The Church - Tradition, Challenge, and Change 2022 PDF

CHURCH CHALLENGE & CHANGE  deepen understanding of the history and development of the Church by documenting a detailed overview of the Church’s history.  EARLY THE CONVERSION OF MONASTICISM CHRISTIANITY CONSTANTINE...

CHURCH CHALLENGE & CHANGE  deepen understanding of the history and development of the Church by documenting a detailed overview of the Church’s history.  EARLY THE CONVERSION OF MONASTICISM CHRISTIANITY CONSTANTINE I II III THE EAST/WEST MODERN THE REFORMATION SCHISM CHRISTIANITY IV V VI CONTENTS DETAILED OVERVIEW OF THE CHURCH’S HISTORY. Use the following links, to discern and outline the major events in the Church’s global history. Record your outlines in your exercise books. Minimum three sentences. Important Events in Church History: A selective chronological listing | Christian History Magazine (christianhistoryinstitute.org) Timeline of Christianity – Wikipedia Timeline of Christian History (christianityinview.com) Timeline of The Catholic Church in Australia – KWL Print & Digital Publications deepen understanding of the history and development of the Church by investigating how the Church has been shaped and changed by a range of social, cultural, political and religious factors  EARLY THE CONVERSION OF MONASTICISM CHRISTIANITY CONSTANTINE I II III THE EAST/WEST MODERN THE REFORMATION SCHISM CHRISTIANITY IV V VI CONTENTS  EARLY CHRISTIANITY 30CE – 70CE EARLY WORSHIP Hostile Jewish + Roman environment – Sadducees, Pharisees, Zealots, Paganism – Clash of Religious and cultural ideals Early Christians were Jewish followers of Christ Worship was carried out in privacy of homes Eucharistic meals were actual meals. Modeled from the Passover meal. People looked to the Apostles and those that knew Jesus for guidance. Communities formed- At their head- those that knew most about Jesus. A lot of rumors spread about Christianity, stories of them ‘Eating the flesh of their Lord’ saw people refer to them as cannibals. There was much suspicion and fear of the Followers of Christ. It was very much a maintenance of the Jewish customs and laws with the incorporation of Jesus’ teachings. EARLY FAMOUS FACES St Peter St James St Paul ST PETER ‘The Rock’ on which Christ would build his Church. Preached the Gospel to Gentiles and Jews. Established Church at Antioch- The first place the word ‘Christian’ was used. He was leader there for seven years before going to Rome and taking control of the Church there. While his death is uncertain, legend tells that he was persecuted under Nero. Legend also states that he opted to be crucified upside-down, considering himself unworthy of sharing the same death as Christ. c.67CE. THE CRUCIFIXION OF ST. PATER BY CARAVAGGIO ST JAMES: The inheritor of Jesus’ ministry in Jerusalem. Preached the Gospel to Jews. Upheld the Mosaic law Called the ‘Brother of Jesus’ Attended the Council of Jerusalem- arguing for the place of Jewish customs in Christian faith. Died by stoning at the hand of the Sanhedrin who declared him a breaker of the law approx. 62CE  ST. JAMES BEING LED TO MARTYRDOM GIOVANNI BATTISTA ST PAUL: Roman convert, after being struck blind on the way to Damascus, encountered Jesus through a spiritual revelation and preached the Gospel to Gentiles. Our earliest Christian writings come from Paul’s hand- in the form of epistles (letters) to the Christian communities he established in Rome, Corinth, Ephesus. Paul preached that traditional Jewish customs such as dietary laws and circumcision were not necessary to follow Christ. This created a rift between St. James and himself, as James preached the following of Christ and obedience to the Torah. Upon a visit to Jerusalem, Paul was attacked and arrested for attending the Temple. He was, while Roman, a practicing Jew. He appealed as a Roman citizen so was sent to Rome for trial, where his story ends. c.67CE. PAUL’S JOURNEYS  SAINT PAUL'S BEHEADING. PAINTING BY ENRIQUE SIMONET NERO Roman Emperor from 54CE -68CE. Looked at unfavorably by history as a tyrant. A revolt led to his suicide which ended his reign. One of the earliest persecutors of Christians. PERSECUTION Nero was well known for his contempt of Christians. He routinely had them hung, crucified, fed to lions in the Colosseum and burned alive. Sometimes, this was even to entertain his guests at parties. His hate for Christians saw him blame ‘The Great Fire’ in Rome in 64CE on them to sway public opinion. Legend has it that he started the fire himself in order to clear land for a new temple, the Domus Aurea, in his honor. PRESENT DAY Even today, a cross stands in the Colosseum in memorial of the Christians who died there in the name of their faith. THE COUNCIL OF JERUSALEM Occurred in the year c.49-50CE Was centered on whether to accept Gentile converts and the application of Jewish law to Gentiles. Can be found in Acts 15 - The only Church Council to be documented in the Scriptures. It was decided at this Council that Christians did not need to abide by Mosaic law in both adherence to the practice of Brit Milah (circumcision) or Jewish dietary laws (Kashrut) ACTIVITIES 1. Read ACTS 15: – Outline the events that occurred – Draw up a table, in the left column have the name of the person or group, in the right column, explain the arguments they were making. 