G7; until Russia joined in 1998 o Multinational Corporations: Discuss economic and foreign policy ▪ Sales exceed GDP of issues some countries Involved countries: Tesla, Apple, Cars o Genetically Modified Food (GMO): ▪ Longer shelf life  Influence of G8 o Not a formal institution like WTO or UN o Official global institutions o Shapes global agendas and policies Global Divide – by how large their GDP is North-South Divide o Gap in development and wealth Causes: o Political Power: ▪ Ability to influence other countries o Economic Dependency: ▪ Reliance on wealthy nations for trade and resources o Resource Importation/Exportation: Global South: ▪ Uneven access to natural resources Africa, Asia, Latin America o Industrial Production Shift: Diverse Group of Countries ▪ Cheaper labor markets Facing economic, social, and political o International Media and Trade: challenges (weak institutions) ▪ Narrowed and widened Striving for development and self- gaps determination Trading helps countries; the more the better It is a dynamic concept Not a fixed definition; Changes with geopolitical shifts – e.g. Venezuela Lack of Consensus No universal agreement; talks about usefulness of the term itself GAA – IMF Quest for Power: Dominated by great powers International orgs like UN and World Bank Four Major Categories ▪ Some nation strives to become Non-alignment ▪ KURDS – Share history & o Avoiding alignment in super culture but they don’t power countries have a country o 1995 Bandung Conference: 29 ▪ TAMILS – Sri Lanka nonaligned states formed a strategy against colonialism State National Security o A country and its government o Addressing internal and external ▪ Population threats ▪ Territory Arms Acquisition ▪ Government o Acquiring modern weapons ▪ Sovereignty – Monarchy Environmental vulnerability o Protecting natural environments Takeaways o Not all states are nations, and not all nations are states o Some states have multiple nations (e.g. the Philippines) o Some nations have multiple states (e.g. North & South Korea) _______________________________________________ Global Politics Attributes: o Independent & Sovereign States: Nations with own ______________________________________________ government and territory. o Diplomatic Interaction: A History of Global Politics Creating an Communication and International Order Cooperation between states Independent & Sovereign States o International Orgs: o Own territory and government Groups that facilitate Diplomatic Interaction interactions between o Communication & Cooperation states between states Not all states are nation, and not all International Organization nations are states o Facilitate interactions between Some states have states multiple nations o e.g UN Some nations have multiple states NATION: Nation VS State o Imagined Community o Limited Nation o Some strive to become states o A group of people with a shared A group of people with a identity & culture shared identity and ▪ Imagined Community culture ▪ Limited STATE: o Sovereignty  o Population Internationalism o Territory o Emphasizes common principles, o Government cooperation, and democracy A country and its government Liberal Internationalism: - Common principles, Nationalism cooperation, and o A belief in the importance of democracy nation and its right to self- - Cornerstones of government establishment: League o Westphalian Order of Nations & UN Treaty of Westphalia: Immanuel 1648 concluded the Kant: Shared 30yrs War between International powerful countries in Principles Europe Mazzini (Italy) & Westphalian System: Wilson (US – Provided Global stability Democracy) Faced a major challenge from Napoleon Socialist Internationalism: Bonaparte - Global Labor Movement Interstate System & Social Justice o Treaty of Westphalia = - Karl Marx Westphalian System National identity o Concert of Europe: hindered Maintain stability workers’ Alliance of Great struggle Powers (UK, Advocate for Austria, Russia, international Prussia worker unity (Germany)) Marxist anti- Sought to nationalism restore pre- - Organization of Labor & French Socialist Parties: Revolution and Active in Europe Napoleonic Milestones like Wars as 8-hr workday, - Monarchical, Hereditary, International and Religious Women’s Day, Politics after Westphalia May Day o Challenges to sovereignty: The collapse of - The rise of nationalism Marxist Anti- - Napoleon’s conquest Nationalism o Heightened Interactions: o 1916 - Contact and cooperation due to between states membe o Loci of Politics: r - International orgs & TNC parties’ actors support for their  respecti Globalization & Media ve o Interconnected nation’s o Media: Both promote and wartime challenge globalization efforts o Can lead to cultural homogenization & hybridization INTERNATIONALISM is a key aspect of Globalization which