TFN Midterm Handout 2 PDF

Laoag City, Ilocos Norte ADAPTATION MODEL Nursing models are concepts, definition, and propositions about nursing that specify their interrelationships to form an organized perspective for viewing phenomena specific to the nursing discipline and profession. Conceptual models provi...

Laoag City, Ilocos Norte ADAPTATION MODEL Nursing models are concepts, definition, and propositions about nursing that specify their interrelationships to form an organized perspective for viewing phenomena specific to the nursing discipline and profession. Conceptual models provide different ways of thinking about nursing. It addressed the broad metaparadigm concepts that are central to its meaning. “Nursing is the science and practice that expands adaptive abilities and enhances person Focuses on the concept of adaptation of the person ▪ The RAM provides a useful framework for providing nursing care for persons in health and in acute, chronic, and terminal illness. ▪ Views the person as an adaptive system in constant interaction with an internal and external environment. ▪ The person’s major task is to maintain integrity in face of these environmental stimuli and environment transformation” CATEGORIES OF ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI: 1. Focal Stimulus - Is that which most immediately confronts the individual and demands the most attention and adaptive energy. - Is the internal or external stimulus most immediately challenging the person’s adaptation 2. Contextual stimuli - are all other stimuli existing in a situation that strengthen the effect of the focal stimulus 3. Residual stimuli - are any other phenomena arising from a person’s internal or external environment that may affect the focal stimulus but whose effects are unclear. TFN2024-2025-1 by GCA Page 1|6  Laoag City, Ilocos Norte If a person does not respond passively to environmental stimuli, the adaptation level is modulated by a person’s coping mechanisms and control processes. CATEGORIES OF COPING MECHANISM: 1. The coping mechanism of the regulator subsystem ▪ Occurs through neutral, chemical, and endocrine processes. ▪ These are automatic responses to stimuli. 2. The coping mechanisms of the cognator subsystem ▪ Occurs through cognitive-emotive processes --- perceptual and information processing, learning, judgment, and emotion. She proposed that the behavioral responses of the regulator and cognitive subsystems can be observed in any of the four adaptive modes. PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTIVE MODE - Refers to the way a person, as a physical being, responds to and interacts with the internal and external environment. - BASIC NEED: PHYSIOLOGICAL INTEGRITY - 5 PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS/COPING NEED A. OXYGENATION: To maintain appropriate oxygenation through ventilation, gas exchange, and gas transport B. NUTRITION: To maintain function, to promote growth, and to replace tissue through ingestion and assimilation of food C. ELIMINATION: To excrete metabolic wastes primarily through the intestines and kidneys D. ACTIVITY AND REST: To maintain balance between physical activity and rest E. PROTECTION: To defend the body against infection, trauma, and temperature changes primarily by way of integumentary structures and innate ad acquired immunity F. SENSES: To enable persons to interact with their environment by sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell. TFN2024-2025-1 by GCA Page 2|6  Laoag City, Ilocos Norte G. FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE AND ACID-BASE BALANCE: To maintain homeostatic fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance to promote cellular, extracellular, and systemic function H. NEUROLOGICAL FUNCTION: To coordinate and control body movements, consciousness, and cognitive-emotional processes I. ENDOCRINE FUNCTION: To integrate and coordinate body functions. - Refers to the psychological and spiritual characteristics of a person. - The self-concept consists of the composite of a person’s feelings about himself or herself at any given time - The self-concept is formed from internal perceptions and the perceptions of other’s reactions. - Two major dimensions: the physical self and the personal self - BASIC NEED: NEED IS PSYCHIC AND SPIRITUAL INTEGRITY: a. PHYSICAL SELF 1. BODY SENSATION – To maintain a positive feeling about one’s physical being (i.e., physical functioning, sexuality, or health) 2. BODY IMAGE – To maintain a positive view of one’s physical body and physical appearance b. PERSONAL SELF 1. SELF – CONSISTENCY - To maintain consistent self-organization and to avoid disequilibrium 2. SELF-IDEAL or SELF-EXPECTANCY – To maintain a positive or hopeful view of what one is, what one expects to be, and what one hopes to do 3. MORAL-SPIRITUAL-EHICAL SELF o To maintain a positive evaluation of who one is o To maintain close, nurturing relationships with people who are willing to give and receive love, respect, and value o To know who one is and what society’s expectations are so that one can act appropriately within society TFN2024-2025-1 by GCA Page 3|6  Laoag City, Ilocos Norte INTERDEPENDENCE - Refers to the coping mechanisms arising from close relationship that result in “the giving and receiving of love, respect, and value”. - BASIC NEED: Relational integrity or security in nurturing relationships ROLE FUNCTION - Refers to the primary, secondary, or tertiary roles the person performs in the society - BASIC NEED: Social Integrity The Goal of Nursing - Is to promote adaptive responses and critical thinking - This is accomplished through the nursing process INDICATIONS OF ADAPTATION DIFFICULTY SIGNS OF PRONOUNCED REGULATOR DIFFICULTY 1. Increase in heart rate or blood pressure 2. Tension 3. Excitement 4. Loss of appetite SIGNS OF COGNATOR INEFFECTIVENESS INCLUDE: 1. Faulty perception and information processing 2. Ineffective learning 3. Poor judgment 4. Inappropriate affect TFN2024-2025-1 by GCA Page 4|6  Laoag City, Ilocos Norte MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS NURSING ▪ The science and practice that expands adaptive abilities and enhances person and environmental transformation ▪ GOAL OF NURSING: Promotion of adaptation for individuals and groups in each of the four adaptive modes, thus contributing to health, quality of life, and dying with dignity ▪ Nursing fills a unique role as a facilitator of adaptation by assessing behavior in each of these adaptive modes and factors influencing adaptation by intervening to promote adaptive abilities and to enhance environment interactions. PERSON ▪ Roy defined the person as the main focus of nursing, the recipient of nursing care, a living, complex, adaptive system with internal processes acting to maintain adaptation in the four adaptive modes ▪ Human systems include people as individuals or in groups, including families, organizations, communities, and society as a whole HEALTH ▪ Is a state and a process of being and becoming integrated and a whole person and is a reflection of adaptation, that is, the interaction of the person and the environment ▪ “Health is not freedom from the inevitability of death, disease, unhappiness, and stress, but the ability to cope with them in a competent way. *Nursing is concerned with this dimension ▪ When mechanisms for coping are ineffective, illness is the result ▪ Health ensues when human continually adapt as people adapt to stimuli, they are free to respond to other stimuli TFN2024-2025-1 by GCA Page 5|6  Laoag City, Ilocos Norte ENVIRONMENT ▪ “All the conditions, circumstances, and influences surrounding and affecting the development and behavior of persons and groups with particular consideration of the mutuality of person and earth resources that includes focal, contextual, and residual stimuli ▪ It is changing environment that stimulates the person to make adaptive responses TFN2024-2025-1 by GCA Page 6|6