C.L. 10 Past Paper PDF

C.L. 10 LESSON 1 : Origin of the Church 5 Roles of the Apostles : - Witnesses to Jesus Resurrection - Spreading the Gospel - Establishing Doctrines & Practices - Writing Scriptures - Apostolic Succession WITNESSES TO JESUS RESURRECTION -- the Apostles were eyewitnesses to Jesus res...

C.L. 10 LESSON 1 : Origin of the Church 5 Roles of the Apostles : - Witnesses to Jesus Resurrection - Spreading the Gospel - Establishing Doctrines & Practices - Writing Scriptures - Apostolic Succession WITNESSES TO JESUS RESURRECTION -- the Apostles were eyewitnesses to Jesus resurrection, which became the cornerstone of Christian Preaching. They were tasked by Jesus to spread the "Good News" to all nations. SPREADING THE GOSPEL -- the Apostles travelled extensively to preach about Jesus, Peter & Thomas are said to have gone as far to India. ESTABLISHING DOCTRINES & PRACTICES -- the Apostles were central in formulating early Christian doctrines & practices. They helped clarify Jesus teachings, this was important in uniting early Christians around shared blessings. WRITING SCRIPTURES -- These texts helped codify the teachings of Jesus for future generations. APOSTOLIC SUCCESSION -- the ministry of the Apostles established a model for church governance & teaching, which has been preserved through apostolic succession. Contributions of Early Christian Roles : - Preservation of Apostolic Teaching - Living the Faith - Role of the Holy Spirit PRESERVATION OF APOSTOLIC TEACHING -- the early Christian communities were dedicated to the Apostles teachings, fellowship, breaking of bread, & prayers. LIVING THE FAITH -- these communities actively lived out the teachings of Christ, embodying the principles of love, charity, & service. ROLE OF THE HOLY SPIRIT -- the Holy Spirit played a vital role in guiding the Apostles & early Christians, empowering them to preach & perform miracles. LESSON 2 : The Church, it's Structure, & Mission POPE -- the highest authority in the church, recognized as the supreme pastor & teacher. POPE FRANCIS --- JORGE MARIO BERGOGLIO -- was elected pope in 2013. He was born in Buenos Aires Dec / 17 / 1936. He has brought many lectors to the church & a reputation for humility. - His significant achievements include the papal encyclical Laudato si' ( "Praise Be to You" ) 2015. CARDINAL -- are senior church officials appointed by the Pope. - They serve as advisors & are often bishops of important dioceses. - Have the responsibility of electing a new pope when the need arises.  CARDINAL Luis Antonio Tagle ARCHBISHOP -- he oversee multiple dioceses within a province. They remain subordinate to the authority of the Pope. ARCH. John Forsuelo Du D.D. --- archbishop of Palo. BISHOP -- responsible for teaching the faith, celebrating the sacraments, & guiding their congregations. - Are seen as pastor of their communities. BISHOP Rex Ramirez --- Bishop of Naval. PRIESTS -- serve under the authority of bishop & are responsible for the pastoral & care for the local parishes. - Co-workers with bishops. - Celebrating the Eucharist & administering the sacraments. DEACONS -- are the one who assist the bishop & priest in their ministry. LESSON 3 : Enduring the Mission of the Church SACRAMENTS WORSHIP ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Serve as a vital channels of grace. Embodies the church's response to God's love & salvific action. Are described as "efficacious signs of grace" instituted by Christ, through which divine life is dispensed to the faithful. Celebrated through the power of the Holy Spirit. Celebration of the sacraments, is a communal act that involves the entire assembly of the people of God. SACRAMENTS & WORSHIP -- they empower the church to fulfill its mission of evangelization. CATECHISM OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH -- emphasizes that the sacraments sanctify individuals, build up the Body of Christ, & give worship to God. HOLY SPIRIT -- acts as the invisible dispenser of grace, making the sacramental signs effective in the lives of the faithful. CHURCH LITURGICAL LIFE -- source of strength & inspiration for it's mission to bring the Gospel of all nations. LESSON 4 : The Church as the People of God LAY PEOPLE -- defined by the Catholic church, encompass all the faithful who are not in Holy Orders or belong to a religious state approved by the church. THE SECOND VATICAN COUNCIL -- the council that emphasizes that lay people are called to seek the Kingdom of God. Lay Ministries : - Youth Ministry - Altar Servers - Choir / Chorale - Lectors - Psalmist - Gift Ministry / Collectors LESSON 5 : The Church as a Sacrament of Salvation SALVATION -- refers to being saved from sin & it's consequences, & being united with God for eternity. CHURCH AS A SACRAMENT -- is seen as a visible institution that carries out the mission of Christ on earth. LESSON 6 : The Church & the Blessed Trinity FATHER -- source & origin of all life. - Who begets the son & from whom the holy spirit proceeds. - The fathers role is foundational, as he reveals himself through the gift of the son & pours fourth of the holy spirit, illuminating the divine self gift to humanity. SON -- Jesus Christ is eternally begotten of the Father. - The son's mission is to reveal the Father fully, embodying divine love & grace. HOLY SPIRIT -- personal expression of love & communion within the Trinity. LESSON 7 : Vocation VOCATION -- a life calling of each person. - VOCARE -- latin word which means call. 3 Vocations : MARRIED LIFE -- to be blessed with a partner in life, to build a family. SINGLE BLESSEDNESS -- the vocation to the single life may be lived out either from choice or from the circumstance. ORDAINED / RELIGIOUS LIFE -- involves being formally consecrated or set apart for a specific religious role, such as a priest or a nun. LESSON 8 : The Great Teachers of the Church - Often referred to as the "Doctors of the Church." ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO - Bishop of Hippo ( Now Annaba, Algeria ). - Patron saint of brewers, printers, theologians & a number of cities & dioceses. - Passed away at the age of 75. CONFESSIONS -- remains a profound exploration of human frailty. THE CITY OF GOD -- build on the love of God. THE CITY OF MAN -- rooted in the love of self. ST. AMBROSE - Bishop of Milan. - Patronage of bees & beekeepers. - Died at the age of 57. OMNIA CHRISTUS EST NOBIS -- famous exhortation. ST. JEROME - Patron saint of translators, librarians, & encyclopedists. - Translation of bible into Latin. ST. GREGORY THE GREAT - Patron saint of musicians & singers. - Development of "Gregorian Chant." ST. THOMAS AQUINAS - Patron saint of universities & scholars. - Died at the age of 49. LESSON 9 : Four Marks of the Church ----- ------ ---------- ----------- ONE HOLY CATHOLIC APOSTOLIC ----- ------ ---------- ----------- ONE -- the church is one because it is united in faith, worship, & governance. - United in charity. - One in the Apostolic Succession. HOLY -- the church is considered as holy because it is the work of the blessed Trinity & is made by the grace of Christ. - Was made to continue the works of Jesus. CATHOLIC -- the term "catholic" signifies that the church is universal encompassing all people. - The church calls to all. - The church has it all. APOSTOLIC -- the church is apostolic because it is built on the foundation of the apostles. - Continues to be led by the apostles through their successors. LESSON 10 : Mary as the Mother of God MARY -- Mary is traditionally believed to have been born in Nazareth, a small town in Galilee, likely to a devout Jewish family. - Recognized as the Mother of God. - Considered as the Theotokos or "God-bearer" in Orthodox tradition and "Mother of God" in Catholic teaching. I AM THE LORD'S SERVANT. MAY YOUR WORD TO ME BE FULFILLED -- Mary's famous response where she gracefully accepted the responsibility with grace. GABRIEL -- the angel who appeared to announce that Mary would conceived & bear a son, Jesus, through the holy spirit. JOSEPH -- betrothed husband. LESSON 11 : The Marian Dogmas DOGMA -- refers to a truth related to faith or morals that has been revealed by God. - Serve as guiding lights along the path of faith, illuminating and securing the spiritual life of believers. THE MARIAN DOGMAS -- emphasize Mary's unique role as the mother of Jesus and her special place in Christian theology. MOTHER OF GOD ( THEOTOKOS ) -- this dogma states that Mary is the Theotokos, a Greek term meaning "God-bearer" or "Mother of God." - SIGNIFICANCE -- this dogma emphasizes Jesus' divinity and Mary's role in salvation history. PERPETUAL VIRGINITY -- this dogma asserts that Mary was a virgin before, during, and after the birth of Jesus. - SIGNIFICANCE -- this belief emphasizes Mary's complete dedication and consecration to God. IMMACULATE CONCEPTION -- this dogma teaches that Mary was conceived without original sin, meaning she was preserved from sin from the moment of her conception. ASSUMPTION -- the Assumption of Mary refers to the belief that Mary was taken up body and soul into heaven at the end of her earthly life. - SIGNIFICANCE -- this dogma underscores Mary's holiness and her intimate union with her son, Jesus. FILIPINO 10 ARALIN 1 : Pokus ng Pandiwa POKUS -- ang tawag sa relasyong pansemantika ng pandiwa o salitang kilos sa simuno o paksa ng pangungusap. POKUS SA TAGAGANAP / AKTOR ( SINO? ) -- pokus ng pandiwa kung ang paksa o simuno ng pangungusap ang tagaganap ng kilos. [Maghaharana] mamayang gabi kay Zuchien si [Rolexander]. - Maghaharana --- kilos / pandiwa. - Rolexander --- paksa & gumagawa ng kilos. BENEPAKTIBONG POKUS O POKUS SA PINAGLALAANAN / TAGATANGAP ( PARA KANINO? ) -- ang simuno o paksa ang tumatangap sa kilos ng pandiwa sa pangungusap. [Binigyan] ng handog ng kagandahan mula sa diyosang Nicole Irish si [Elizabeth]. - Binigyan --- kilos / pandiwa. - Elizabeth --- paksa & tumangap ng kilos. LOKATIBONG POKUS / POKUS SA KAGANAPAN ( SAAN? ) -- pokus ng pandiwa kung saan ang paksa o simuno ay ganapan ng kilos sa pangungusap. [Pinuntahan] ni [Ginoong Sanchez] ang [tahanan ng kanyang mga estudyante.] - Pinuntahan --- kilos / pandiwa. - Ginoong Sanchez --- paksa. - Tahanan ng kanyang mga estudyante --- ganapan / ganap ng kilos. INSTRUMENTONG POKUS / POKUS SA KAGAMITAN ( SA PAMAMAGITAN NG ANO? ) -- pokus ng pandiwa kung ang paksa o simuno ay ang kagamitang ginamit sa pagsasagawa ng isang kilos. [Ipinahid ni Varron sa mga lumuluhang mata ni Scarleit] ang kanyang [Van Heusen na panyo.] - Ipinahid --- kilos / pandiwa. - Varron --- paksa. - Van Heusen na panyo --- kagamitan. - Ipinahid ni Varron sa mga lumuluhang mata ni Scarleit --- gamit / ginagamit. POKUS SA GOL / LAYON ( ANO? ) -- pokus ng pandiwa kung ang layon ay siyang paksa o binibigyang-diin sa pangungusap. Ang [pera] ko ay parang pasensya ko na [inubos] mo, kaunting-kaunti na lang. - Inubos --- kilos / pandiwa. - Pera --- paksa. KOSATIBONG POKUS / POKUS SA SANHI -- pokus ng pandiwa kung ang paksa o simuno ay sanhi ng kilos ng pandiwa. [Ang pagkamatay ng aso ni Keith ang pagbunsod sa kanya na magluksa], hindi dahil sa wala na ito sa kanyang piling ngunit ito ang naging sandigan niya sa oras ng kanyang pag-iisa. - Pagkamatay ng aso ni Keith --- paksa. - Nagbunsod --- kilos / pandiwa. - Ang pagkamatay ng aso ni Keith ang nagbunsod sa kanya na magluksa --- sanhi. DIREKSYUNAL / POKUS SA DIREKSIYON ( TUNGO SAAN O KANINO? ) -- pokus ng pandiwa kung saan ang paksa o simuno ay ang direksiyon o tutuguhin ang kilos. [Pinuntahan] ni [Chase] ang [hospital] kung saan na-confine ang kanyang asawang si Mary Grace. - Chase --- paksa. - Pinuntahan --- kilos / pandiwa. - Hospital --- tutunguhin ang kilos. ARALIN 2 : Dulang Pantanghalan Ang DULA ayon kay ARISTOTLE ay : - Isang sining ng panggagaya o pag-iimita sa kalikasan ng buhay. - Ipinapakita nito ang realidad sa buhay ng tao gayundin ang kanyang mga iniisip, ikinikilos, & isinasaad. - Isinusulat & itinatanghal upaang magsilbing salamin sa buhay na naglalayong makaaliw, makapagturo o makapagbigay ng mensahe. DULA -- isang sining na nagpapaabot sa mga manood o mambabasa ng damdamin & kaisipang nais nitong iparating gamit ang masining na pagsasatao ng mga karakter ng dulang pantanghalan. - KOMEDYA - TRAHEDYA - MELODRAMA - TRAGIKOMEDYA - SAYNETE - PARSE - PARODYA - PROBERBYO KOMEDYA ( COMEDY ) -- katawa-tawa, magaan ang mga paksa, & ang mga tauhan ay laging nagtataagumpay sa wakas. TRAHEDYA ( TRAGEDY ) -- mabigat o nakasasama ng loob, nakaiiyak, nakalulunos ang mga tauhang karaniwang nasasadlak sa kakmalasan, mabibigat na suliranin, kabiguan, kawalan & maging sa kamatayan. Ito'y karaniwang nagwawakas ng malungkot. MELODRAMA -- ito'y sadyang namimiga ng luha sa manonood na para bang wala nang masayang bahagi sa buhay kundi pawang problema & kaawa-awang kalagayahan na lamang ang nangyayari sa araw-araw. Ito ay karaniwang mapapanuod sa mga de-seryeng palabas sa telebisyon. TRAGIKOMEDYA -- magkakahalo ang katatawanan & kasawian. SAYNETE -- panlibangan ng mga huling taon ng pananakop ng mga espanyol. Ito ay tungkol sa paglalahad ng kaugalian ng isang lahi ng tao. Karaniwang nagtatampok ng mga karaniwang tao & mga pang-araw-araw na sitwaston, madalas na may katatawanan & pagbibiro. - La India Elegante y Negrito Amante --- ni Francisco Baltazar ( The Elegant Black Woman ). PARSE -- dulang puro katatawanan & halos walang saysay nan kwento. Ang mga aksiyon ay slapstick na walang ibang ginawa kundi magpaluan, maghampasan, & magbitiw ng kabalbalan. Karaniwang mapapanood sa comedy bar. PARODYA ( PARODY ) -- dulang mapanudyo, ginagaya ang mga kakatwang kilos, pagsasalita, & pag-uugali ng tao bilang isang