Hydrogen & CCUS Technology Awareness PDF

The Awareness of Hydrogen and CCUS Technology Dr Tuan Amran Tuan Abdullah Centre of Hydrogen Energy, Institute of Future Energy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 1  CARBON CAPTURE, UTILISATION...

The Awareness of Hydrogen and CCUS Technology Dr Tuan Amran Tuan Abdullah Centre of Hydrogen Energy, Institute of Future Energy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 1  CARBON CAPTURE, UTILISATION SESSION 1 AND STORAGE (CCUS) 8.30 am to 10.00 am TECHNOLOGY 2 TNB news 3  What is technology awareness? as a skill refers to being mindful of the technology that is recently becoming popular and is readily accepted in the market or industry. It also encompasses one’s ability to recognize and understand the usefulness of any such technology for the success of a business. Energy trilemma 4  ❑ 14 lighter than air, easy to diffuse ❑ Flammable, Nontoxic, noncorrosive ❑ Odorless, colorless, tasteless methane Protein 5 Hydrogen Safety: hazards and risks 6 Hydrogen Application 7 https://www.linde- gas.se/en/processes_ren/petroche mical_processing_refining/hydrogen _applications_refineries/index.html 8  9 IRENA Report: Green Hydrogen Policy Priority to decarbonization solution Hydrogen Demand in industry (IRENA 2020) Hydrogen supply chain https://www.cleantech.com/hydrogen-2020-engaging-with-innovation/ 10 Source: https://doi.org/10.3390/en15166064 Hydrogen Classification 11 Hydrogen Classification 12 Power to X (power/gas H2/methane/fuel) 13 Source: IEA(2023) Technology Roadmap Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Hydrogen Production Technologies Term Definition Thermolysis uses high temperatures—from concentrated solar power or from the waste heat of nuclear power reactions—and chemical reactions to produce hydrogen and oxygen from water. Thermochemical combine solely heat sources (thermo) with chemical reactions to split water into its hydrogen and oxygen components. Photocatalytic is a process that uses photocatalysis for the dissociation of water into hydrogen and oxygen Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen production that requires photoanode and photocathode catalysts with the presence of solar Steam reforming is a method for producing hydrogen by reaction of hydrocarbons with water. Partial oxidation Is a method for producing syngas (H2 + CO) by reaction of hydrocarbon with small amount of air (oxygen) Autothermal combines steam reforming (SR) and partial oxidation reforming (POX) processes Gasification is a process that converts fuel at high temperatures (>700°C), without combustion, with a controlled amount of oxygen and/or steam into carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide. Pyrolysis is heating a solid/liquid/gas fuel, such as hydrocarbon, in the absence of oxygen. 14 15 Hydrogen Production: What is an electrolyser Water energy bonding 16  Electrolyzes: AEW, AEM, PEM and SOE Alkaline electrolysis water Anion Exchange membrane Proton Exchange membrane Solid Oixde electrolyser (AEW) Electrolyser (AEM) electrolyser (SOE) (PEM) Diagram electrolyser 25-30 % KOH solution in pure 2- 5% KOH in pure water Ultra pure water Pure water water Separator Porous Zirconium Anion exchange membrane Fluoropolymer sulfonic acid Yittra –Zirconium oxide (ceramic) membrane (e.g Nafion (Du POnt) Electrode material Cathode: Ni, Co or Fe Cathode: Ni or Ni-Alloy Cathode: Pt Cathode: Anode: Ni Anode: Anode: Ir/Pt Anode: Energy source 100 % electricity 100 % electricity 100 % Electricity 75 % Electricity ;25 % Heat Current density Temperature 100 to 150 oC 60-90 oC 70- 90 oC 700-850 oC Pressure Up to 40 bar Up to 35 bar Up to 40 bar Close to Atmospheric pressure Cost The lowest medium Hgher Higher Readiness mature Big scale demonstration Early devol demonstration 17  Typical design electrolyzes system: AEW, AEM, PEM and SOE Alkaline PEM AEM SOE 18 IRENA 2020:Green hydrogen cost reduction Hydrogen transportation Technology Source: Hydrogen transportation, Roland Berger GMBH 19 Hydrogen storage options and its challenges Challenges in Storage: ❑ Low energy density = high volume ❑ Leakage due to small molecular size and embrittlement of metal ❑ Limited availability of geological storage sites ❑ Additional cost and low efficiency of conversion and reconversion to electricity or hydrogen-based fuels 20 https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/hydrogen-storage.  21 H2 Storage (Physical vs material based) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.11.195  22 Physical Storage: Liquid Hydrogen H2 storage at Kennedy Space Station https://www.innovationintextiles.com/composites/c omposite-project-for-liquid-hydrogen/ Hydrogen storage : compressed gas tank 23 Large Scale hydrogen storage underground perspective Underground storage is available in the UK, Europe and the USA 24 Source: https://www.storengy.de/de/medien/nachrichten/large-scale-hydrogen-storage-underground-perspective  25 Hydrogen Combustion ❑ One of the most important benefits of using hydrogen as a fuel in the engine is that it reduces air pollution. ❑ No carbon in the hydrogen fuel, no emissions such as CO, CO2, HC, and particulate matter at the end of combustion if reaction with oxygen only. ❑ But, combustion of hydrogen in the air without proper control and design it will produce NOx.  26 Siemens Hydrogen Gas Turbine Demonstration The hydrogen is produced on site with an electrolyzer and used in a gas turbine with a mix of 30-vol. % hydrogen and 70 vol.