2. After examining the early Church, justify why a ‘Council’ was required? 3. What impact did the Council of Jerusalem have on the Church? In your response consider the following: – Explain how this council changed the direction of the Church? – Discuss the immediate benefits/challenges did these changes have on the Church? – Examine how this council has affected the Church in the present day? – Evaluate the importance of this event for the development of the Church IMPACT OF THE COUNCIL OF JERUSALEM The council addressed the issues of the introduction of Gentile people into the faith and raised the question of the validity of Mosaic Law in light of the life of Jesus. By allowing Gentiles into the faith, Christianity expanded rapidly. Removing the practice of circumcision put a greater emphasis on Baptism and a rite of initiation. This council became the first of many councils that the Church would hold. It establishes a precedent for how important matters concerning the Church would be dealt with.  EARLY THE CONVERSION OF MONASTICISM CHRISTIANITY CONSTANTINE I II III THE EAST/WEST MODERN THE REFORMATION SCHISM CHRISTIANITY IV V VI CONTENTS  ROMAN CHRISTIANITY 70CE – 337CE CONSTANTINE Legend dictates that Constantine had a dream the night before a great battle and saw a Chi-Rho in the sky, with the words ‘Under this sign, you shall conquer’ next to it. (The Chi-Rho was and remains a central symbol of Christianity). Upon awaking, Constantine had all his men paint the symbol on their -‘The Battle of Milvian Bridge’ by Raphael shields before the battle.  CONVERSION Constantine won the battle - and converted the Roman Empire to Christianity. AN EMPIRE CONVERTED In 313CE Constantine released the Edict of Milan- which illustrated the requirement of religious tolerance towards Christians. Having taken over from Diocletian, (The previous emperor and a Christian persecutor) Constantine made a stand that Christianity was no longer an enemy of the empire. Persecutions immediately disintegrated. TASK Read the excerpt from the Edict of Milan. Stick it into your books. Highlight key points which were beneficial to the Christian community. Explain in your own words, and using evidence from the text, why this was such a significant event for the Church. When we, Constantine and Licinius, emperors, had an interview at Milan, and conferred together with respect to the good and security of the commonweal, …that it was proper that the Christians and all others should have liberty to follow that mode of religion which to each of them appeared best; so that that God, who The Edict of Milan is seated in heaven, might be benign and propitious to us, and to every one first and under our government. And therefore we judged it a salutary measure, and one highly foremostly granted consonant to right reason, that no man should be denied leave of attaching all peoples himself to the rites of the Christians, or to whatever other religion his mind religious freedom directed him, … And accordingly we give you to know that, without regard to any provisos in our former orders to you concerning the Christians, all who choose that within the Roman religion are to be permitted, freely and absolutely, to remain in it, and not to Empire be disturbed any ways, or molested. And we thought fit to be thus special in the things committed to your charge, that you might understand that the indulgence which we have granted in matters of religion to the Christians is ample and Also, this change unconditional; and perceive at the same time that the open and free exercise to legislation of their respective religions is granted to all others, as well as to the Christians. …Moreover, with respect to the Christians, we formerly gave ensured that certain orders concerning the places appropriated for their religious Christians could assemblies; but now we will that all persons who have purchased such places, own land – either from our exchequer or from any one else, do restore them to the allowing for public Christians, without money demanded or price claimed, and that this be places of worship, performed peremptorily and