anyo ng komentaryo o pamumuna o kaya'y pambabatikos na katawa-tawa ngunit may tama sa damdamin & pagkatao ng kinauukulan. PROBERBYO -- dulang may pamagat na hango sa mga bukambibig naa salawikain. Mga Elemento ng Dula : - Simula - Gitna - Wakas SIMULA -- makikita ang mga tauhan & tagpuan. GITNA -- makikita ang banghay ( iskrip ) & saglit na kasiglahan o kasukdulan. WAKAS -- makikita ang kakalasan & wakas. ASPEKTONG TEKNIKAL -- epektong pantunog, pag-iilaw / lightings, & costume / kasuotan. DULA-SINING -- ang balangkas ay pinag-aaralan, & hindi basta bastang isinusulat. BALANGKAS -- malinaw na nahahati sa yugto, tanghal-eksena, & tagpo. YUGTO -- binubuo ng ilang EKSENA. - Ito ay kabanata sa nobela. - Malalaking hati ng dula. - Pagkakataon upang paghandaan ang susunod na mga yugto. EKSENA -- binubuo ng TAGPO. - Maaaring magbadya ng pagbabago ng tagpuan ayon sa kung saan gaganapin ang pangyayari. TAGPO -- palabas-pasok ng mga tauhang gumanap o gaganap ng eksena. ARALIN 3 : Tula TULA -- isang uri ng akdang pampanitikan na naglalarawan ng buhay hinango sa guni-guni, pinararating sa ating damdamin & ipinahahayag sa pananalitang kariktan. Ayon kay JULIAN CRUZ BALMACEDA - Ang tula ay isang kaisipan na naglalarawan ng kagandahan & kariktan. Ayon kay INIGO ED REGALADO - Ang tula ay kagandahan, diwa, katas, larawan & kabuuang tonong kariktang makikita sa silong ng alinmang langit. Mga Elemento : SUKAT -- bilang ng pantig ng taludtod na bumubuo sa isang saknong. - PANTIG -- bahagi ng salita na binubuo ng isa o higit pang mga tunog ng patnig. - PAGPAPANTIG -- paraan ng pagbabati & pagbibilang. - MGA URI : wawaluhin, lalabindalawahin, lalabing-animin, & lalabing-waluhin. SAKNONG -- isang grupo sa loob ng isang tula. - COUPLET -- 2 taludtod - TERCET -- 3 taludtod - QUATRAIN -- 4 taludtod - QUINTET -- 5 taludtod - SESTET -- 6 taludtod - SEPTET -- 7 taludtod - OCTAVE -- 8 taludtod ARALIN 4 : Matalinghagang Salita MATATALINHAGANG SALITA -- mga pahayag na di tuwiran o di literal ang kahulugan na mayroong mas malalim na kahulugan. 2 Uri ng Matatalinhagang Salita : - Idyoma - Tayutay IDYOMA -- pahayag na karaniwang hango sa karanasan ng tao. - Balat Sibuyas = Maramdamin - Butot Balat = Payat TAYUTAY ( FIGURE OF SPEECH ) -- isang pampanitikang paraan ng pagpapahayag ng ginagamitan ng mga salitang labas sa patitik na kahulugan. Mga Uri ng Tayutay : PAGTUTULAD / SIMILE -- isang uri ng paghahambing ng dalawang bagay na ginagamitan ng mga salitang panulad. - Ako ay parang bahaghari. PAGWAWANGIS / METAPHOR -- paghahambing ng dalawang bagay na pinagtutulad ay ipinapalagay nang iisa o nagkakaisa & ipinapahag ito sa pamamagitan ng panggalan, tawag, katangian, at iba pa. - Si Nicole ay isang anghel. PAGBIBIGAY-KATAUHAN / PERSONIFICATION -- pagbibigay katangian. - Sumasayaw ang alon sa karagatan. PAGMAMALABIS / HYPERBOLE -- masidhing kalabisan o kakulangan. - Abot langit ang pagmamahal ko sa kanya. PAGHIHIMIG / ONOMATOPOEIA -- paggamit ng mha salitang tunog o himig. - Ang twit-twit ng ibon ay kaysarap sa tenga. PAGPAPALIT-TAWAG / METONYM -- paggamit ng ibang katawagan. - Sila ang aking ikalawang tahanan. PAGTAWAG / APOSTROPHE -- panawagan sa isang bagay na tila ito ay isang tao. - Pag-asa, nasaan ka na? PAGPAPALIT-SAKLAW / SYNECDOCHE -- pagbabanggit sa bahagi ng isang bagay o ideya bilang pagtukoy sa kabuuan. - Hingiin mo ang kanyang kamay. PAG-UYAM / IRONY -- nagpapahayag ng kabaligtaran ng inaasahan o katotohanan. - Maganda siya pag nakatalikod. ARALIN 5 : Sanaysay SANAYSAY -- isang uri ng akdang pampanitikan na naglalaman ng mga opinyon, pananaw, o saloobin ng may-akda tungkol sa isang partikular na paksa. Mahahalagang Elemento ng isang Sanaysay : - Unity ( Pagkakaisa ) - Coherence ( Pagkakaugnay-ugnay ) - Emphasis ( Pagbibigay-diin ) Bahagi ng Sanaysay : - Introduksiyon ( Introduction ) - Katawan ( Body ) - Wakas / Konklusyon ( Conclusion ) Dalawang Uri ng Sanaysay : - Pormal na Sanaysay - Pamilyar / Personal na Sanaysay PORMAL PAMILYAR / PERSONAL ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ Ikatlong panauhan Una & ikalawang panauhan Mapitagan (Respectful) Magbigay impormasyon & nakaaaliw Pinag-aralan, makahulugan, matalinghaga, & matayutay. Karanasan ng mga isyung bukod sa personalidad ng mga akda. Seryoso, panintelektual, walang pagbibiro. Palakaibigan / pamilyar Objective Subjective MAPEH 10 MUSIC LESSON 1 : African Music AFRICAN MUSIC -- is as diverse as it's people & cultural traditions. It plays a vital role in the lives of Africans, giving them an opportunity to interact socially & share their lives in the community. Features of the Traditional African Music : YODELLING -- a vocal technique characterized by a quick change from a normal chest voice to falsetto. USE OF DIFFERENT SOUNDS -- they may hum, shout, or whisper. CALL & RESPONSE -- known as the leader-chorus style. PARTICIPATIVE MUSIC-MAKING -- has active participants & they do not just listen; they also perform. OTHER FORMS OF EXPRESSION -- accompanied by other forms of expression such as props, crafts, costumes, drama, sculpture, & most especially, dancing. Purpose of African Music : - To offer something to their gods - To educate their young - To provide entertainment - To cure the sick - To lighten the load of hard work Musical Elements : RHYTHM -- various rhythmic patterns are heard simultaneously & repeated over & over. POLYRHYTHM -- use of two or more independent & contrasting rhythms simultaneously, resulting in the layering of metric rhythmic patterns. TIMBRE -- produce range from a whisper to the animal sounds they imitate. TEXTURE -- African music is either homophonic or polyphonic. Musical Genres with African Influence : BLUES -- a musical form that started from the African-American people. SPIRITUALS -- refers to a religious folk song that existed outside an established church. SOUL -- used to emphasize the emotionality of the music, as well as its black gospel music tradition. MARACATÚ -- gathering of African people characterized by intensely emotional uproars. LESSON 2 : Latin-American Music LATIN-AMERICAN MUSIC -- a highly syncretic & a fusion of different music cultures from Spanish, Portuguese, & French. Official Languages of Latin America : - Spanish - Portuguese - French Musical Styles of Latin-American Music : CUMBIA -- a dance-oriented musical style as a courtship dance. PASODOBLE -- means "double step", a couple dance traditionally resembles the man as the bullfighter & the woman is the red cloth he holds to tease the bull. TANGO -- originated in the lower-class districts of Buenos Aires, Argentina. CHA-CHA-CHA -- Cuban origin, derived from the sound of the scraper & the rhythm of the shuffling feet of the dancers. BOSSA NOVA -- means "new trend", something performed in a natural, skillful way. REGGAE -- a rhythm with a heavy emphasis on beats two & four in a 