-% natural gas for power generation. In 2023, trials will continue to increase the hydrogen ratio up to 100%.  27 Hydrogen and Ammonia co-firing in Gas Turbine Hydrogen + ammonia combustion https://aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org/year-in- review/ammonia-for-clean-and- sustainable-propulsion/ Satoshi Tanimura, Mitsubishi H2 Gas Turbine, EU-Japan Online workshop on Sept 9, 2021  28 Hydrogen mobility Internal combustion engine (ICE) Hydrogen mobility powertrain Fuelcell  Hydrogen Fuel Cell A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of a fuel (often hydrogen) and an oxidizing agent (often oxygen in the air) into electricity through electrochemical reactions, producing a side of heat. 29 Hydrogen in mobility https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/tb/stories/blog/40818 30  31 H2 ICE vs H2 Fuelcell Ales Srna, Webinar H2ICE Feb 22, 2023, energy.gov  32 ICE status and timelines Source:Ales Srna, Webinar H2ICE Feb 22, 2023, energy.gov Grid-connected Fuel Cell system https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.05.211 33 Transition of Future Energy System Infrastructure through Power-to-Gas Pathways 34 5. Hydrogen Hub HYDROGEN HUB production technologies (e.g. electrolysis, steam methane reforming, gasification) logistics – in line with the state of the molecule (e.g. gaseous, liquid, or delivered through alternative carriers) infrastructure (e.g. transport by pipe, lorry, shipping, train tanks) final use (e.g. industry, mobility, residential heating), https://www.bip-group.com/insights/hydrogen- valley-the-key-to-break-the-chicken-and-egg- Hamburg Green Hydrogen Hub (Germany) deadlock/ 35 5. Hydrogen Valley HYDROGEN VALLEY production technologies (e.g. electrolysis, steam methane reforming, gasification) logistics – in line with the state of the molecule (e.g. gaseous, liquid, or delivered through alternative carriers) infrastructure (e.g. transport by pipe, lorry, shipping, train tanks) final use (e.g. industry, mobility, residential heating), https://www.bip-group.com/insights/hydrogen- valley-the-key-to-break-the-chicken-and-egg- deadlock/ 36 Hydrogen Technology in Malaysia Kuching: H2 filling station, Hyundai Nexo and H2 bus 300 kW Alkaline electrolyser Kuching Sarawak was declared as 1st hydrogen hub in Malaysia (NETR) 60 kW backup power supply UTM 37 Hydrogen in Malaysia Energy National Transition Roadmap (NETR) 38 Hydrogen in Malaysia Energy National Transition Roadmap (NETR) 39 Hydrogen in Malaysia Energy National Transition Roadmap (NETR) 40 Malaysia: Hydrogen Economy Technology Roadmap (HETR) Malaysia to achieve a Hydrogen to be the sustainable energy mix and Malaysia to invest in cornerstone of a new energy economy in increasing the share of clean energy in the hydrogen technologies in order to address domestic MALAYSIA’S Malaysia, with the country establishing a strong country’s energy mix by promoting the use of consumption, energy security, sustainability of GOALS FOR presence globally with respect to the hydrogen hydrogen in energy storage and as a fuel in combined international energy trading and decarbonization. HYDROGEN supply chain. cycle gas turbines. 41 Key takeaways Hydrogen is an energy carrier/vector Hydrogen is abundance but need to extract Hydrogen strorage is the most challenging Reducing the cost of hydrogen producing is critical to support the hydrogen economy. 42  CARBON CAPTURE, SESSION 2 UTILISATION AND STORAGE 10.15 am to 12.15 am 43  CO2 and greenhouse effect https://www.colorado.edu/ecenter/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/page/greenhouse- 44 David Gordon Quirk (2021) Greenhouse gas emissions and their effect on global temperatures effect.jpeg?itok=4X5-u6Iz  Carbon dioxide properties CO2 is CO2 is a colorless, odorless, and non-toxic gas CO2 is not very active CO2 becomes an acid solution with the present of water triangle symmetric, very stable, (enthaphy, entrophy and Gibb energy far from 0 kj/mol) soluble in water, become acid mixed with water above 500 ppm, easy to obtain Supercritical CO2 state (low viscosity, high density and high diffusity) 45  CO2 Hazard and Risk 46 https://smartairfilters.com/en/blog/dangers-high-carbon-dioxide-co2-levels/ An integrated approach to reduce carbon emissions https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/03/reduce-emissions- industrial-clusters/ 47 Carbon capture concepts have different climate change mitigation impact https://task41project5.ieabioenergy.com/publications/market-regulatory-issues-related-bio-ccus/ 48 49 50 CO2 separation technologies Source Kearney: Energy Transition Institute, Carbon Capture utilization and storage toward net zero, 2021 51 Carbon Capture Technology Source Kearney: Energy Transition Institute, Carbon Capture utilization and storage toward net zero, 2021 52 Source Kearney: Energy Transition Institute, Carbon Capture utilization and storage toward net zero, 2021 53 Source Kearney: Energy Transition Institute, Carbon Capture utilization and storage toward net zero, 2021 54  Direct Air Capture (DAC) https://medium.com/@dpickut2/direct-air-capture-a-giant-step-towards-climate- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_air_capture change-mitigation-e389193ff7f3 Currently, expensive at USD 600 per tonne ❑ One such big machine solution is the DAC plant project by the 1PointFive consortium in Ector County, Texas. ❑ In its first phase of operation (expected in 2025) it will remove 500,000 metric tons (0.0005 Gt) of CO2 annually. 