unambiguously; and we will also, that they who have obtained any right to such places by form of gift do forthwith restore them to the Christians: and over time, the reserving always to such persons, who have either purchased for a price, or gratuitously accumulation of acquired them, to make application to the judge of the district, if they look on themselves vast wealth. as entitled to any equivalent from our beneficence. THE COUNCIL OF NICEA 1. Investigate ‘Arianism’: – When did it develop and by whom was it led? – What did Arianism teach about Jesus? – How was this in contradiction to Church teaching at the time? 2. Investigate the Council of Nicea: – When was it called, and why was this council needed? – What did the council discuss? – What were the three main outcomes of the council? 3. Read the Nicene Creed and complete the following: – What does this tell you about the beliefs within Christianity before 325 CE? – Compare the Apostles’ Creed to the Nicene Creed. – What key Christian beliefs have developed over the centuries? – What impact has this creed had on the Church? ARIANISM By the fourth century Christian groups had two distinct understandings of how Jesus and God were connected. One of these, we see today in the form of a Trinitarian understanding of Jesus (One God, Three persons, Jesus as consubstantial). The other was known as Arianism and was, in short, a view of Jesus as coming from the Father and therefore subordinate ARIUS to him- not equal. c.250 - 336 COUNCIL OF NICEA In 325 CE, Constantine, taking a great interest in Christianity, wanted to formalise its teachings, so he called a council to take place in the city of Nicea. Headed by Constantine I – Its goal was to reach consensus amongst Christendom on belief and practice. It was called to address the nature of Jesus and the Trinity, the timing of Easter,The schism of small Christian Sects and Arianism (Believers that saw Jesus as being made by God- or the Trinity existing as separate entities). SIGNIFICANCE OF THE COUNCIL It was significant because for the first time, the outcome could be enforced by Constantine by decreeing it ‘law’. It was the first ‘Ecumenical Council’. While the Council of Jerusalem did precede it by 300 or so years- It was the first time that a ‘world-wide’ invitation and representation was reached. Christian representatives from all across Europe attended. ISSUES COVERED THE COUNCIL DISCUSSED THE RESULT The nature of the Trinity- That all three Arianism declared Heresy persons are co-eternal and of the same being. The Nicene Creed was established The humanity and divinity of Jesus Easter established as the first full moon What occurred after Jesus died- spiritually following the Vernal equinox. The relationship between the members of the Trinity. The Timing of Easter Set a precedence for Creed and Canons. What was to be done with those whose ideas about Jesus that were wrong. THE DEATH OF CONSTANTINE Constantine did not convert immediately. He waited until he lay dying before being Baptised. His intention was to cleanse himself of as many sins as possible. He died on the festival of Pentecost, following Easter, on 22 May 337CE, as a baptised Christian. AFTERMATH By Constantine’s death in 337CE, Christianity was the religion of the empire and stretched from Britain to the Middle East.  EARLY THE CONVERSION OF MONASTICISM CHRISTIANITY CONSTANTINE I II III THE EAST/WEST MODERN THE REFORMATION SCHISM CHRISTIANITY IV V VI CONTENTS  THE EAST/WEST SCHISM 1054 CE GLOSSARY Key Term Definition/Description Filioque is a Latin term added to the original Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed, and which has been the subject of great controversy between Eastern and Western Filioque Christianity. It is a term that refers to the Son, Jesus Christ, as an additional origin point of the Holy Spirit. Patriarch Michael Cerularius The Patriarch of Constantinople from 1043 to 1059 AD head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 12 February 1049 to Pope Leo IX his death in 1054 Pentrarchy a group of five countries or districts each under its own ruler or government. Icon a religious image or representation of an object, deity or sacred figure or event. In Eastern Christianity, an iconostasis is a wall of icons and religious paintings, Iconostasis separating the nave from the sanctuary in a church. THE CATHOLIC CHURCH POST 330CE From what you already know about early Christian life and people, see if you can locate the five centres of Christianity in the Roman Empire. The Church of the time had five heads. Not one. With the Pope at its head as the ‘Successor to St. Peter’, this ‘Pentrarchy’ led the entire Christian Faith. ACTIVITY What differences do you think you will