4/4 time signature. - SKA -- a musical genre elements from Caribbean mento, calypso, American jazz, & rhythm & blues. - ROCKSTEADY -- a Jamaican musical genre developed after ska. SAMBA -- characterized by lively, rhythmical movement in 2/4 time. RUMBA -- a sensual ballroom dance & a group of dances associated with the Afro-Cuban music. LESSON 3 : Jazz Music JAZZ -- a musical style involving lively syncopated rhythms & improvisation. Influences of the Three Cultures : - West African Influences - American Influences - European Influences Distinctive Features of Jazz : INSTRUMENTS -- either be performed by a small group ( combo ) or big band. SMALL GROUP ( COMBO ) -- three 3 to eight 8 musicians or by a big band. BIG BAND -- also called jazz band, is composed of three 3 groups. - WOODWINDS -- flute, soprano saxophone, one 1 to three 3 also saxophones, one 1 to three 3 tenor saxophones, & one 1 or two 2 baritone saxophones. - BRASS -- three 3 to five 5 trombones & three 3 to five 5 trumpets. - RHYTHM SECTION ( BACKBONE OF THE JAZZ ENSEMBLE ) -- guitar or banjo, piano, plucked double bass, drums, congas, & tambourine. IMPROVISATION -- making music spontaneously. Take place of a call & response. RHYTHM -- has other distinctive features. - SYNCOPATION -- displacement of accented beats. - RHYTHMIC SWING -- a manner of performing jazz music. MELODY -- composers use the two kinds of scale, the blues scale & the bebop scale. - BLUES SCALE -- it does not have a second or sixth degree. - BEBOP SCALE -- it is a scale of nine notes. Origins of Jazz : POPULAR SONGS -- has syncopated melodies with a highly pulsating accompaniment. BLUES -- allows a singer to sing scoops, groans, & bent notes. RAGTIME -- a popular music for solo piano. - RAGS -- ragtime pieces & they are not improvised. - AABBACCDD -- standard form of "Maple Leaf Rag" by Scott Joplin. BANDS -- are brass bands & the wind bands of the nineteenth century provided opportunities for musicians to be trained. DIXIELAND JAZZ -- also called "New Orleans Style / Hot Jazz" instrumental music. - LOUIS ARMSTRONG -- one of the musicians who migrated from New Orleans to Chicago. SWING -- performed by big bands with fifteen musicians. - SWEET SWING -- a type of jazz that is for dancing, entertainment, & easy listening. - HOT SWING -- also known as "big band jazz." A more skillful type of jazz. - BENNY GOODMAN'S JAZZ -- created by Benjamin "Benny" Goodman, hailed as the "King of Swing." BEBOP -- also called "rebop" / "bop", an important jazz style in the 1940s. - COMBOS -- smaller ensembles that emphasizes individuals performance. - CHARLIE "BIRD" PARKER -- important figure in the bebop style & one of the greatest improvisers in jazz. COOL JAZZ -- related to bebop but without the aggressive interpretation. FREE JAZZ -- also called "avant-garde jazz". FUSION -- also called "jazz rock", emerging of rock sounds & rhythm with jazz improvisation. LESSON 4 : Popular Music POPULAR MUSIC -- broad term for the kinds of music for the masses that is composed & published to earn a profit. Origins of Pop Music : FOLK SONGS -- narrative songs through oral tradition. BROADSIDE BALLADS -- topical narrative songs. EIGHTEEN-CENTURY ENGLISH SONGS -- it's topics & lyrics are intended more on entertainment. SCOTTISH & IRISH SONGS -- pentatonic melodies & romantic lyrics. Genres of Pop Music : RHYTHM & BLUES / R&B -- influenced by the blues of the African Americans, it has lyrics about relations between men & women. COUNTRY MUSIC -- also called hillbilly, it deals with real life issues such as death, family, loneliness, etc. ROCK & ROLL -- characterized by the use of electric guitars, a strong syncopated rhythm & youth oriented text. SOUL -- intense & spontaneous passion of singing from the black gospel music tradition. HEAVY METAL -- it lyrics deals with rebellion, sex, & violence. PUNK ROCK -- loud, fast style of rock music characterized by nihilistic lyrics. DISCO -- kind of popular dance music with elements of soul music & repetitive lyrics that encourages freestyle dancing. RAP -- rhymed verses are improvised & chanted to a highly rhythmic, dance based accompaniment. ARTS LESSON 1 : Digital Art Tools DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY -- electronic devices that use binary code combinations to store & process data. Contemporary Art Forms : - Collages - Fine Art Photography - Installations - Performance Art Tools for Digital Art : COMPUTER -- the most commonly used tool in digital art. HARDWARE -- the physical tools used in digital art that typically include CPU, monitor, keyboard, mouse, & printer. GRAPHIC TABLET -- a tool that artist can use to create a masterpiece. STYLUS -- a pen-like tool considered as a high-tech versions of pen. INKJET PRINTERS -- a type of printer to create high-quality artwork reproduction. GICLEE PRINTS -- produce high-quality art reproductions of their works. - GICLEE -- came from the French term meaning "to spray". SOFTWARE -- computer programs that help an artist create art, these are applications that exist as data in the computer. AUTOCAD -- helps in creating plans, designs, & 3D models. HAROLD COHEN ( 1928 -- 2016 ) -- a British artist that created a computer program called AARON. AARON -- creates random abstract drawings. CELLULAR PHONES -- a part of daily lifestyle that many could not imagine life without it. MOTOROLA -- first who built / created mobile in the early 1970s. DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY -- a type of digital art that uses digital cameras as its main tool. CAMERA OBSCURA -- used by the Renaissance painters, the earliest example of the modern camera was built in the 1820s. NEGATIVES -- the founder of KODAK that transferred images into film. ALFRED STIEGLITZ ( 1864 -- 1946 ) & EDWARD STEICHEN ( 1879 -- 1973 ) -- photographic artists that were instrumental in making photography. FILM CAMERA -- images were captured on a negative that came in a roll. DIGITAL CAMERAS -- capture & save images as soft copies that can be downloaded to a computer or printed. Two Types of Digital Cameras : - Point-and-Shoot camera - Digital Single-lens reflex ( DSLR ) camera POINT-AND-SHOOT CAMERA -- is straight forwarded. DIGUTAL SINGLE-LENS REFLEX ( DSLR ) CAMERA -- most used from professional photographers. VIDEO GAMES / CONSOLE -- an avenue to showcase digital art, specifically video game art. - GAME CONSOLE -- a device that can be connected to a television. ARCADE GAMES -- designed specifically for a single game. CORY ARCANGEL ( 1978 ) -- known for modifying Nintendo game cartridges & using them for his art. INTERNET MEME -- defined as a movement, catchphrase, idea, or medium that is spread from one person through the internet. - IMAGE MACRO -- the typical template of a top text & an image, then a bottom text. LESSON 2 : Digital Art DIGITAL