Nursing Flashcards PDF

### Flashcards on Theoretical Foundation in Nursing **1. Focus of nursing theories?** - **Answer:** Four metaparadigms: Person, Health, Environment, Nursing. **2. Define 'Person' in nursing theories.** - **Answer:** Unique individual with physical, emotional, social, and spiritual needs. **3. Def...

### Flashcards on Theoretical Foundation in Nursing **1. Focus of nursing theories?** - **Answer:** Four metaparadigms: Person, Health, Environment, Nursing. **2. Define 'Person' in nursing theories.** - **Answer:** Unique individual with physical, emotional, social, and spiritual needs. **3. Define 'Health' in nursing theories.** - **Answer:** Dynamic well-being; subjective and influenced by multiple factors. **4. Define 'Environment' in nursing theories.** - **Answer:** External and internal factors affecting a person; crucial for health outcomes. **5. How do nurses use the concept of Environment?** - **Answer:** Modify environment to promote well-being. **6. Define 'Nursing' in nursing theories.** - **Answer:** Actions and responsibilities in care; includes assessment, planning, and ethical principles. **7. Non-nursing theories?** - **Answer:** Systems, developmental, and change theories. **8. Role of concepts and theories in nursing?** - **Answer:** Guide practice and care delivery. **9. Core competency for nurses?** - **Answer:** Understanding health as a multifactorial phenomenon. ### Flashcards on Nursing Theory **1. Origin of the word 'Nursing'?** - **Answer:** Latin "nutrix" meaning "to nourish." **2. Purpose of nursing?** - **Answer:** Encourage healthy living, foster a caring attitude, and build beneficial relationships. **3. Importance of nursing theory?** - **Answer:** Guides practice, supports critical thinking, and underpins clinical care. **4. Theory-Practice Relationship?** - **Answer:** Theory informs practice and practice informs theory. **5. Key components of nursing theory?** - **Answer:** Concepts, Definitions, Assumptions, Propositions. **6. What are 'Concepts' in nursing theory?** - **Answer:** Fundamental ideas like health, environment, person, and nursing. **7. What are 'Definitions' in nursing theory?** - **Answer:** Specific meanings of concepts within the theory. **8. What are 'Assumptions' in nursing theory?** - **Answer:** Accepted truths or underlying beliefs of the theory. **9. What are 'Propositions' in nursing theory?** - **Answer:** Statements explaining relationships between concepts. ### Flashcards on Significant Events in Nursing History **1. Ancient and Early Nursing (3000 B.C. - 500 A.D.)** - **Answer:** Care by family, women, and religious figures; Hippocrates emphasized holistic care. **2. Renaissance and Enlightenment (16th - 18th Century)** - **Answer:** Early hospitals and nursing schools founded; professional nursing in religious orders. **3. The Middle Ages (5th - 15th Century)** - **Answer:** Nursing by religious orders, Knights Hospitaller during Crusades, monasteries as early hospitals. **4. 19th Century: Florence Nightingale** - **Answer:** Revolutionized nursing with sanitation and statistics; founded Nightingale Training School in 1860. **5. 19th Century: American Civil War** - **Answer:** Clara Barton (American Red Cross), Dorothea Dix (military hospitals). **6. Late 1800s: Growth of Nursing Education** - **Answer:** Proliferation of nursing schools; first training school in USA in Bellevue, New York (1873). **7. 20th Century: Nursing Organizations** - **Answer:** ICN founded in 1899; ANA established in 1911. **8. 20th Century: World War I (1914-1918)** - **Answer:** Expanded nursing roles and recognition. **9. 20th Century: World War II (1939-1945)** - **Answer:** Development of specialized fields like anesthesia and psychiatric nursing. **10. 1960s-1970s: Expansion of Nursing Roles** - **Answer:** Introduction of Nurse Practitioners (NPs) and Clinical Nurse Specialists (CNSs); emphasis on research. **11. 1970s-1980s: Nursing as a Profession** - **Answer:** Establishment of advanced degree programs; focus on science and research. **12. 21st Century: 2000s - Present** - **Answer:** Adoption of technology; WHO declared 2020 as the International Year of the Nurse and Midwife. ### Flashcards on Historical Views of the Nature of Science: Rationalism and Empiricism **1. What is Empiricism?