CITY Language Art Culture Religious influences find between the 5 centers of Christianity? Create a table with columns of: Rome – Language, art, culture, and religious Constantinople influences. – Have the cities as your rows and use Antioch reliable sources (KWL and Understanding Faith) to see how much you can fill in. Jerusalem To what extent did these differences challenge the Church at this time? Alexandria SNAPSHOT: When: 1054CE Context: EAST-WEST SCHISM – 330CE Constantine declares a ‘New Rome’ in Constantinople. This begins the Byzantine Empire which outlived the Roman Empire. – The Council of Chalcedon 451CE officially divided the Christian world into five patriarchates (office): Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem. – Each office was led by a patriarch, and each office started to develop in their own culture, causing many differences particularly between East and West. – The Rise of Islam caused problems in the East, and soon Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem were absorbed into the growing Islamic Empire. DIFFERENCES The Church had spread over vast cultural, social and economic differences. From the previous activity you can surely gather that the five centres were very different places. At the very least were different in: Language Practice Customs Traditions This contributed to the Schism of 1054 in the following ways: 1054: THE FIRST STEPS TO SCHISM Pope Leo IX sent Emissary Cardinal Humbert to resolve a debate on doctrine. Patriarch of Constantinople, Michael Cerularius, refused to see him, keeping him waiting for months This resulted in Cardinal Humbert excommunicating Patriarch Cerularius. This resulted in Patriarch Cerularius excommunicating Cardinal Humbert! Fact? It is legend that Humbert could not speak Greek. Also, that Cerularius could not speak Latin! Imagine the argument! Fact! This excommunication was rescinded in 1965 as a step towards ecumenism. (Due to the death of Leo IX, Humbert could not legally excommunicate anyone.) DIVISION REASON #1 - AUTHORITY The Patriarchs of the East saw themselves on level footing with the Pope. However, in the West there was the belief that the Pope was of a higher authority than the other Patriarchs. He was after all, the heir to St Peter’s throne. Eastern thought was that he was ‘Primus Inter Pares’ "the first among equals." DIVISION REASON #2 - DOCTRINE Filioque This means ‘And from the son’, an addition to the Nicene Creed. Referring to the source of the Holy Spirit. The original Nicene Creed stated that the Spirit proceeds ‘From the Father’. Development in Western/Latin Christianity added ‘And from the son’ in accordance with the development of belief that from both, comes forth the Holy Spirit. Co-eternal and equal. Eastern/Greek Churches disagreed with this implementation, and it was perceived to be another sign of the Pope’s disregard for the East to change it without consulting them. DIVISION REASON #3 - PRACTICES The use of unleavened bread in liturgy in the West. The phasing out of married clergy in the West The role of Icons in practice/worship SNAPSHOT: Problems: – Disagreement over the doctrine of the EAST-WEST SCHISM Holy Trinity with regards to the procession of the Holy Spirit. Roman see affirmed that the Holy Spirit proceeded from the Father and the Son (filioque) and added this to the Nicene Creed without consulting the East. – Arguments over authority and supremacy of the Pope in Rome resulting the Patriach of Constantinople Michael Cerularius and Pope Leo IX mutually excommunicating each other. Solution: – The schism has never been healed. However, the Decree on Ecumenism Unitatis Redintegratio (1962-65) has helped to bridge the gap between East and West. TASK Find FOUR contemporary examples of Ecumenical Reconciliation between the Western and Eastern Churches and explain how these examples have helped to strengthen the relationship between West and East.  EARLY THE CONVERSION OF MONASTICISM CHRISTIANITY CONSTANTINE I II III THE EAST/WEST MODERN THE REFORMATION SCHISM CHRISTIANITY IV V VI CONTENTS  THE REFORMATION 1320 – 1582CE THE BLACK DEATH THE END OF THE WORLD? 1347 - 1351 PURGATORY? The concept of Purgatory is a response to the question: If I am a good person, but have still sinned, where do I go when I die? Purgatory is the place that is not heaven or hell, it is simply a place in between the two where prayers from others and good deeds in life can cleanse your soul until you are worthy to see God. This means that: In the 14th Century there was the black plague that could kill within days. People were unable to seek Reconciliation or Eucharist should they fall ill. Therefore, to catch the plague and die with sin on your soul was a very likely event. This terrified people!! INDULGENCES An action or a prayer or sacrifice that can take away all or part of your time in Purgatory for ones-self or another. It is given in return for something good that is done.  