Nazi Movement Aims & Methods PDF

Summary: The aims, methods, and appeal of the Nazi movement, which resulted in its move from political fringe to government. The aims of the Nazi party: Nationalism: The Nazis sought to restore Germany’s national pride and power, emphasising racial purity and superiority. Why are the Germans suffer...

Summary: The aims, methods, and appeal of the Nazi movement, which resulted in its move from political fringe to government. The aims of the Nazi party: Nationalism: The Nazis sought to restore Germany’s national pride and power, emphasising racial purity and superiority. Why are the Germans suffering? - Suffering as a result of the end of World war 1. - Reparations. - Hyperinflation. - Economic struggles. - French oppression. - The Great Depression. - Foreign American Loans. - The German empire lost territory, all overseas colonies as a result of the Treaty of Versailles. - Lebensraum - 30% unemployment rate. Expansionism: They aimed to expand Germany’s territory and influence, particularly through the acquisition of Lebensraum in Eastern Europe. Which countries are in the way? - Poland. - Austria. - Czech Republic. - Soviet Union. - Sweden. - Yugoslavia. - Finland. - Ukraine. - Norway. Authoritarianism: The Nazis aimed to establish a totalitarian state, with Hitler as the supreme leader, to centralise power and eliminate political opposition. Why might this be appealing to some Germans? - Gives them a sense of security, rids them of their fears for their country. - They believe it’s the best course of action. Anti-Semitism: They promoted anti-semitic ideology, scapegoating Jews for Germany’s problems and advocating for their exclusion and persecution. Why is this appealing? - Helps them pass the blame onto others. - People won’t have to learn about information. Nazi Methods: Propaganda: The Nazis utilised sophisticated propaganda techniques to spread their message, control public opinion, and manipulate emotions. How did they spread Propaganda? - Radio - Posters  - Speeches in beer Halls. - Published materials - books, newspapers. - Rallies Violence: They employed intimidation and violence against political opponents, including the suppression of rival parties and the use of paramilitary organisations like the SA and SS. Black is SS. Brown is SA. - Jews. - Civilians with different views. - Gay people. - Political opponents. - Polish people. - Soviet prisoners of war. - Disabled people. - SA. Political manoeuvring: hitler and the Nazis skillfully navigated the political landscape, forming alliances with conservative elites and exploiting the weaknesses of the Weimar republic's democratic institution. - Von papen. - Hindenburg. Economic promises: The Nazi’s promised economic prosperity and stability, appealing to those suffering from the effects of the Great Depression. How did they propose to alleviate economic suffering? - Reducing unemployment by making jobs for everyone. - Stop paying reparations. - Ban trade unions - Autarky - Self- Sufficiency. Nazi Appeal Charismatic leadership: Hitler’s charismatic oratory and strong leadership appealed to many Germans disillusioned with the chaos and instability of the Weimar Republic. “Appealed to the heart, not the head” - Good public speaker. Nationalist Fervour: The Nazis tapped into a sense of national pride and resentment over Germany’s treatment in the aftermath of World War 1, promising to restore Germany’s greatness. Social programs: They offered social programs and employment opportunities, particularly through their public works projects like the construction of highways and the rearmament program. Scapegoating: By blaming Jews, communists, and other “enemies of the state” for Germany’s problems, the Nazis provided a simplistic explanation for complex social and economic issues, resonating with those seeking simple answers and someone to blame. Failure of Democracy The rise to dictatorship Hitler’s rise to power 1930-33 Three important developments - Parliamentary government broke down. President Hindenburg ruled by decree, appointing and dismissing chancellors as he needed/advised. - Nazi party was successful in elections and the small push to the communist party in Jan 1933 was enough to spook right wing parties - furthering Nazi support. - Elite groups considered their interests would be ebay served by a strong authoritarian style of government rather than unstable coalitions or communists. The elite groups were able to influence elections. Consolidation of Power - It took Hitler 19 months from February 1933 to establish