ART -- produces art not only with the traditional mediums but also with the help of computer technology. COMPUTER GRAPHICS -- used in a variety of forms; it can be as simple as a company logo or realistic special effects as seen in films. COMPUTER GENERATED IMAGERY ( CGI ) -- images created using the computer. DIGITAL PAINTING -- copies the medium & materials used in traditional painting in computer software. AMERICAN STANDARD CODE FOR INFORMATION INTERCHANGE ( ASCII ) ART -- this design technique was the term for the letters & symbols used during the early 1980s when computers were not yet capable of displaying images. KENNETH KNOWLTON ( 1966 ) -- one of the earliest computer graphic artist that made an example of ASCII art that was titled "Studies in Perception I". RUNNING ART -- GPS capabilities to create images with their trail. DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY -- the most overused & familiar new technologies used to create art. GAME ART DESIGN -- includes many disciplines such as visual art, computer programming, graphic arts, music, etc. - PONG -- a game inspired by ping pong. - VIRTUAL REALITY -- computer generated environment that simulate the real world. ART GAMES -- used as part of performance art or an installation. P.E. LESSON 1 : Strength-Training Exercises STRENGTH-TRAINING EXERCISES -- use resistance to induce muscular contraction that shapes, strengthens, & build endurance in the body muscles. CRUNCHES -- performed to build strong abdominal muscles. - BODY PART : ABDOMEN BENCH PRESS -- improving muscular strength & endurance, as well as bone mass. - BODY PART : CHEST LATERAL RAISE -- enhances the shoulders, waist, & hips. - BODY PART : SHOULDER BICEP CURLS -- helps in toning arms, developing stronger bones, increasing stamina, & reducing stress. - BODY PART : BICEPS BACK EXTENSIONS -- helps & improves posture, thus preventing back injuries. - BODY PART : BACK SQUATS -- can be done anytime in any safe place. - BODY PART : LOWER BODY LESSON 2 : Running & Walking Exercises RUNNING & WALKING -- are activities that increase physical fitness & sense of well-being. Benefits of Running & Walking : - Physical Benefits - Intellectual Benefits - Psychological Benefits - Social Benefits Precautionary Measures While Running : - Warm up before running - Use the appropriate equipment - Survey the weather first - Observe road safety - Stay alert at all times - Beware of animals - Set your running goals LESSON 3 : Keeping Fit through Yoga YOGA -- originated in India, a form of alternative medicine that boosts physical & mental well-being. Main Components of Yoga : - Posture - Breathing Types of Yoga : HATHA -- poses with breathing techniques & for beginners. VINYASA -- also known as power yoga. IYENGAR -- emphasizes proper alignment & musculoskeletal problems. BIKRAM -- a style of hot yoga & enhances athleticism. KUNDALINI -- aims for inner tranquility for spiritual experience. ASHTANGA -- a physical challenging yoga style that cleanse the body. Materials & Equipment used in Yoga : - Comfortable Workout Attire - Sticky mat - Foam blocks - Yoga belt - Yoga blanket HEALTH LESSON 1 : Existing National Laws Related to Health Trends, Issues, & Concerns RESPONSIBLE PARENTHOOD & REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH ACT OF 2012 \| R.A. NO. 10354 -- maternal & child health provisions that guarantee universal access to maternal case, sexual education, & fertility control. TOBACCO REGULATION ACT OF 2003 \| R.A. NO. 9211 -- prohibits smoking in all public places. The law also prohibits tobacco within 100 meters away from facilities frequented by minors. COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 2002 \| R.A. NO. 9165 -- policy of the state to safeguard the integrity of its territory & well-being from the harmful effects of dangerous drugs. CONSUMER ACT OF THE PHILIPPINES 1992 \| R.A. NO. 7394 -- protect the consumer's interest, promote general welfare, & establish standards for business & industry. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS & EDUCATION ACT OF 2008 \| R.A. NO. 9512 -- increse awareness of everyone in the preservation of the environment. TRADITIONAL & ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE ACT / TAMA OF 1997 \| R.A. NO. 8423 -- to enhance the development & provision of traditional & alternative health care in the country. PHILIPPINE AIDS PREVENTION & CONTROL ACT OF 1998 \| R.A. NO. 8504 -- promulgated policies & measures for the prevention & control of HIV / AIDS in the country. NATIONAL BLOOD SERVICE ACT OF 1994 \| R.A. NO. 7719 -- promotes voluntary donation to provide an adequate supply of safe blood. SEAT BELTS USE ACT OF 1999 \| R.A. NO. 8750 -- requires the mandatory compliance of public & private drivers & passengers to use the seat belt. CYBERCRIME PREVENTION ACT OF 2012 \| R.A. NO. 10175 -- elaborates its forms & provides guidelines to control the process of investigation as well as the penalties associated with those act the would qualify under it. ANTI-CHILD PORNOGRAPHY ACT OF 2009 \| R.A. NO. 9775 -- law shall recognize the vital role of the youth in nation-building. LESSON 2 : Ways of Managing Health Issues REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH & RESPONSIBLE PARENTHOOD -- state of complete physical, mental, & social well-being & not merely the absence of disease or infirmity in all matters. TOBACCO REGULATION -- include the increasing incidences of cardiovascular diseases, lung cancer, & other related respiratory ailments. DANGEROUS DRUGS -- one of the most serious & difficult problems, this issue is addressed not only by individuals but also by their families, community, & the whole society. CONSUMER HEALTH -- enables individuals to develop their ability to evaluate & select the appropriate health products & services. TRADITIONAL & ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE -- use of plants to treat disease or improve health. MATHEMATICS 10 LESSON 1 : Polynomial Functions VARIATION SIGN -- each pair of successive coefficients with opposite signs. 1. 2 - Therefore, this equation has 2 variation sign. Descartes Rule of Signs : - The number of positive real zeros or roots is either equal or is less than this number by a positive even integer. - The number of negative real zeros or roots is either equal, in a sign of P(-x) or is less that this number by a positive even integer. Example : P(x) = 6x⁴ + 12x³ + 12x² -- 7x -- 4 1 P(-x) = 6(-x)⁴ + 12(-x)³ + 12(-x)² -- 7(-x) -- 4  = 6x⁴ -- 12x³ -- 12x + 7x + 4 1 2 3 \+ ROOTS -- ROOTS i ROOTS TOTAL ---------- ---------- --------- ------- 1 3 0 4 1 1 2 4 LESSON 2 : Graph of Polynomial Functions TYPE I. x³ + 2x² -- x -- 5 (+ODD) -- the graph falls to the left & rises to the right.  