The Church was not able to keep control of what indulgences were being given for. This resulted in indulgences being given in return for money. ABUSE OF INDULGENCES People are paying to get into heaven. Church leadership essentially took advantage of peoples fear and anxiety at the time for their own personal gain, and the gain of the church as an institution. SNAPSHOT: When: 16th Century REFORMATION Context The horrors of the Black Death had people in Europe and beyond terrified that the end of days was coming. People believed that the plague was a punishment from God and became desperate to seek absolution to make sure they were ready for death. Problem The abuse of indulgences soon became a source of evil and corruption within the church. Pope Leo X granted an indulgence for the contributions towards the building of the new St Peter’s Basilica in Rome. SNAPSHOT: Solution Martin Luther circulated Ninety-five Theses REFORMATION which attacked papal abuses and corruption in the church. Luther taught that Salvation (eternal life) could be gained by Faith alone (Sole Fide). Luther believed that salvation is given through God’s grace, and that is cannot be earned by good works. Luther also taught that Scripture alone (Sola Scriptura) is authoritative, which removed the power from corrupt clergymen. Luther was successful in translating the Bible into the lexicon (common language) to make scripture accessible to common people. Luther encouraged other reformers such as Knox, Calvin and Zwingli SNAPSHOT: REFORMATION Objections: Indulgences. The veneration of the saints. The veneration of Mary. Faith and good works being necessary for salvation. Corruption of administration. INSPIRED? Martin Luther’s movement inspired many other groups and individuals to join his cause. Research the below people and explain how their actions contributed to the Reformation. Ulrich John John Zwingli Knox Calvin SNAPSHOT: When: 16th Century REFORMATION Context Initially, Henry VIII turned to theologians in both Oxford and Cambridge to provide arguments against Luther’s teachings, and to campaign against the Lutheran movement. This awarded Henry VIII with the title ‘Defender of the Faith’ However, Henry VIII’s personal life soon caused tension between the Head of the State and the Head of the Church in Rome. Henry, desperate for a male heir to the throne, sought an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon so he could marry Anne Boleyn. SNAPSHOT: Problem: Pope Clement VII refused to grant Henry REFORMATION VIII an annulment. Divorce was not an option. If Henry married Anne Boleyn anyway the marriage would not be recognised by the Church and any sons sired would be illegitimate. Solution: In 1534 the ‘Act of Supremecy’ was passed by English Parliament which proclaimed that the Head of the State was also the Head of the Church in England. To ensure that Rome did not interfere with his new status in the Church, Henry VIII dissolved majority of monasteries in England, taking the wealth and land for his own coffers to fund the war against France.  THE COUNTER- REFORMATION 1545 – 1563CE  SNAPSHOT: COUNCIL OF TRENT When: 1545 – 1563CE Context and Problem: The Reformation had damaged the Church as all of Scandanavia, the British Isles, much of Germany, Austria and France had broken with Rome. The Church also had an image problem which couldn’t be denied, an image of abuse and negligence. SNAPSHOT: COUNCIL OF TRENT Solution: Pope Paul III convened the Council of Trent which met over the course of 18 years to respond to the issues of the Reformation. The council sought to reform the clergy, to re-affirm doctrine, to reform the sacraments and to invest in better training for priests. During this time, many religious orders were founded, such as the Capuchins, the Ursulines and most importantly the Jesuits, to help with a Catholic renewal. SNAPSHOT: COUNCIL OF TRENT Results of the council: Formal doctrine put into place – Faith and Good works are required for salvation. – Balance of Scripture and Tradition as sources of authority affirmed Veneration of saints and Mary reaffirmed Indulgences re-affirmed, and abuses of indulgences stopped. Formal training and education of Laity, Priests and Bishops to minimise recurrence of corruption. Sacraments were reformed and meaning and rituals refined. KWL CH. 3.9 – 3.13 Read and summarise KWL 3.9 under the following sub-headings: – Clergy – Doctrine – Sacraments – Training As a result of the Council of Trent, the Church saw the rise of