promotes global norms & Nationalism & Media policies. o Shaping and maintaining national _______________________________________________ identity o Promote a sense of belonging UN and exclusion o To maintain peace after WW2 o Principles of sovereignty and Habermas & Public Sphere: non-intervention (Remind and o Habermas argued for an inclusive support but never the leader pf a and rational public sphere nation) o Media: Facilitates public o It includes the Security Council, discussion General Assembly, and Secretariat o Challenges: ▪ Limitations of state sovereignty ▪ Difficulty in addressing security issues ▪ Balancing the interests of individual states and promoting global cooperation o It is a symbol of global governance o Global Governance o Shapes the international order o Treaties, International Orgs, TNC World Regions o Colonized world: Ignored during the colonial era o Decolonization: After WW2 First World Countries: o NATO & Western Alliance Second World Countries: o Communist nations Third World Countries: o Countries that were not aligned with the UN during Cold War QUIZ 1: Globalization I. True or False: A if True; B if False be considered "core" countries? Answer: Developed countries in 1. Globalization is a recent phenomenon FALSE Europe and North America that began in the 21st century. 2. Cultural imperialism refers to the TRUE 4. Question: The theory that emphasizes the dominance of one culture over another. importance of class relations and conflict in 3. The World System Theory divides TRUE globalization is: countries into core, periphery, and semi- Answer: The developed countries of periphery. North America and Europe 4. The Network Society emphasizes the TRUE role of technology in globalization. 5. Question: The political impact of globalization 5. Liberalism prioritizes power and FALSE has included: sovereign states. Answer: 6. Constructivism focuses on the TRUE ▪ The decline of national importance of symbols and language. sovereignty 7. European colonialism was primarily TRUE ▪ The rise of international driven by economic motives. organizations 8. The United States became a global TRUE ▪ Increased political stability power during the 20th century. 9. Multinational corporations operate in a FALSE 6. Question: The term "linguistic imperialism" single country. refers to: 10. Globalization has had no significant FALSE Answer: The dominance of one impact on cultural identity. language over others 11. The "borderless world" concept TRUE suggests that national boundaries are 7. Question: Globalization has led to the decline irrelevant in the age of globalization. of matrilineal descent in many societies. This is 12. Globalization always leads to TRUE an example of: increased homogeneity. Answer: Cultural imperialism 13. The Theory of the Global System TRUE emphasizes the role of transnational 8. Question: What is the most globalized capitalist classes. language in history? 14. Feminism is concerned with the TRUE Answer: English subordination of women. 15. Eclecticism is the rejection of all FALSE 9. Question: The "poles of the global economy" theories. refer to: Answer: Different regions with varying levels of economic II. development 1. Question: Globalization is defined as: Answer: The interconnectedness of 10. Question: The "global South" is a term used to people and cultures refer to: Answer: The developing countries 2. Question: The concept of "cultural hybridization" refers to: 11. Question: The United States became a global Answer: The blending of different power primarily due to: cultures Answer: ▪ Military Strength 3. Question: According to World System Theory, ▪ Economic Dominance which of the following countries are most likely ▪ Cultural Influence to QUIZ 1: Globalization 12. Question: The term "religious pluralism" refers to: Answer: The coexistence of various religious beliefs 13. Question: The spread of Western biomedicine is a result of: Answer: Globalization 14. Question: Globalization has led to the increased interdependence of places. This means that: Answer: Places are becoming more interconnected and interdependent 15. Question: The term 'religious syncretism" refers to: Answer: The coexistence of different religious beliefs without blending 16. Question: The spread of new infectious diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, is primarily a result of: Answer: Globalization 17. Question: Which of the following is a negative consequence of linguistic imperialism? Answer: Loss of local languages QUIZ 2: Economic Trade I. True or False: A if True; B if False II. 1. The globalization of financial and capital FALSE 1. Question: Tariffs on imported goods can be markets is not considered a part of imposed for the following reason(s) economic globalization. Answer: Revenue & Protection of 2. Comparative advantage refers to a FALSE domestic companies country's ability to produce a good at a lower cost than other countries. 