TYPE II. -x³ -- 2x² + x -- 5 (-ODD) -- the graph rises to the left & falls to the right. TYPE III. x² + 3x + 2 (+EVEN) -- the graph rises to the left & to the right.  TYPE IV. -x² -- 3x -- 2 (-EVEN) -- the graph falls to the left & to the right. Steps in Graphing Polynomial Functions : STEP I. -- determine the end behavior of the graph. STEP II. -- find the x-intercepts, by setting P(x)=0. STEP III. -- find the y-intercept by setting x=0. STEP IV. -- look for the other points on the graph. Example : STEP I. This polynomial function is TYPE I = falls to the left, rises to the right. STEP II. p/q = p = ±1 , ±2 \| q = ± 1\| p/q = ±1 & ±2 [1\|] 1 2 -1 -2 [-1\|] 1 2 -1 -2 [ 1 3 2] [-1 -1 2] 1 3 2 [\|0] 1 1 -2 [\|0] [2\|] 1 2 -1 -2 [-2\|] 1 2 -1 -2 [ 2 8 14] [-2 0 -2] 1 4 7 [\|12] 1 0 -1 [\|0] The roots for x³ + 2x² -- x -- 2 is ±1 & -2. STEP III. P(x) = x³ + 2x² -- x -- 2 y-intercept= -2 / number that has no x. STEP IV. x -2 -1 0 1 2 --- ---- ---- ---- --- ---- y 0 0 -2 0 12 LESSON 3 : Parts of a Circle CIRCLE -- the set of all points in the plane that are the same distance away from a specific point, called epicenter. RADIUS -- the distance from the center of the circle to it's outer rim. CHORD -- a line segment whose endpoints are on a circle. DIAMETER -- a chord that passes through the center of the circle. SECANT -- a line that intersects a circle in two points. TANGENT -- a line that intersects a circle in one point. POINT OF TANGENCY -- a tangent line that touches the circle. CIRCUMFERENCE -- total distance around the circle. - C = πd - C = 2πr Example : SOLVE : d = 7cm FORMULA : C = 2πr SOLUTION : C = ( 3.14 ) ( 7cm ) [= 21.98cm] AREA OF A CIRCLE -- total measure of the space bounded by the circumference. - A = πr² Example : SOLVE : r = 3cm FORMULA : A = πr² SOLUTION : A = ( 3.14 ) ( 3 )² [= 28.26cm] ARC -- a continuous piece of a circle. MAJOR ARC -- arc that subtends an angle of more than 180 degrees to the circle's center. MINOR ARC -- an arc that subtends an angle of less than 180 degrees to the circle's center. SEMICIRCLE -- a diameter of a circle divides the circle into two equal parts. CONGRUENT ARCS -- are areas with the same measure. CONGRUENT CIRCLES -- circles with the same radius. LESSON 4 : Types of Angles & their Intercepted Arcs CENTRAL ANGLE -- an angle whose vertex lies as the center of the circle. INSCRIBED ANGLE -- an angle whose vertex lies on a circle & whose sides contains chords of the circle. INTERCEPTED ARC -- part of a circles circumference formed when a line or lines cut across it. CENTRAL ANGLE-INTERCEPTED ARC POSTULATE -- the measure of a central angle of a circle is equal to the measure of its intercepted arc. ARC LENGTH -- a portion of the circumference of the circle. The distance measured along the curved part of the circle. arc length = *[measurement of the arc]* / 360° × 2πr Example : arc length = *[measurement of the arc]* / 360° × 2πr = (90°/360°) (2 × 3.14 × 24cm) = (1/4) (150.72cm) [= 37.68cm] ARC ADDITION POSTULATE -- states that the measure of the arc formed by two adjacent arcs is the sum of the measures of the two arcs. THEOREM 5 : CONGRUENT CORRESPONDING CHORDS THEOREM -- two minor arcs are congruent, then the two chords subtended by the arcs are congruent. THEOREM 6 -- two chords are congruent, then the minor arcs it is subtended to are congruent. THEOREM 7 : THE CENTRAL ANGLE THEOREM -- two central angles are congruent, then their corresponding minor arcs are congruent. THEOREM 8 -- if two minor arcs are congruent, then their corresponding central angles are congruent. THEOREM 9 -- if two chords are congruent, then their corresponding central angles are congruent. THEOREM 10 : THE INSCRIBED ANGLE THEOREM -- half the measure of its intercepted arc. Example : Let D = 106, angle of B = 53° m∠BAC = ½ (mBA) = ½ (106°) [= 53°] THEOREM 11 : SEMICIRCLE THEOREM -- angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle. - Right angle = 90° THEOREM 12 -- two or more angles subtended by the same arc are congruent. THEOREM 13 -- opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilaterals are supplementary. - COMPLEMENTARY -- 90 degrees. - SUPPLEMENTARY -- 180 degrees. THEOREM 14 : TANGENT RADIUS THEOREM -- if a line is tangent to a circle, then it is perpendicular to the radius at its point of tangency. THEOREM 15 -- if perpendicular to the radius at its point of tangency on the circle, it's tangent to the circle. THEOREM 16 -- two tangent segments are drawn to a circle from an external point, then we consider the following possibilities : - The tangent segments are congruent ; - The line joining the external point & the center of the circle bisects the angle. INTERNALLY TANGENT -- when a common tangent intersects the lines of center. EXTERNALLY TANGENT -- when a common tangent does not intersect the lines of center. THEOREM 17 : TANGENT CIRCLES THEOREM -- if two circles are internally or externally tangent. THEOREM 18 : TANGENT-SECANT THEOREM -- intersection on a tangent & half thhee intercepted arc. THEOREM 19 -- two tangents on the exterior of the circle , half the difference of the measures of the major & minor arc. THEOREM 20 -- secant & a tangent on the exterior of a circle, half the measure of their Intercepted arcs. LESSON 5 : Distance & Midpoint Formula d = √( x~2~ -- x~1~ )² + ( y~2~ -- y~1~ )² -- the formula of getting the distance between two points. Example : A ( 2 , 2 ) \| x~1~ = 2 \| y~1~ = 2 B ( 8 , 10 ) \| x~2~ = 8 \| y~2~ = 10 d = √ ( 8 -- 2 )² + ( 10 -- 2 )² d = √ 6² + 8² d = √ 36 + 64 d = √100 [d = 10] MIDPOINT -- the middle point of two points. m = ( x~1~ + x~2~ / 2 , y~1~ + y~2~ / 2 ) CENTER -- radius ( standard ) form of the equation of a circle. Example : ( x -- 3 )² + ( y + 1 )² = 9 C ( 3 , -1 ) r = √9 = ( graph the circle ) LESSON 6 : Equation of General Form GENERAL FORM -- where C, D, & E are real numbers. X² + y² + Cx + Dy + E = 0 Example : ( x -- 3 )² + ( y + 1 )² = 4 ( x -- 3 ) ( x -- 3 ) + ( y + 1 ) ( y + 1 ) = 4 - use FOIL method ; x² - 6x + 9 + y² + 2y + 1 = 4 x² + y² - 6x + 2y + 10 -- 4 = 0 [x² + y² - 6x + 2y + 6 = 0] SCIENCE 10 LESSON 1 : The Nature of Electromagnetic Waves JAMES CLERK MAXWELL ( 1831-1879 ) -- considered as the father of electromagnetic theory for having formulated laws on electricity & magnetism. HEINRICH RUDOLF HERTZ -- first conclusively proved the existence of the electromagnetic waves predicted by James Clerk Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES -- are produced by accelerating charged particles, it results of vibrations between an electric field & magnetic shield. They move at 3x10⁸m/s in a vacuum. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM -- the arrangement of EM waves in order of decreasing wavelength or increasing frequency. 