55 Chemical Looping Combustion https://netl.doe.gov/node/7126 56 Technology Readiness Source Kearney: Energy Transition Institute, Carbon Capture utilization and storage toward net zero, 2021 57 BECCS – Bio-Energy Carbon Capture and Storage 58 https://www.klimatordlista.se/beccs-bio-energy-carbon-capture-and-storage/ CO2 transportation Options Source Kearney: Energy Transition Institute, Carbon Capture utilization and storage toward net zero, 2021 59  CO2 TRANSPORT https://www.twi-global.com/technical-knowledge/published-papers/selection-of-materials-for- high-pressure-co2-transport 60 Pathways for utilization of CO2 61 General categories of utilization technologies 62 Market size and GHG mitigation potential of selected CCU sectors 63 Conversion of CO2 to chemical Heat of reaction of CO2 formation Using CO2 as feedstock is energy-intensive https://www.ownerteamconsult.com/beneficial-utilisation-of-carbon-dioxide/ 64 Pathway for production of fuel from CO2 65  Photochemical CO2 conversion Photochemical Electrochemical https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2020.557466 66 Thermochemical CO2 conversion/ CO2 Hydrogenation Reaction Mechanism Reaction pathway with catalyst 67  Bio-conversion of CO2 (Algae growth) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126042 68  Conversion Algae to Biofuel 69  Gas Fermentation CO2 bio-conversion (Commercial) CO + CO + H2 → Ethanol & others (Fuel) 70 Storage Options Geological CO2 71 https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/25259/chapter/9#320 Source Kearney: Energy Transition Institute, Carbon Capture utilization and storage toward72net zero, 2021  CO2 Enhance Oil Recovery CO2/water EOR CO2 EOR http://dx.doi.org/10.29267/mxjb.2021.6.2.1 73 Geological CO2 storage Enhance coal bed methane recovery Depleted gas/oil field 74 CO2 Storage ( CO2 trapping surface system) (a) When CO2 is introduced into a geological formation, it may move to the top and get trapped behind an impermeable top seal where it can remain as a free phase that cannot go beyond or access the cap-rock pore region except by slow diffusion or fractures (b) Injection of CO2 into aquifer porous rock gives rise to fluid displacement due to differences in density. The fluid displaced by the CO2 flows, returns, disconnects, and traps the remaining CO2 within pore spaces. (c ) CO2 dissolves in brine through the chemical process of solubility, plummeting the quantity of CO2 gas-phase (d) CO2 undergoes chemical interactions with minerals and salty water found around the rock’s periphery. Carbonate precipitation occurs as a consequence of these chemical reactivities and has the effect of sequestering CO2 in an inert lesser phase across a specific subsurface geological timeframe, 75 CO2 Storage The injection of CO2 into the ocean could cause seawater acidification, leading to harm to marine ecosystems and leading to potentially devastating effects on marine life. Since the London Convention restricted ocean storage in 2007, research in this field has been significantly reduced by considering these possibilities of the above disadvantage 76  CO2 Storage: the mineral carbonation of silicate rocks or industrial residues https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2023.124026 77  CO2 Storage: Concrete curing Process Carbon upcycling produces higher-performance concrete Product focus areas for the Carbon products that effectively utilize CO2 generated by power or Mineralization Pathway industrial facilities https://www.energy.gov/fecm/carbon-mineralization-pathway 78  CO2 Storage: Concrete curing Process Innovating the curing process CO2 curing process chamber https://builtoffsite.com.au/news/precast-concrete/ CO2 mineralization in confined nanopores https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01390 https://www.energy.gov/fecm/carbon-mineralization-pathway 79 CCUS around the world https://gasnaturally.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Global-CCS-Projects-Map-1.pdf 80 Carbon Storage in Malaysia Source: TheEdge Malaysia 04 May 2022 81 CCUS strategy in Malaysia? 82 Source: https://www.asiaccusnetwork-eria.org/pmaps  Key Takeaways Reduce the accumulation of CO2 is critical to solving the greenhouse effect Man-made CO2 emission is combustion and calcination The CCUS technology has been developed since 1970s, but not many pay attention. Many selection CCUS/CCS technologies are available 83 84