his dictatorship. - In 1932, (11 people in the cabinet) his cabinet contained 3 Nazi party members and only gathered ⅓ of the vote. - Reichstag Fire decree - Feb 1933 - The Reichstag burns down, Hitler uses it as a propaganda tool, and secures emergency powers from Hindenburg. Reichstag Fire Decree Just a week before the election, on the 27th of February 1933, the Reichstag building burnt down. It was debated whether the Nazi party had burnt it down, but evidence later suggested that it was the work of Dutch communist Marinus van der Lubbe. The fire helped the Nazis gain an advantage by giving Hitler an excuse to unleash a massive attack on the German communists, and it helped the Nazi’spersuade President von Hindenburg that the communist plot to the state was real as well as to issue the emergency decree. Enabling Act 23-03-1933 - The Reichstag Fire Decree had suspended constitutional freedoms. - Allowed for a four year period where the Government could bypass parliament. - Hitler argued they needed the power to deal with national changes - Needed ⅔ vote in reichstag to pass. The Socialist Party had resisted the passing of the enabling act, and had resisted the Nazi’s The 81 representatives of the German communist party had either been arrested or fled during the meeting at the Kroll opera house in Berlin Page 89 - 92 Page 89: Question 1: Explain why the presidential decree For the Protection of People and State of 28 February 1933 was legal. It was considered legal due it being granted by the Weimar Constitution. Question 2: Using a copy of the Weimar Constitution, which can be found on the internet, identify the content of the articles of the Weimar Constitution that were suspended by this decree. Article 114, Article 115, Article 117, Article 118, Article 123, Article,124, and Article 153. Question 3: Describe some of the possible actions that the government could take against individual Germans as a result of this decree. Restrictions on the right to express free opinion, the freedom of the press, of association, and the right to hold meetings, restrictions on secrecy of the mail etc. Page 90: Question 1: Since the time of Chancellor Bruning, every government had to rely on the president for support. Explain why this situation changed after the March 1933 election, Question 2: if the German Communist Party was banned immediately after the election, explain why it was allowed to contest the election in March 1933 and win 81 seats in the Reichstag, Question 3: Why did Hitler still need the support of other political parties to pass the enabling act? He needed the support from other political parties because he needed to secure 2/3 of the votes from other parties in order to pass the enabling act. Page 92: Question 1: How would the Enabling Act give Hitler more power? It would give him more power because it would allow him to enact new laws free from intimidation and interference from the President and the Reichstag. Question 2: Why did the Enabling Act include the provision that ‘The rights of the Reich President shall remain intact ? Question 3: Identify the main point Otto Wels was making in his speech (Source B) in opposition Night of the long knives: Road to dictatorship 30 - June + 02 July 1934. Hitlist Authors Heinrich Himler Hermann Wilhelm Göring Reinhard Heydrich 1934: Reinhard Heydrich - SS General - eventually becomes chief. Heinrich Himler - Leader of the SS. Hermann Goring - head of the Reich Forestry Office. Victims Von Schleicher Kurt Ernst Ernst Rohm: Rohm wanted the SA to replace the regular German army, which Hitler opposed as he needed the army's support. Gregor Strasser Timeline Feb 1934 - Hitler told Rohm, the SA would not be a military force  Rohm agreed but was likely not going to keep his word. Himmler, Heydrich, and Goring would all gain from the death of Rohm. June 4, 1934, Rohm takes personal leave and agrees to a meeting in a resort on June 30th with other SA leaders. Papen and other Nazi officials worried about a Marxist style revolution by Rohm. Hitler informed if he did not stop the SA problem, Hindenburg would declare martial law. If martial law is declared, it discredits hitler and his power. Rumours spread about a potential putsch. SS and Army working together. June 30th, Hitlr begins the SA purge in Munich. Moves to a countryside resort to take out Rohm and other leaders. Rohm was taken to prison to be executed. Hitler contacts Goring in Berlin - Goring with his police force and SS began targeting any SA leaders or people on the hit list - Reich list of unwanted persons. How