** - **Answer:** Knowledge derived from sensory experience; relies on observation and experimentation. **2. Historical Background of Ancient Empiricism?** - **Answer:** Aristotle emphasized observation and sensory experiences for acquiring knowledge. **3. Key Empiricists?** - **Answer:** George Berkeley and David Hume; Hume argued cause and effect are based on habit, not logical necessity. **4. Modern Empiricist Contribution?** - **Answer:** John Locke's "tabula rasa" theory; all knowledge comes from experience. **5. Impact of Empiricism on Science?** - **Answer:** Groundwork for the scientific method; relies on observation, experimentation, and evidence. **6. What is Rationalism?** - **Answer:** Knowledge is primarily derived from reason and logical deduction; certain truths can be known a priori. **7. Historical Background of Ancient Rationalism?** - **Answer:** Plato believed in innate ideas and the importance of reason. **8. Modern Rationalist Contribution?** - **Answer:** René Descartes’ “cogito ergo sum”; reason as the foundation of knowledge. **9. Key Rationalists?** - **Answer:** Baruch Spinoza and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz; emphasized logical principles and mathematics in understanding reality. **10. Impact of Rationalism on Science?** - **Answer:** Influenced development of theoretical frameworks and mathematical laws in physics. **11. Rationalism vs. Empiricism in Science?** - **Answer:** Rationalism emphasizes reason and theoretical constructs; Empiricism focuses on observation and experimentation. **12. Integration of Rationalism and Empiricism?** - **Answer:** Theories (rationalist) are tested through experiments and observation (empiricist). ### Flashcards on Definitions **1. What is Science?** - **Answer:** Systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge through testable explanations and predictions about the natural world. **2. What is Knowledge?** - **Answer:** Facts, information, and skills acquired through experience or education; understanding truths, concepts, or phenomena. **3. What are Concepts?** - **Answer:** Abstract ideas or mental representations used to understand and categorize the world. **4. What is Philosophy?** - **Answer:** Study of fundamental questions about existence, reality, knowledge, ethics, mind, and language; involves critical and systematic analysis. **5. What is a Conceptual Model?** - **Answer:** Representation of a system, process, or idea that simplifies and clarifies its structure and function; helps predict complex systems. **6. What are Assumptions?** - **Answer:** Beliefs or statements accepted as true without proof; used as starting points for reasoning or experimentation; can introduce bias if not examined. **7. What is a Scientific Law?** - **Answer:** Describes a consistent relationship observed in nature, often mathematically; based on repeated observations (e.g., Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation). **8. What is a Hypothesis?** - **Answer:** Tentative explanation or prediction that can be tested through observation and experimentation; must be falsifiable and based on existing knowledge. ### Flashcards on Nursing Theory **1. What is a Theory in Nursing?** - **Answer:** A set of statements describing, explaining, or predicting relationships among concepts; systematically organized as an abstract representation of a phenomenon (McEwen and Wills, 2019). **2. Florence Nightingale's Contribution to Nursing Theory?** - **Answer:** Focused on manipulating the environment to benefit the patient; developed "nursing notes"; influenced practice for over 140 years. **3. Columbia School (1950s) Contribution?** - **Answer:** Recognized need for graduate-level education; first theoretical conceptualizations of nursing science; focus on patient problems and needs. **4. Key Theorists from Columbia School?** - **Answer:** - **Hildegard Peplau:** Interpersonal theory, nurse-patient relationship. - **Virginia Henderson:** Nursing as assisting individuals to achieve independence. - **Faye Glenn Abdellah:** Problem-solving approach. - **Dorothy Johnson:** Behavioral systems model. - **Lydia Hall:** Caregiving, comfort, and cure. - **Levine:** Four conservation principles. **5. Yale School (1960s) Contribution?