3x10⁸m/s -- speed of light. Parts of a Wave : CREST -- top of the wave. WAVELENGTH -- distance between the crest of two waves. AMPLITUDE -- height of a wave. TROUGH -- lowest part of a wave. EQUILIBRIUM -- middle part / line of a wave. Two Types of Electromagnetic Radiation : NON-IONIZING RADIATION -- has longer wavelength, lower frequency & energy, & also non-harmless. - Radio Wave - Microwave - Infrared wave - Visible light - Ultraviolet Radiation IONIZING RADIATION -- has shorter wavelength, high frequency & higher energy. - X-rays - Gamma rays LESSON 2 : The Regions of the Electromagnetic Spectrum RADIO WAVES -- the longest wave of all electromagnetic wave. Has low frequency, energy, & temperature. RADAR -- acronym for radio detection & ranging. MICROWAVE -- used in communication, radar, & microwave ovens for cooking. INFRARED WAVES -- part of the radiation of the sun is a natural infrared radiation, also known as "heat radiation." VISIBLE LIGHT -- "light" the portion of the EM spectrum that is visible to the eyes, composed of the ROYGBIV : - Red - Orange - Yellow - Green - Blue - Indigo - Violet ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION -- has a frequency higher than visible light & lower than the x-ray. Also means "beyond violet." Three Types of UV : - UVC -- shortest wavelength. - UVB -- affects the top skin layer. - UVA -- longest wavelength. X-RAYS -- sometimes called "Roetgen ray" & is classified neither soft or hard. It is used to detect abnormalities in the skeletal system. GAMMA RAYS -- are given off by radioactive elements. It is used to destroy cancer cells. ANTHROPOGENIC GREENHOUSE EFFECT -- unnatural warming of Earth 's atmosphere due to the increased concentration of greenhouse gases as a result of human activities. Basic Wave Equation : v -- speed of propagation f -- frequency λ -- wavelength 6.63 × 10^-34^ J.s. -- equation for energy / E = hf. Example : The x-ray used by your dentist has a wavelength of 5x10^-9^m. What is its frequency & energy? FORMULA : f = v/λ & E = hf GIVEN : λ = 5x10^-9^m REQUIRED : f = ? & E = ? SOLUTION : E = hf = ( 6.63x10^-34^J.s ) ( 2x10^16^s ) [= 1.33x10^-17^J] ANSWER : f = 2x10^16^s E = 1.33x10^-17^ LESSON 3 : Reflection of Light REFLECTION -- bouncing back of light into the same medium it has been traveling after striking a surface. INCIDENT RAY -- the ray that strikes the surface. REFLECTED RAY -- the ray that rebounds. NORMAL -- a line perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence. ANGLE OF INCIDENT -- the angle between the incident ray & the normal. ANGLE OF REFLECTION -- the angle between the reflected ray & the normal. Two types of Reflection : REGULAR / SPECULAR REFLECTION -- reflection from smooth surfaces. DIFFUSE REFLECTION -- reflection from rough surfaces. LESSON 4 : Mirrors & Reflection of Light MIRROR -- any surface that is smooth enough to produce a regular reflection of light upon it. Two types of Mirror : - Plane Mirror - Spherical Mirror PLANE MIRROR -- one with a flat surface. SPHERICAL MIRROR -- has a reflecting surface taken from the surface of a sphere. CONCAVE MIRROR -- curves inward in the direction of incident rays. CONVEX MIRROR -- bulges outward to the incident rays. LESSON 5 : Plane Mirror Images REAL IMAGE -- formed by the actual intersection of reflected rays. VIRTUAL IMAGE -- formed behind the mirror & is always upright relative to the object. Characteristics of Plane Mirror : - Virtual - Upright - Same size as the object - Located in the same distance behind the mirror - Laterally reversed LESSON 6 : Spherical Mirrors CONCAVE MIRROR -- when parallel rays strike, the rays will be reflected & meet the principal focus. - Hollow part of the spoon - Shaving mirror - Make-up mirror - Dentist's mirror CONVEX MIRROR -- the reflected rays spread out & never come to a focus. - Shiny Christmas balls - Rearview mirrors - Wide-range mirrors CENTER OF CURVATURE ( C ) -- the center of the sphere from where the mirror was taken. VERTEX ( V ) -- center of the mirror, sometimes called the pole of the mirror. RADIUS OF CURVATURE ( R ) -- the radius of the sphere. PRINCIPAL / OPTICAL AXIS -- a straight line joining C & V. APERTURE ( AB ) -- refers to the width of the mirror. PRINCIPAL FOCUS ( F ) -- the point where reflected rays meet. FOCAL LENGTH ( f ) -- the distance from the vertex to the principal focus. LESSON 7 : Refraction of Light REFRACTION -- the change in the direction of light when it passes from one medium to another different optical density. INDEX OF REFRACTION -- the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to that material. n = c/v Example : GIVEN : n = 1.0003 REQUIRED : v = ? SOLUTION : v = 3×10⁸ m/s / 1.0003 v = 299910027 m/s LENS -- any piece of transparent material that has at least one spherical surface. COMPUTER 10 LESSON 1 : Solving for Ob, Oo, & Ox Example : Ob 1101111 =  1 2 × 1 = 2 1 2 + 1 = 3 × 2 = 6 1.  6 × 2 = 12 1 12 + 1 = 13 × 2 = 26  1 26 + 1 = 27 1 27 × 2 = 54 2. 54 + 1 = 55 × 2 = 110 110 + 1 = Oo 3010101 =  3 3 × 8 = 24 0 24 × 8 = 192 + 1 = 193  1 193 × 8 = 1544 0 1544 × 8 = 12352 + 1 = 12353  1 12353 × 8 = 98824 1. 98824 × 8 = 790592 Ox 4011 =  4 4 × 16 = 64 0 64 × 16 = 1024  1 1024 + 1 = 1025 1 1025 × 16 = 16400 16400 + 1 = LESSON 2 : Mathematical Operations Example : 30. / 10 -- 4 \* \* 2 \* ( 4 + 5 ) = [-141] 2 -- 16 \* 9 3 -- 144 [= -144] LESSON 3 : Strings STRINGS -- composed of a sequence of characters. They are specified by enclosing characters in quotation marks. Example :  LESSON 4 : Concatenation & Multiplication USING + -- concatenates or joins string valueus together. Example : You can also multiply strings : LESSON 5 : Offset & Slice OFFSET \[ \] -- get a specific character with a string based on it's position. - Every first letter always starts with a zero ( 0 ). Example :  \[ : \] -- gets the entire sequence from start to end. \[ start : \] -- gets all the characters from the start point of the slice until the end of the sequence. \[ : end \] -- gets all the characters until before the chosen endpoint. \[ start : end \] -- gets characters from the start until before the endpoint. \[ start : end : step \] -- gets characters from the start until before the endpoint, skipping every number of characters set by the step. LESSON 6 : Length len() -- the length of a string. Example : LESSON 7 : Split & Join split() -- create a list out of a string value. Example : Example : another method that will turn the string value into a list. join() -- bring together list items to form a string value. Example : LESSON 8 : Replace replace() -- can take on three arguments. Example : LESSON 9 : Case capitalize() -- capitalizes the first word of the string. title() -- capitalizes the first letter of each word. upper() -- capitalizes all the letters in the string. lower() -- converts the letters to lowercase. swapcase() -- changes the case from upper to lowercase & vice versa. Example : LESSON 10 : Tuples TUPLES -- are immutable data types & it is a