several groups that sought to rectify the Church’s stance, image and practice: – The Jesuits – St John of the Cross – St Teresa of Avila. Research the role of the above people/groups in the post-reformed world. THE CRUSADES AND PILGRIMAGE Students develop an understanding of the Church as a ‘Pilgrim Church’ by exploring how it has evolved throughout history by ‘responding to the signs of the times’. PILGRIMAGE TASKS In your exercise books, answer the following questions as they relate to your chosen pilgrimage: 1. Define the following terms: Describe the Pilgrimage – Pilgrimage Where do Christians journey to? – Crusade Why do they journey there? – Holy War What does the pilgrimage entail? E.g. rituals, prayers, practices? 2. Investigate ONE of the following Christian Pilgrimages: How might a journey to this location help a – World Youth Day pilgrim experience faith? – Jerusalem What makes this type of travel different to holidaymaking or sightseeing? – Rome – Santiago de Compostela – Lourdes 3. At the time of the First Crusade, iter (journey), and peregrinatio (pilgrimage) were used to – Turin describe the campaign. Evaluate the – Walsingham accuracy in the use of these terms to describe the Crusades.  EARLY THE CONVERSION OF MONASTICISM CHRISTIANITY CONSTANTINE I II III THE EAST/WEST MODERN THE REFORMATION SCHISM CHRISTIANITY IV V VI CONTENTS  MODERN CHRISTIANITY 1800CE - PRESENT VATICAN I 1868CE-1869CE IDEALS DEVELOPED OVER THE 19TH CENTURY Rationalism – ‘A belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response.’ Liberalism – ‘a political orientation that favours social progress by reform and by changing laws rather than by revolution.’ Materialism – ‘A tendency to consider material possessions and physical comfort as more important than spiritual values.’ CAUSES All of these factors contributed to a growing concern that society was losing its way in faith. Vatican I was called in response to the need to: 1. Clarify the Catholic Faith 2. Establish the authority of the Pope. VATICAN I Date Convoked: June 29th 1868 Date Commenced: DECEMBER 8th 1869 Pope: PIUS IX INFALLIBILITY The Vatican I Council released ‘Pastor aeternus’, a document concerning Papal infallibility: This document held in constitution: – That Jesus established Peter as the first Pope of the Church – That Jesus intended for Peter to be the first of many and that the power conferred on him would be passed down. – What it means to be the Pope and leader amongst Catholics – Papal infallibility INFALLIBILITY “(When the Pope) speaks ex cathedra, that is, when, in the exercise of his office as shepherd and teacher of all Christians, in virtue of his supreme apostolic authority, he defines a doctrine concerning faith or morals to be held by the whole Church, he possesses, by the divine assistance promised to him in blessed Peter, that infallibility which the divine Redeemer willed his Church to enjoy in defining doctrine concerning faith or morals" (Pastor aeternus chapter 4:9) SO, WHAT HAS BEEN STATED IN EX CATHEDRA SINCE VATICAN I? Ineffabilis Deus (Ineffable God): Papal Bull headed by Pope Pius IX upholding the immaculate conception. SO, WHAT HAS BEEN STATED IN EX CATHEDRA SINCE VATICAN I? Munificentissimus Deus (The most bountiful God): A Papal document headed by Pope Pius XII in ex cathedra upholding Mary’s assumption into heaven.  Mid way through the Council the Franco-Prussian war broke out. Without the defense of Napoleon III of France due to the German invasion, The Kingdom of Italy invaded Rome. Rome became part of the Kingdom of Italy, the Papal States ceased to exist. Pius IX suspended the Council. It has never re-convened  EARLY THE CONVERSION OF MONASTICISM CHRISTIANITY CONSTANTINE I II III THE EAST/WEST MODERN THE REFORMATION SCHISM CHRISTIANITY IV V VI CONTENTS  MODERN CHRISTIANITY 1962 - PRESENT VATICAN II 1962-1965 Context of the 20th Century  YOUTH CULTURE: POWER TO THE YOUNG HOLOCAUST: WORLD IMIGRATION HORROR ATOM BOMB: ARMS RACE COMMUNISM: ENTERTAINMENT: GLOBAL THREAT FILM AND TELEVISION GREATER ECONOMIC TECHNOLOGY: PROSPERITY: RADIO,TV, GAP WIDENED TELEPHONES The World After WWII VATICAN II Date Commenced: 11 October 1962 Date Concluded: 8 December 1965 Pope: Began by Bl. John XXIII. Concluded by Pope Paul VI. Who was invited? AGGIORNAMENTO Pope John XXIII had used the word ‘aggiornamento’ to describe the council’s intentions for the Church. This meant ‘Bringing up to date’. Following the challenges, horrors and wonders of the 20th Century the Church was faced with a variety of questions to answer… GOALS It was the task of the council to find ways in which the Church can present itself to the modern world in order to best proclaim the Catholic faith through: – Liturgy and