** - **Answer:** Shifted focus from problem/need to nurse-patient relationship; influenced by Henderson, Orlando, Wiedenbach; defined nursing theory and goals. **6. Key Developments in the 1970s?** - **Answer:** Presentation of many new nursing theories. **7. Key Developments in the 1980s?** - **Answer:** Revision of existing theories based on research findings. **8. Key Developments in the 1990s?** - **Answer:** Expansion and testing of nursing theories; Rosemarie Rizzo Parse’s update to her theory and publication of "Nursing as Caring" by Boykin & Schoenhofer. **9. Rosemarie Rizzo Parse’s Theory Update?** - **Answer:** Changed name from "Man-Living-Health" to "Human Becoming" to avoid gender-based interpretations. **10. Martha Rogers' Contribution (1990)?** - **Answer:** Published “Nursing: Science of Unitary, Irreducible Human Being: Update 1990”; latest refinement of her theory. **11. Boykin & Schoenhofer’s Theory (1993)?** - **Answer:** Published "Nursing as Caring"; defined caring as a moral imperative for nursing. ### Flashcards on the Eras of Nursing Knowledge **1. What was the focus of the Curriculum Era (1900-1940s)?** - **Answer:** Standardizing nursing curricula; integrating physiological, social sciences, and nursing procedures; shift from "art of nursing" to "science of nursing" in baccalaureate programs. **2. What characterized the Research Era (1950-1970s)?** - **Answer:** Introduction of research into higher education; focus on generating knowledge for nursing practice; emphasis on scholarship and dissemination. **3. Key Aspects of the Graduate Education Era (1950-1970s)?** - **Answer:** Emphasis on master’s-level education, research, clinical practice, leadership; emergence of doctoral programs; development of theoretical frameworks by theorists like Johnson, King, Levine, Neuman, Orem, Rogers, and Roy. **4. What happened during the Theory Era (1980-1990s)?** - **Answer:** Growth in nursing theory development; increase in literature, journals, and doctoral programs; Fawcett’s metaparadigm of person, environment, health, and nursing. **5. Focus of the Theory Utilization Era (21st Century)?** - **Answer:** Application of theory to practice; theory-based nursing practice; using theoretical frameworks for guiding practice and improving patient care. **6. Summary of Early 20th Century Nursing Knowledge Development?** - **Answer:** Emphasis on curriculum development and expansion of nursing education. **7. Summary of Mid-20th Century Nursing Knowledge Development?** - **Answer:** Transition to higher education and research, marking the start of scientific inquiry in nursing. **8. Summary of 1960s-1970s Nursing Knowledge Development?** - **Answer:** Growth of doctoral programs and theoretical frameworks; exploration of nursing knowledge nature. **9. Summary of 1980s-1990s Nursing Knowledge Development?** - **Answer:** Flourishing of nursing theory; establishment of theoretical foundations and increased literature. **10. Summary of 21st Century Nursing Knowledge Development?** - **Answer:** Emphasis on applying theory to practice; improving patient care through theory-based approaches. **11. What is the Future Focus According to Meleis (1992)?** - **Answer:** Understanding lived experiences, practical application, development of empowering theories, recognizing diverse knowledge strategies, optimizing care, and broadening global nursing practices. ### Flashcards on the Significance of Nursing Theory **1. What is the significance of Nursing Theory as a Discipline?** - **Answer:** Specific to academia; refers to a branch of education; theoretical works leading to high levels of education and practice; forms the basis for nursing knowledge and decision-making (Kuhn's view on paradigms). **2. What defines Nursing Theory as a Profession?** - **Answer:** Specialized field with a theoretical structure; includes knowledge of the discipline and practice abilities; recognition for contributions to health and society. **3. What are the components or criteria in the analysis of theory?