2. Question: Which of the following is not a major 3. The Internet and platforms like eBay are TRUE form of trade restriction? examples of the globalization of Answer: Regional trade blocks technology and communication. 4. Technological advancements and a FALSE 3. Question: What specify the maximum decline in trade liberalization are both key amounts of certain products to be imported drivers of globalization. during a given period of time? 5. Economic integration includes global TRUE Answer: Minimum agreements like NAFTA and bilateral agreements between two countries. 4. Question: The main reasons why nations 6. Economic globalization is primarily TRUE conduct international trade are because: about the historical process driven by Answer: Resources are not equally technological progress and human distributed among all trading nations innovation. 7. The movement of labor and technology TRUE 5. Question: The World Trade Organization across international borders is one of the (WTO): dimensions of economic globalization. Answer: Sets tariffs to protect 8. The core consists of nations that FALSE favored nations primarily export raw materials and agricultural goods to more developed 6. Question: For a nation to maximize its countries. productivity in the global economy, it requires: Answer: Imports & Exports 9. The modern world system is entirely a TRUE result of European imperialism and 7. Question: If the value of a nation's colonialism. merchandise exports exceeds its merchandise 10. Tariffs, quotas, and export subsidies TRUE imports, it has a: are forms of trade barriers that can affect Answer: Trade Surplus international trade. 11. The General Agreement on Tariffs and FALSE 8. Question: What is a principle closely Trade (GATT) was established after World associated with the concept of comparative War I to encourage free trade among advantage, where one country can produce member states. more output per unit of input than others? 12. Economic integration always leads to FALSE Answer: Specialization immediate long-term benefits for all countries involved. 9. Question: A lower tariff on imported iPhones 13. Silicon Valley is named for its historical TRUE would most likely benefit: A. Domestic role in the production of silicon-based consumers of iPhones electronics. Answer: Domestic consumers of 14. According to Wallerstein's World FALSE iPhones System Theory, the core nations are those with less economic influence and 10. Question: A free trade area refers to a group of technological advancement. states that: Answer: Have dropped barriers to trade among themselves QUIZ 2: Economic Trade 20. Question: Which organization succeeded the 11. Question: Which of the following is not an Generate Agreement on Tariffs and Trade example of a trading bloc? (GATT)? Answer: Organization of Petroleum Answer: World Trade Organization Exporting Countries 21. Question: Why is class consciousness 12. Question: Which of the following is NOT one of important in Marx/s view of industrialization? the benefits of open international trade? Answer: It fosters a common Answer: Increased government identification among workers against spending capitalist exploitation 13. Question: What is economic globalization? Answer: The increasing integration of 22. Question: What is a major benefit of economic economies through trade, services, integration? and capital movement Answer: It leads to more efficient resource allocation across countries 14. Question: What is the defining characteristic of a multinational corporation (MNC)? 23. Question: What is a characteristic of a Answer: They invest in multiple transactional corporation? countries and adapt products to local Answer: It distributes decision markets making to individuals’ foreign markets 15. Question: According to Wallerstein's World 24. Question: What happens when there is a System Theory, which type of country occupies “comparative advantage” in trade? the "core" position? Answer: A country produces goods Answer: Countries that produce with the lowest opportunity cost capital-intensive, technologically advanced goods 25. Question: What is the primary goal of WTO? Answer: To ensure fair trade practices 16. Question: Which sector does not play a role in and resolve trade disputes driving globalization? Answer: International war conflicts 26. Question: Why is specialization important in international trade? 