the role of the laity – Morality and Integrity in the modern world – Ecumenism, i.e. relations with other Christians – The challenges presented to priests and bishops in light of modern psychology, medicine and technology. – The Church and youth – Missionary work in the Church DOCUMENTS Lumen Gentium or ‘Light of the Nations’: Dealt with the Church itself, its role in the world and of the roles of the ordained and laity. Also covered the belief in Mary’s ascension into heaven said in ex cathedra. Sacrosanctum Concilium, or ‘Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy’ Covered the changes to liturgy including more lay participation and instigating the community centered worship we see today. DOCUMENTS Dei Verbum or ‘Word of God’: Covered attitudes towards scriptural interpretation and analysis. Scripture and the study of which were to remain central to the lives of Catholics. Gaudium et Spes or ‘Joy and Hope’: Dealt with the roles of humankind in the modern world. The dignity of the human person and the role of social justice in the Church and the world. TASK – KWL 4.5 AND 4.6 1. Read the prayer of Blessed John XXIII (KWL 4.5) 2. Answer the Activity questions below the prayer (KWL 4.5) 3. Choose ONE of the topics that were covered by the Second Vatican Council and investigate the following: – Which Vatican II document offers the best guidance to the topic – How could this help to guide the Church today? 4. What do you think was the most important topic discussed at the Council and why?  EARLY THE CONVERSION OF MONASTICISM CHRISTIANITY CONSTANTINE I II III THE EAST/WEST MODERN THE REFORMATION SCHISM CHRISTIANITY IV V VI CONTENTS  MONASTIC CHRISTIANITY 385CE-547CE INQUIRY Using Chapter 5 of your KWL and other sources, investigate the history of Monasticism in Christianity. – What is Monasticism? – How did it develop? – Compare and contrast apostolic orders and monastic orders. – Compare and contrast eremitical and cenobitical forms of monasticism – Who was St Benedict and how has his life continued to influence present day monasticism? Record your findings in your exercise books. GLOSSARY KEY PEOPLE: KEY TERMS: MONASTICISM ST ANTHONY ASCETICISM OF EGYPT APOSTOLIC ORDERS ST PACHOMIUS MONASTIC ORDERS – EREMITICAL ST BENEDICT – CENOBITICAL HERMIT ABBA AMMA DIVINE OFFICE COUNTER CULTURAL  ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIANITY MONASTIC ROMAN CHRIST’S BIRTH, CHRISTIANITY Conversion of CHRISTIAN CHRISTIANITY MISSION, DEATH Ministries of Peter, Constantine IDENTITY St Benedict AND James and Paul Council of Nicea -Founding of the -Council of Ephesus RESURRECTION Benedictine Order -Council of Jerusalem -Nicene Creed -Nestorius (4BCE-30CE) -Growth in monastic -Apostle’s Creed -Christianity is the -The Nature of Jesus (circa.30CE-70CE) religion of the empire life (70CE-325CE)  CONTEXT Years following the death of Constantine, Theodosius I (379 - 395) became emperor of the Roman Empire. By this stage, the empire had politically broken into four factions. The empire was united no more. After Theodosius’ reign, the empire was officially divided into East and West and managed separately by his two sons.  CONTEXT Economic, cultural and military factors all played their part in dividing the two halves of the empire. Revolts and rebellions were common-place and the traditional system of government that had been in place for known memory had disintegrated. MONASTICISM Many Christians turned to monasticism during this time for a variety of reasons: Many thought that Christianity had become ‘trendy’ as opposed to spiritual. Many looked to the scriptures to realise that modern society at the time were not living as Christ did. Society distracted them from what was right and true. Political and social instability saw people looking to a simpler more devoted life. Power and its abuse was rampant, monasticism was a form of escape in pursuing God amongst the evil. MONASTICISM ETYMOLOGY Monasticism: From the Greek ‘monachos’, meaning ‘dwelling alone’. Asceticism: From the Greek ‘áskēsis’, meaning ‘training’. It is the practice of abstaining from particular elements of life in order to achieve religious goals. COMPARISON APOSTOLIC MONASTIC ORDERS APOSTOLIC ORDERS: MONASTIC ORDERS: Sisters and Brothers who dedicate their Nuns and Monks who are part of lives to God in vocations throughout Monastic Orders are bound to their society. monastery where they achieve a balance They work in education, medicine and of work and prayer. social welfare. They live in isolation outside of society Consider: What examples for each can you suggest? How are the goals and practices in Apostolic Orders different to Monastic Orders? COMPARISON APOSTOLIC MONASTIC Dominican Sisters