many people were estimated to have been purged? Over 150 people, up to 1000. How many people did Hitler admit to have purged? Mid 70s - 85. Primary method of purging? Some were killed, and some were arrested. Who conducted the purge? The SS. How did they justify it? The SA were plotting a revolution. Explain the point the cartoonist is making through the Swastika armband in source A. - The cartoonist in Source A is trying to portray the betrayal that Hitler is portraying. Identify the group in the top-right corner of the cartoon. - The Army, and that they are standing by Hitler. What is the cartoonist suggesting by the comment, ‘They salute with both hands now’. - Surrendering. Explain why the army gave silent support Questions - What did they do to consolidate power? 108: What insight does Source A provide about the nature of the terror state and how it operated? The use of terror as a method of control for power. It is secretive, and is designed to install fear. Even a small action like putting out pamphlets was enough for the Nazis to end an individual's life. This was their way of utilising terror and fear, in order to achieve cooperation. What points being made in Source B help to explain the Gestapo operated in Nazi Germany? Source B suggests that the people were on edge over the way the Gestapo operated. “One looked over one’s shoulder in a public place before speaking,”This suggests that people were constantly worried, paranoid, or on edge that the Gestapo were listening because they operated randomly. Based on Source C, how long had Frau Erna Habich been unaware of her son’s fate? From the 1st of July 1934 when her son was executed, until she sent a letter on the 19th of november 1934 Frau Erma Habich was unaware of her son’s execution. The letter in Source C not only sought to inform but it was also intended to have another effect. What effect do you think a letter like this was intended to achieve? The letter was not only intended to inform Frau Erna Habich of her son’s execution, but also to instil fear. It may have wanted to have the effect of demoralising the situation. What could be said to be Theodor Eicke’s main concern as he drafted the regulations for Dachau concentration camp? That the people will spread information amongst themselves, and try to overthrow the Nazis. That there will be resistance amongst them. People would find out the nature of the camp. 110: What does Source A reveal about the way Hitler governed Germany? That Hitler has not put a lot of stock into running the country because he isn’t having the conversations and meetings that will help run the country. That the ministers had gone a while without speaking with him. Explain the main point being made by Sebastian Haffner in Source B? The main point being made in Source B was that hitler established himself as a dictator, and made decisions in order to maintain the power he held. Explain why you agree or disagree with Haffner’s comment that ‘absolute rule was not possible in an intact state,but only amidst controlled chaos’. Does Ian Kershaw in Source C support or contradict Sebastian Haffner’s views in source B. Ian Kershaw’s statement supports Haffner’s claims in Source B because they o Explain how the government could become more radical if there were not clearly controlled boundaries of authority. 114: Draw a line to connect the individuals in Group A with the correct clue in Group B. Heinrich Himler - Leader of the SS. Ernst Rohm- Head of SA. Franz Von Papen - Former Chancellor Gustav Von Kahr - Former leader of V The Institutionalisation of Anti-Semitism Institutionalisation: Normalising something, or establishing/defining it as a norm. Anti-Semitism: hostility to or prejudice against Jewish people. Anti Semitism pre 1933 - Anti Semitism was commonplace throughout Europe, especially in the Weimar Republic.  - Case study: Walter Rathenau - Who was he? What did he do, what happened to him? - He was a German industrialist, writer and politician who served as foreign minister of Germany from February to June 1922. - Rathenau was assassinated by members of the ultra-nationalist Organisation Consul in Berlin. - He headed the War Raw Materials Department, and played a key role in the organisation of the German War economy. - The Nazi party branded/ thought he was a part of the Jewish conspiracy group. - In Nuremberg, 192-1933 there were over 200 incidents of anti-semitism of jewish graves. Nazi Method Vilification: Propaganda targets the Jews. Discrimination: Nazi party passes laws discriminating against the Jewish