17. Question: What is the largest global market in Answer: It allows countries to focus terms of turnover? on producing goods they are best at, Answer: The foreign exchange market improving economic outcomes 18. Question: Why did technological 27. Question: What is the concept of “trade advancements accelerate globalization? creation” in economic integration? Answer: They reduced transaction Answer: Creating new industries costs and improved connectivity within member countries 28. Question: Why do some countries impose 19. Question: Why is Silicon Valley significant in tariffs on imports? the context of globalization? Answer: To protect domestic Answer: It is the center of global industries from foreign competition electronics and tech industry 29. Question: Which is an example of regional trade agreement? Answer: North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) QUIZ 3: EXPANSION OF GLOBALIZATION & GLOBAL POLITICS 1. What is the fundamental unit of analysis in multilateralism, B. A return to a more bipolar international relations? world, C. The rise of regional powers) A. States 11. How does Asia Pacific/South Asia interact 2. The Treaty of Westphalia established the with globalization? principle of: C. It is both influenced by and influences A. Sovereignty globalization 3. The concept of a nation is primarily based 12. Which of the following is an example of an on: external factor that influenced the region in B. Shared culture and identity the post-colonial era? D. All of the choices 4. The Concert of Europe was an alliance of: (Choices: A. The Westphalian system, B. The B. Great Powers Asian Financial Crisis, C. The rise of isolationism) 5. Habermas argued for an inclusive and rational: 13. What is the historical role of Asia A. Public sphere Pacific/South Asia in globalization? B. A center of trade and innovation 6. What is the role of regional cooperation in addressing the challenges faced by the Asia 14. How has Asia Pacific/South Asia contributed Pacific/South Asia region? to global economic growth? D. All of the above A. Through its rapid economic (Choices: A. It can promote economic development and role as a major importer integration and development, B. It can help and exporter to resolve conflicts and maintain peace, C. It can address environmental and social 15. What is the concept of Asian values used to issues) justify in some countries? A. Authoritarianism 7. How has the rise of China and India impacted the global balance of power? 16. What is the main factor driving the rise of A. It has shifted the global center of Asia Pacific/South Asia as a global power? economic and political power C. Economic growth and strategic location 17. The rise of nationalism challenged the: 8. Which of the following is a major challenge A. Westphalian system, B. Concert of faced by international organizations? Europe A. Lack of resources, B. Limited authority 9. The concept of "globalization" refers to: D. The increasing interconnectedness of 18. Liberal internationalism emphasizes: the world C. Cooperation and democracy 10. The future of global politics is likely to be characterized by: D. All of the above (Choices: A. Increased cooperation and QUIZ 3: EXPANSION OF GLOBALIZATION & GLOBAL POLITICS 19. The United Nations was established to: 27. What was the main driver of economic C. Maintain peace and security growth in Asia Pacific/South Asia after World War II? A. Government policies and investment 20. Which of the following is not a major organ of the United Nations? D. European Union 28. Despite economic growth, what challenges persist in Asia Pacific/South Asia? A. Poverty and inequality 21. The concept of global governance refers to: B. The processes that shape the international order 29. Which international institutions played a role in promoting economic liberalization and growth in Asia Pacific/South Asia? D. All of the choices 22. The colonized world was largely ignored (Choices: A. The United Nations, B. The IMF during: and World Bank, C. The Asian Development A. The colonial era Bank) 23. The term "Third World" was used to refer to: 30. How did economic growth and the Asian C. Developing countries financial crisis contribute to the fall of authoritarian regimes in some Asian countries? B. By promoting economic liberalization 24. Which perspective on globalization focuses and democracy on how the region shapes global processes? B. Generative view 31. What is the enduring influence of the colonial legacy on Asia Pacific/South Asia? 25. How did Western colonialism affect the Asia A. It continues to shape the region's Pacific/South Asia region? political, economic, and social A. It shaped its political, economic, and development. social development. 32. Which of the following is a key factor in 26. Which of the following is an example of a understanding the complex relationship regional institution that could be considered between globalization and Asia an alternative to Western-dominated global Pacific/South Asia? governance? B. The diversity of cultures and languages C. The East Asia Economic Caucus