Benedictine Monks (WA) (Santa Sabina College) Benedictine Nuns (Jamberoo) Christian Brothers Carmelite Nuns (Victoria) (St Patrick’s College, Strathfield. St Pius X, Chatswood. All EREA schools) Ursuline Sisters (St Ursula’s College) Sisters of Mercy (Chatswood- Mercy College) Marist Brothers (Eastwood, North Sydney) Josephite Sisters (Community aid- Sydney) FORMS OF MONASTICISM EREMITICAL: CENOBITICAL: Living alone in prayer and fasting for Monks who live in communities of monks, religious or spiritual purposes. but in isolation from the world. EREMITICAL PRAYER Begun by St Anthony of Egypt (250-356CE) MANUAL FASTING He lived as a hermit WORK It was a form of lay devotion- no vows or rituals. Simple, isolated living in contemplation of God. The men and women who followed his way of living were called Abba and Amma. Life revolved around five central SCRIPTURE tasks. MEDITATION READING CENOBITICAL Monks live a communal lifestyle with an established elder who established rules and maintained order. Pachomius (385-346) was the first to establish a community of such in Egypt. Its popularity saw an establishment of many more. He created a system for these institutions in an attempt to reach the common goal of a life devoted to the contemplation and will of God. PACHOMIUS’ RULES OF MONASTIC LIFE Communal Celibacy Poverty Obedience Sharing Eucharist Working Being Self Simple Jobs Sustaining ACTIVITY 1. You are organising a travel tour for you and your friends. The trip requires you all to live under the one roof for a month. As trip organiser, explain: – The goal of the trip and how you plan to achieve this goal E.g. To travel together to see interesting places and learn about the world – Develop a list of 10 rules that will be essential in maintaining social cohesion while you and up to 25 other teenagers are living and travelling together. – Explain why a goal and rules are necessary for success in group situations. What benefits do they provide? 2. Explain what you think the reasons would be for entering Monastic Life. 3. Explain why each of the ‘rules’ on the previous page would have been considered essential by Pachomius in creating a Monastic way of life. ST BENEDICT (480CE - 547CE) Founded the Benedictine Order, the most influential of its kind. Each monastery was: – Self contained – Self supporting – Independent – Led by a superior called an Abbot or Abbess who was selected by the community THE BENEDICTINE ORDER The Benedictine way, like all monasteries emphasised the importance of a balance between work and prayer in God’s service. MONASTIC LIFE LIFE WAS LED IN GOD’S SERVICE VOWS WERE TAKEN, OF: THROUGH: Chastity Poverty Obedienc Prayer Work Study e PRAYER There are three different types of prayer in Monasticism, all of which you can try yourself! Sung or Spoken: Included in the Eucharist or Divine Office (chanted). Mass is celebrated daily in a Benedictine Abbey. Liturgy of the Hours are prayed seven times a day. Meditation: Silent prayer with a focal point, this could be a piece of scripture, hymn or idea. Contemplation: A state of openness towards God. It is about being focused to the point of stillness. Inspired by Psalm 46:10: “Be still and know that I am your God”. Monastic Silence was also encouraged, to this day Benedictine nuns and monks practice silence to better understand and communicate with God. MONASTICISM’S IMPACT Preserved ancient writings that otherwise would have disappeared during the disintegration of the Roman empire. Studied these manuscripts so had inherent wisdom of what they contained. Bridged the ancient and contemporary world Were beacons of hope for the struggles of humanity. Provided counter-cultural inspiration throughout history. Nuns and Monks are sometimes referred to as ‘Bloodless Martyrs’ because of the sacrifice of their lives to Jesus through prayer and good works. ACTIVITY Use your textbook to answer the following questions: 1. Create a definition list of all the roles that you will find in a monastery (pp.91-93) – Select one role from this list and research it for homework. – Use your research to write a 20-line journal entry from the point of view of one of these roles. Don’t forget to incorporate what you have already learned about the goals, structure and purpose of monastic life! ACTIVITY Use your textbook to complete the following activities: 1. Create a separate definition list of all the different rooms you will find in a Cenobitical Monastery. (pp 84-90) 2. Use this list to design the floor plan of your own monastery (Use page 87 to help you) 3. Explain your floor plan in 10 lines, ensuring you explain how the design and layout of your monastery would assist the monks/nuns in better meeting their tasks and serving God.