people. Separation: The progressive resettlement of Jewish people to outside of Germany. - They went to Poland, Eastern Europe. Extermination: The systematic killing of Jews and others. Nazi State - Once in power, the Nazis begin excluding ‘non-aryans’ from public life. - Jews were outlawed from working in the civil service, teaching at schools and universities, stopped from practising at doctors, dentists, and judges. This is because they are important jobs. - They were also deprived of the opportunity to work in the economy and take part in civil and cultural life, - These measures were widely accepted by the majority of Germans. - What was the aim of the Nazi party towards the Jewish. - Legal war of Attrition - Who could last the longest? - 1935 Nuremberg Laws - 1938 Kristallnacht - the night of broken glass - 1938 Jewish Businesses formally taken over by Nazis - 1942-5: The Holocaust.134 Stalin - By 1945 Stalinism meant - The dominance of Stalin over the party, and the party over state institutions. - Ruthless maintenance of power via elimination of problem groups - A regime associated with paranoia and violence. THE WEST THE SOVIET UNION Economic: Economic: - Private ownership of means of - Communal ownership. production, - Businesses and farms owned by the - Enc. to work hard for individual state. success and pay. - Goods distributed to people by state,  - Compete with minimal state - Everyone worked for the collective interference - make as much money. good, and what it needed. Political: Political: - People choose the government - NO need for a range of political through voting. parties - comm party represents - Range of political parties. workers, and rules on behalf of - Certain rights such as freedom of people. speech and freedom of press. (liberal - Freedom valued by west not democracy) necessary, - One party state. Political Tensions. - The west didn’t like Russia and Communism. - But they didn;t like aggressive Germany more. - Until Hitler takes over Austria. - The British saw the successful invasion of Russia as a precursor to invasion of the British Isles. Britain already had to repel the Luftwaffe in the Blitz and Battle for Britain. - Stalin desired a new front to be established in North-Western Europe. He didn't get his front until 1944, after over 9 million soviet soldiers had been killed. The delay was proof of hostility from western nations. - Stalin could not afford to distrust his allies as the Soviet UNion was becoming dependent on foreign aid. Tehran Conference: - The aim was to plan the strategy for the war against Nazi Germany and its allies, they also discussed relations with Turkey and Iran. - The Western Allies commitment to open a second front against Germany. - Invasion of France 1944. Yalta Conference: - Decide what to do with Germany once it’s defeated. - The division of Europe, and Germany’s Government. - Stalin promised to allow Poland a free government after the war. - It was decided that Germany would be split into four occupied zones. Potsdam Conference: - Germany would be demilitarised and disarmed. - It would also be occupied by the Americans, Soviets, French and British. Key Political developments 1946 - 1947 - Salami tactics. A method used by the Soviet Government to gain political influence over Eastern European nations. - Supervise organisation of governments, establishing a broad alliance of anti-fascists. - Parties were ‘sliced off’, one after another. - Only the communist core remained and then, if required, local communities were replaced.  - Baggage Train Leaders: Leaders who spent the majority of the war in Moscow,who the Soviets considered ‘trustworthy’. Find examples of the leaders sent to Poland, Bulgaria, Romania and HUngary. What did this tactic ensure? - These were the men who spent much of the war in Moscow, and were considered trustworthy by the Soviets. Example; The former president of Poland returned to Poland, the former prime minister of Bulgaria returned to Bulgaria, The former prime minister of Hungary, and the former prime minister of Romania. Write names. Kennan’s Long Telegram - February 1946 - US Diplomat Gerge.F.Kennan sent a telegram to the US state department on the nature of Soviet conduct and foreign policy. - Believed the Soviet System gained strength through the idea of a hostile world outside Soviet borders. - Soviets only responded to the Logic of Force rather than logic of Reason. Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech - March 1946 - Former PM Winston Churchill gave a speech warning of a new danger in Europe. What is the key message of this speech? - Winston Churchill’s speech put an emphasis on the necessity of the United States and England working together in maintaining peace in europe. It is also warning people of the dangers of the Russian people while not vilifying them. Stalin’s Response - Call Churchill Hitler. - He saw the speech as racist and as a call to war with the Soviet Union. - The speech led to a hardening of opinions on both sides, and this conflict was viewed as a new war. Soviet Response - Andrej Vyshinsky - Soviet foreign Minister addressing the UN in September 1947. Molotov Plan - The rival of the Marshall plan. - Made it clear the Soviet Union and its satellite states would not be accepting any money from western powers. - Its aim was to rebuild soviet aligned countries after WW2. - Needs materials and money. - Soviet Foreign Minister Molotov agreed to meet with British and French officials to discuss potential alternatives. - Molotov had several objections which were not shared. - Didn’t want Germany to receive money or wanted Soviet control over the amount they would receive. - Wanted to know exactly how much each country would receive. NATO Basic information:  - Created in 1949 by the United States, Canada, and some western nations. - It was deemed a “cooperative-security” organisation following the end of the cold war. Aims: - Safeguard the freedom of its members (from the NATO website). - Provide security and safety against the Soviet union. Members: - United States of America, United Kingdom, Turkey, Albania, Greece, Slovakia etc. Notable events: - Fall of Berlin wall in 1989. WARSAW PACT Basic Information: - Defence treaty established by the Soviet Union Aims: - Mutual defence of any member if they were to be attacked. Members: - Albania (withdrew in 1968), Bulgaria, Soviet Union, Eastern Germany, Poland Romania etc. Notable events: - Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, its own member state, in August 1968. CRISIS: October 23rd - Khruschcev tells Kennedy the missiles are defensive missiles. - Kennedy pretty much tells him that he started it. - US Naval blockade is in position. October 24th - Khruschcev accuses Kennedy of no longer appealing to reason. - Blockade is now in effect Many Soviet ships turn back, or slow to avoid confrontation. October 25th - Soviet ships turn back except for the bucharest. - It demonstrated the US blockade’s selective scope and Khruschcev’s cautious approach, as he didnt use it to challenge the U.S directly. October 26th - Castro tells Khrushcev to consider nuking America before an American invasion. - Khrushcev ignored him and emotional appeals to Kennedy to not doom the world with nuclear war. - Khrushcev sends Kennedy a private letter proposing the removal of missiles in exchange for a US Non-invasion pledge. October 27th - U-2 Spy plane shot down. - Kennedy doesn’t think Khrushcev ordered it. - Both leaders realise things are getting out of hand. - Kennedy secretly agrees to Khrushcev’s original proposal revival of Cuban missiles, in exchange for a US Non invasion pledge.  - Kennedy privately offers to remove US Missiles from Turkey alternately. October 28th - Khrushcev publicly promises Soviet Missiles will be dismantled and removed. - Kennedy promises no invasion of Cuba. - Kennedy and Khrushcev managed to avert the nuclear crisis through diplomacy. Consequences - Nuclear deterrence - Diplomatic shift. - Arms control - Soviet-american relationship - Global Strategy. Korea + Vietnam Two Hot Wars - proxy Wars - Korean War (1950 - 1953) - Vietnam War (1956 - 1975) Korean War - Korea was divided at 38th parallel after the Second World War - for administrative purposes. - North Korea (communist) vs South Korea (US-Backed) - June 25, 1950: North Korea invaded South Korea. - The UN, led by the US, intervenes to support the south. - Both sides claim to be the legitimate government. Warfare - The Battle of Pusan Perimeter was a ke - The Berlin Crisis East Side - Soviet controlled Germany, German democratic Republic established October 1949 (East Germany didn’t become its own country until after the Berlin Blockade). - No free elections since 1946. - By the 1950s it was a very rigid authoritarian state. - Falling living conditions due to forced collectivisation and Walter Towards the end What is a watershed moment? - A turning point, an event that marks a historical change. Provide 3 examples - COVID - The invention of phones. - Global financial crisis. - 9/11. Prelude to war  - King from 1933-1973, overthrown by the military. - Marriage raised to 21. - Polygamy abolished - Compulsory education. - Communist groups seized power in Kabul. Afghanistan. Led by Nur Muhamme Taraki in 1978. - Easy for the Soviets to support the new regime. - Communists tortured, imprisoned, and evacuated many religious leaders. Saur revolution: - The Saur Revolution was staged by the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan to overthrow Afghan president Mohammad Daoud Khan, who had taken power in the 1973 Afghan coup. He also established an autocratic one-party system in the country. It ended with his execution. 