sequence structure. Example : LESSON 11 : Sets & Dictionaries SET -- a collection data type made up of unordered elements. Set Operators : DICTIONARIES -- consists of key & value pairs. Example : A.P. 10 ARALIN 1 : Ang Isyu ng Unemployment UNEMPLOYMENT -- sitwasyon kung saan may kawalan ng trabaho ang taong may kakayahang magtrabaho. UNEMPLOYED -- may kakayahan, kasanayan, & nasa wastong gulang ngunit walang mga trabaho. Mga Uri ng Unemployment : FRICTIONAL UNEMPLOYMENT -- pansamantalang kawalan ng hanapbuhay habang naghahanap ng trabaho. STRUCTURAL UNEMPLOYMENT-- hindi magtugma o limitadong kasanayan. SEASONAL UNEMPLOYMENT -- kawalan ng trabaho dahil pana-panahon lamang ang pangangailangan ng manggagawa sa isang trabaho. CYCLICAL UNEMPLOYMENT -- sanhi ng recession o pagkalugi ng mga industriya. Mga Sanhi ng Unemployment : - Kawalan o kakulangan ng kasanayan. - Kakulangan ng mga imprastruktura sa maraming pook. - Kakulangan sa Kalipikasyon sa edukasyon. - Di-balanseng bilang ng nagtatapos sa iba't ibang kurso. - Kawalan ng interes na magtrabaho. - Mababang bilang ng namumuhunan. - Pananamlay ng ekonomiya. Mga Epekto ng Unemployment : - Kawalan ng tiwala sa sarili. - Nakakagawa ng krimen. - Nagkakaroon ng Brain drain. - Walang sahod o pera. - Pagkakaroon ng kaguluhan. Tugon ng Unemployment : - Pagtatag ng ganap na sistema ng mataas na edukasyon. - Paglunsad ng k to 12 curriculum. - Atbp. ARALIN 2 : Ang Globalisasyon GLOBALISASYON -- interaksiyon & integrasyon ng mga bansa & iba't ibang tao sa mundo sa mga larangan ng ekonomiya o kalakalan, teknolohiya, politika, & kultura. Palatandaan ng Globalisasyon : PAGGAMIT NG MAKABAGONG TRANSPORTASYON - Tren - Bus PAGLAGANAP NG INTERAKSIYON & KAALAMAN DULOT NG MAKABAGONG TELEKOMUNIKASYON - Social media - Online learning PAGLAWAK NG KAMALAYANG PANGKULTURA SANHI NG TURISMO - Heritage sites - Cultural festivals - Local arts & crafts PAGLAGO NG PANDAIGDIGANG KALAKALAN & PAMUMUHUNAN - Free trade agreements PAGDAMI NG MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS - Coca-Cola - Samsung - Apple - McDonald's - Nestle - Toyota PAGDAMI NG MGA DAYUHANG MANGGAGAWA - U.S. - Europe - Singapore - Australia PAGDAMI NG SAMAHANG PANDAIGDIG - United Nations - World Trade Organization - World Bank - International Court of Justice PAGLITAW NG GLOBAL VILLAGE - Internet & Social media - E-commerce - Travel & Tourism Dimensiyon / Aspekto ng Globalisasyon : EKONOMIKAL -- pagsasagawa ng malayang kalakalan sa pagitan ng mga bansa. POLITIKAL -- aksiyon ng pamahalaan o anomang pandaigdigang samahang pampolitika. KULTURAL -- proseso ng pagsasalin ng isang lahi sa iba pang lahi ng taglay nitong mga pagpapahalaga. TEKNOLOHIKAL -- proseso ng pag-usbong at pagpapalawak ng mga teknolohiyang impormasyon at komunikasyon na nag-uugnay sa mga tao, bansa, at ekonomiya sa buong mundo. ARALIN 3 : Kasaysayan ng Dinastiyang Politikal DINASTIYANG POLITIKAL -- ito ay ang konsentrasyon, & pagsasama-sama o pananatili & pagpapatuloy sa pampublikong tanggapan ngg mga taong may relasyon sa isa't isa. PAYAT NA DINASTIYANG POLITIKAL -- isang pamilya ay may hawak lamang ng mga lokal na posisyon tulad ng mga barangay o munisipyo. MATABA NA DINASTIYANG POLITIKAL -- mayroong maraming miyembro na hawak ang iba't ibang mataas na posisyon sa gobyerno sa iba't ibang antas---mula sa lokal hanggang sa pambansang pamahalaan. ARALIN 4 : Korupsiyon KORUPSIYON -- ay anomang paglihis sa nakakmihasnan, pamantayan, normal, & inaasahan. PANUNUHOL (BRIBERY ) -- ang suhol ay salapi o anomang bagay na ibinibigay. PANGONGOTONG -- ay anomang salapi o bagay na hinihingi ng maykapangyarihan. PAGKUHA NG KICKBACK -- tubo mula sa negosyo, karaniwan sa ilegal na paraan o sabwatan. INFLUENCE PEDDLING -- pagbebenta ng impluwensiya. NEPOTISMO -- pagbibigay ng pabor o tungkulin sa mga kamag-anak. KRONIYISMO -- pagtalaga sa mga kabakas sa mga posisyon sa negosyo, pamahalaan, at iba pa. EMBEZZLEMENT -- sumasaklaw sa pagnanakaw o paglulustay sa pampublikong salapi & yaman para sa personal na interes. ELECTORAL FRAUD -- pandaraya o panloloko sa eleksiyon. Mga Sanhi : KULTURA -- hindi naihihiwalay ang propesyonal sa personal na dimensiyon ng isang nanuningkulan sa pamahalaan. PERSONAL NA KAPAKINABANGAN -- pagnanais na mapagpabuti ang personal na katayuan. KAWALAN NG TRANSPARENCY -- pagiging bukas, tapat, & may pananagutan. KOMPLIKADONG PROSESO SA PAMAHALAAN -- laganap ang korupsiyon sa mga industriya gaya ng konstruksiyon, pagmimina, & pinansiya. MABAGAL NA PAGLILITIS NG KASO -- mabagal na pagpataw ng hustisya. Pamaraan sa Pagkontrol ng Korupsiyon : ARTIKULO XI 1987 "KAPANAGUTAN NG MGA PINUNONG PAMBAYAN" -- SEKSIYON 1 --pagtitiwala ng bayan ay angkin ng katungkulang pambayan. SEKSIYON 2 -- ang mga Mahistrado ng Kataas-taasang Hukuman ang mga kagawad ng mga komisyong konstitusyonal. BATAS REPUBLIKA 7080 -- ang parusa sa sinomang publikong opisyal na may kabuuang Php 50 milyong di-maipaliwanag na yaman. BATAS REPUBLIKA BLG. 3019 "ANTI-GRAFT & CORRUPT PRACTICES ACT" -- mga aksiyon na itinuturing tiwali & labag sa tungkulin ng pampublikong tanggapan. BATAS REPUBLIKA 6713 "CODE OF CONDUCT & ETHICAL STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC OFFICIALS & EMPLOYEES" -- ipinag-uutos dito ang paglalabas ng imbentaryo ng mga ari-arian sa SALN o Statement of Assets, Liabilities & Net Worth. ARALIN 5 : Migrasyon MIGRASYON -- paglipat mula sa lugar o panahanan tungo sa iba. Lebel ng Migrasyon : INTERCONTINENTAL -- sa pagitan ng mga kontinente. - Mula Pilipinas na matatagpuan sa Asya papuntang United Kingdom na bahagi ng Europa. INTRACONTINENTAL -- sa pagitan ng mga bansa sa isang kontinente. - Mula Pransiya papuntang Italya na parehong nasa Europa. INTERREGIONAL -- sa pagitan ng mga bansa. - Mula Cambodia papuntang Malaysia, na parehong matatagpuan sa timog silangang asya. Mga Uri ng Migrasyon : EMIGRASYON -- pag-alis sa sariling bansa. - Pag-alis sa Pilipinas para manirahan sa Malaysia. IMIGRASYON -- pagpunta sa ibang bansa para doong manirahan. - Pagpunta ng isang Pilipino sa Malaysia para manirahan doon. POPULATION TRANSFER -- paglipat ng gobyerno sa malaking grupo ng tao dahil sa relihiyon. - Pagpapaalis ngn Gobyerno sa mga hudyo noong ikalawang digmaang pandaigdig. IMPELLED MIGRATION -- pag-alis ng tao sa sariling bansa dahil sa hindi kanais-nais na sitwasyon. - Paglipat dahil sa mga terorista. STEP MIGRATION -- maikling serye ng paglipat ng tao papunta sa isang destinasyon. - Mula sa bukid papuntang bayan, papuntang syudad, papuntang ibang bansa. CHAIN MIGRATION -- isang pamilya o grupo ng tayo ay umaalis o lumilipat sa ibang bansa. - Isang Pilipino naninirahan sa Canada sa kanyang mga anak upang manirahan na rin sa Canada. Push & Pull Factors : PUSH FACTORS -- negatibong epekto ng paglipat sa ibang bansa. PULL FACTORS -- positibong epekto ng paglipat sa ibang bansa.