1973 Afghan Coup: The rise of Bin Laden What is the CIA’s Operation Cyclone? - Operation Cyclone was the codename for the United States CIA program to finance the Mujahideen in Afghanistan from 1979 to 1992. 1984 Bin Laden establishes Maktab al-Khidamat  - Nearly 10 years of fighting from Dec 1979 - Feb 1989 - Soviets feared the Afghan government might switch loyalties in the west. - The relationship deteriorated between the Soviets, under Brezhnev, Demokratiziya:a slogan introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in January 1987 (still communist but they could choose). Thaw in relations: - Raegan and Gorbachev signed the intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty in 1988. - Banned various land based missiles between 500 km - 5500 km. - Resulting in the removal of over 2500 land-based nuclear capable missiles - The US under Donald Trump withdrew in 2019. Czechoslovakia - Velvet Revolution: - Began as a nationwide protest from November to December 1989 (nine days following the fall of the berlin wall. - Against the one-party government of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia - protesting the communist regime. - The result was the end of 41 years of one-party rule in Czechoslovakia. Croatian War - Conflict lasted from the 31st of March 1991 to 12 November 1995. - Croatia wanted to be independent from Yugslavia. - The Yugoslav People’s Army tried to keep Croatia within Yugoslavia by occupying all of Croatia. - Ended with Croatia becoming Independent. Khruschev’s Secret Speech: - Denounced Stalin. - Khrushchev charged Stalin with having fostered a leadership cult of personality. Crushing of the Hungarian Revolution: Krushcev’s doctrine - Screen time has risen. - Other connected devices have stayed the same. - Phone screen time has risen. - prioritises one's own culture, judging all other groups by one's own cultural standards even when such a judgement is inappropriate - Australians may believe that all migrants should speak english. PRC + USSR Mao and Stalin days 1940-45. - Stalin didn’t want to give Mao resources in the civil war. - Ideologically different forms of communism. - Did not want China to rival the USSR for leadership in the communist sphere of influence. - Did not want CW to spread to Asia. Develop a summary of pre-war treatment of the Jews using the timeline on page 134. Prior to the war, Jewish people suffered from Anti-Semitism in Nazi Germany. In April of 1933, many Jewish students had been removed from schools under the Law Against Overcrowding of German Schools, before they were finally all expelled from German schools not long after in 1938. Jewish people were not directly/immediately discriminated against; this occurred gradually, and they were slowly excluded from the cultural life of the nation. There was a bigger change in 1938, as Jewish doctors were only permitted to treat Jewish people, Jewish lawyers were deprived of their right to work, and they were required to stamp the letter “J” in red on their passports. In 1939, more drastic measures were put in place and Jewish people were forbidden to appear out after 8pm and Jews were also forbidden to own wireless sets. Towards war 1930’s - The League of Nations was mostly powerless. - They told off/condemned Japan for invading Manchuria in 1931. - By 1937 Japan was in a full scale military invasion of China. - The League of Nations barely did more than economic sanctions to MUssolini when he invaded Abyssinia (Ethiopia).  - Hitler went against the TReaty of Versailles in March 1936 and remilitarized the Rhineland. - The English and the French didn't do anything, the only country to suggest a penalty was the USSR. Prelude to War - Removal of discredited parliamentary system. - Doctrination of German youth and adults. - Hitler returned a sense of pride , reduction of employment etc. - Establishment of Aryan race - Hitler held the view that a global war would be divided among racial lines. - As a result of war spending the economy was split between preparing for war and the needs of German people. - Decline of consumer goods. 1938 - March 1938: Anschluss of Austria - In September 1938 Hitler gained the Sudetenland in the Munich Agreement. - - November 1938: Kristallnacht (the night of broken glass) - Jewish people end up being fined for the damage. 1939 - 15th March: Hitler invades the rest of Czechoslovakia. - 30th March: Britain says it will guarantee Poland’s Independence. - 23rd August: Nazi-Soviet Pact to divide Poland. - 1st September: Hitler invades Poland and breaks his promise of not invading. He does this with the Blitzkrieg tactics. - 17th September: Soviets invade Poland. - 27th September: Poland surrenders. Pushing Boundaries - Hitler realises the English and French are trying to avoid conflict. - Hitler - 20 Feb 1938 - No longer willing to tolerate the suppression of ten million Germans across its borders. - What and When was the Anschluss? - Anschluss was the political union of Austria with Germany, achieved through annexation (similar to colonisation?) by Hitler in 1938. Sudetenland Crisis - What was it? - Area in the Czech Republic Munich Agreement  - Sept 1938 - Germany, UK, France, and Italy. - Europe thought the Munich Agreement would bring peace to Europe and help avoid a war with Nazi Germany. - Czechoslovakia didn't want to give up their territory - strategic importance for defence. Appeasement - What was it? the attempt to bring about a state of peace, quiet, ease, or calm. Invasion of Poland German Forces - Amassed an army of 1.5 million men. - Deployed 2,750 tanks. - Utilised 2,315 aircraft. - Equipped with 9.000 guns. Polish forces - Theoretical strength of one million men - Many unable to mobilise. - Those mobilised had outdated equipment. - 4,300 guns - 210 tanks - 670 tankettes ( small ). - 800 aircrafts. Example Equipment - Panzers and JU87 dive bombers Images of German Military Technology during the Invasion of Poland - Vehicles, Tanks etc. German Advantages Blitzkrieg - Tank and mechanised infantry supported by luftwaffe. - Targeted, rapid attack creates a breach. - Enemy encircled - War of annihilation rather than attrition. - Shock, speed, and violence are key components. Pervitin - Enabled Nazis to fight for days without rest. Losing the Public - Rationing began at the start of the war. Initially, 700g of meat per person per week, by 1945 it had fallon to 250g. - Bacon, Sausage, some accounts of people breeding rabbits. - Coffee, cream, heavy cakes nearly cease to exist. - Imported citrus ceases. - Black markets flourish, providing food and materials. - Many parents were forced to send their children out of the cities to avoid bombing. - Hitler youth were forced into action to sustain the home front. - Some roles consisted of: - Handing out food stamps. - Millions of Germans flee the oncoming Soviet Army. - Half a million die in the process. - Soviets are encouraged to exact revenge on the German citizens, upwards of 2 million sexual assaults in 1945. - Labour shortages meant the Nazis had to increase incentives for women to adopt labour jobs, - Increasing death toll also meant more Germans of ‘pure stock’ needed to be birthed. They tried to provide incentives and methods to allow this. - Women were forced to birth - The Handmaid’s Tale. - Shortages of food, air raids, concern for child safety, concerns for loved ones at the front, and destruction of many public services lead to a massive decline in public health. Teenage Rebellion - After membership became compulsory, you had children joining who were not interested or did not care. - There became a focus on drill and discipline, and some leisure activities were cut. This upset many members like people who joined only for this. - During the war, more activities were cut. Playing fields were bombed and many youth leaders were called to arms, - With thousands of young Germans now disheartened with the HItler Youth many young people began to rebel. - Edelweiss Pirates, - Swing and Jazz youth. Resistance throughout War - Youth opposition grew. - Information about concentration camps, mass murder, and euthanasia programmes were leaked. - Jews in hiding in Berlin firebombed an anti soviet exhibition - tortured, or beheaded. - Upper class resistance, by 1944 Hitler was losing support of many in the upper class leading to the July plot.  - The July plot occurred on the 20th of July 1944, and was an attempted asassination by military leaders of Adolf Hitler. It was an attempt to seize control of the government. The Holocaust The radicalisation of violence and terror including the ‘Final Solution’ - Pre 1933 9.5 million Jews living in eu. - 15 million worldwide - 6 million killed during Nazi Reign and implementation of final solution. - Roughly 60% of Jewish people in Europe died. Nearly 2 out of 4 Jewish people died. - The majority of these mass killings occurred inside concentration and Extermination camps - There were incidents of mass shootings approx. 200,000 deaths as a result. - Deliberate and systematic destruction. Architects and Development - The final solution to the Jewish question. - For instance the Madagascar Plan,Adolf Eichmann. Potentially deporting to palestine. - Heinrich Himmler, Reinhard Heydrich. The Wannsee Conference - The Wannsee Conference was a meeting of Nazi officials in Wannsee to plan and discuss the Final Solution of the Jewish Question. It led to the Holocaust. Death squads - These are groups utilised in nearly every genocide and many revolutions. - Often have the support of a government behind them. - Specific aim. Political regression, genocidal acts, revolutionary terror. - The Specified Method is to detain and generally execute immediately or shortly after. - Before the Einsatzgruppen. Specific for Jewish, Gypsies, Intellectuals, communists, and homosexuals. - Pogrom - A pogrom is a violent riot incited with the aim of massacring or expelling an ethnic or religious group, particularly Jews. Lviv Pogrom - June and July of 1941 Where: The city of Lwów in German-occupied Eastern Poland/Western Ukraine. What: The Lviv pogroms were the riots/massacres of Jews in June and July 1941. Why: It was triggered by the discovery of thousands of bodies in three Lviv prisons of victims of the Soviet NKVD prisoner massacres, which were widely blamed on "Jewish Bolsheviks". - WIKIPEDIA. Reaction of Public - Propaganda used to misinform the public, claiming allied condemnation meant nothing but lies. - Public would not have fully realised Hitler intended to kill all the Jews , more likely to have thought he meant to recover from the EU. - Compliance, obedience, and conformity - potential for Bystander effect. - If you were taught in a racist manner in school you are more likely to hold racist values later in life.  - Jews were the scapegoat for the Nazi Regime. Concentration or Extermination. - Both camps had the extermination/genocidal measures but they achieved it through different ways. - Concentration achieved it through physical exertion and lack of sustenance, often disease and poor living conditions. - Extermination achieved through specifically designed gas chambers. MAP: The Final Solution - The first mass gassing of jews began in Chelmno on 8 December 1941, when the Nazis used gas vans to murder people from the Lodz ghetto. Auschwitz May 1940 – January 1945 Transportation: By foot if they lived close, train, or trucks. The camp also murdered Roma people. Notable Events: - The SS decided to create the concentration camp on the 25th of January 1940. - The first group of prisoners arrived in May/June of 1940. - The first gassings of prisoners in Auschwitz-Birkenau occurred on September 3rd 1941. - The first transportation of Roma people arrived in Auschwitz-Birkenau on the 26th of February 1943. Population Statistics:  - Inmates consisted of Jewish people, Roma people, Polish people, and Soviet prisoners of war. - The Number of Inmates: At least 1.3 inmates. - People killed: At least 1.1 million. Living Conditions: - Prisoners slept on three tier wooden bunk beds. - The buildings didn’t have insulated walls, and the barracks had rats and vermin. - Shortage of water and a lack of suitable sanitary facilities. - Most prisoners eventually suffered from physical exhaustion due to a lack of food and water as well as from the physical labour, which then ultimately led to death, The Fate: - As Nazi Germany started becoming defeated, the Auschwitz officials began destroying evidence of what had occurred in the camps. - The SS ordered for Auschwitz to be evacuated, and sent most of the Jews to another “sub” camp. Photographs: Bergen - Belson - NW Germany - Initially a POW camp. - Concentration camp rather than extermination camp. - 60,000 prisoners upon liberation. - Most ill - Bad water - No food - Dead bodies decomposing around them - Approx. 50k died during its existence. - 60% in the past two years. Hiding Evidence Death March - Evacuation of prisoners towards the centre of the Reich - Due to rapid Soviet advance. - SS guards ordered the execution of those who couldn't travel. - Exhaustion and exposure claimed many lives. The Cold War - Vladimir Lenin.