** - **Answer:** Clarity, Simplicity, Generality, Accessibility, Importance. **4. What are Middle Range Theories?** - **Answer:** Focus on specific aspects of practice; less abstract; practical for developing interventions or guiding research. **5. What are Grand Theories?** - **Answer:** Broad scope; more abstract; provide general frameworks; inform overall approach to nursing practice and research. ### Flashcards on Nursing Philosophies and Florence Nightingale **1. What is Nursing Philosophy?** - **Answer:** A framework for understanding nursing phenomena through analysis, reasoning, and logical argument. **2. What did Florence Nightingale’s "Notes on Nursing" focus on?** - **Answer:** Manipulation of the environment to benefit patient recovery. **3. How did Florence Nightingale impact nursing practice?** - **Answer:** Her work influenced nursing practice for over 140 years despite not being explicitly presented as a theory. **4. What were Florence Nightingale’s nicknames?** - **Answer:** “Mother of Modern Nursing” and “The Lady with the Lamp.” **5. When and where was Florence Nightingale born?** - **Answer:** May 12, 1820, in Florence, Italy. **6. What conditions did Florence Nightingale find during the Crimean War?** - **Answer:** Foul conditions with rats, inadequate supplies, overcrowding, and high disease rates. **7. What were the key problems Florence Nightingale addressed in hospitals during the Crimean War?** - **Answer:** Poor sanitation, lack of basic supplies, overcrowding, and insufficient ventilation. **8. What did Florence Nightingale do to improve conditions during the Crimean War?** - **Answer:** Implemented sanitation practices, improved ventilation, and used a lamp to assist wounded soldiers. **9. What books did Florence Nightingale publish?** - **Answer:** "Notes on Hospital" and "Notes on Nursing" (1859). **10. What did Florence Nightingale achieve after returning to England?** - **Answer:** Established the Nightingale School and Home for Nurses at St. Thomas Hospital. **11. What is the core of Nightingale's Environmental Theory?** - **Answer:** Utilizing the patient's environment to promote recovery. **12. What are the components of the environment according to Nightingale?** - **Answer:** Proper Ventilation, Adequate Light, Cleanliness, Warmth, Diet, Management. **13. How did Nightingale define the role of a nurse?** - **Answer:** To manipulate the environment to facilitate patient healing and recovery. **14. What is the significance of cleanliness in Nightingale's Environmental Theory?** - **Answer:** It involves maintaining hygiene for both patients and nurses to prevent disease. **15. How does Nightingale view the role of diet in patient care?** - **Answer:** Assessing meal schedules and dietary intake to support patient recovery. **16. What is Nightingale's view on the person (patient)?** - **Answer:** The patient is a passive recipient of care, dependent on nurses for managing their environment. **17. How did Nightingale view health?** - **Answer:** Health is being well and living up to one’s full potential, with an emphasis on prevention and environmental control. **18. What is the central concept of Nightingale’s Environmental Theory?** - **Answer:** Creating a therapeutic environment to enhance patient comfort and recovery. **19. How did Florence Nightingale’s work influence nursing education?** - **Answer:** Her work led to the establishment of formal nursing education programs and influenced nursing theory development. **20. What did Florence Nightingale contribute to women’s rights?** - **Answer:** Her work influenced John Stuart Mill's book on women's rights. **21. What were the main issues faced by soldiers in the Crimean War according to Nightingale?** - **Answer:** Poor sanitary conditions, inadequate supplies, and high disease rates. **22. How did Florence Nightingale’s approach differ from medical views of the time?** - **Answer:** Focused on environmental factors rather than just medical treatments. **23. What was the effect of Florence Nightingale’s "Notes on Nursing"?** - **Answer:** Provided practical guidelines for nursing practice and influenced nursing care standards. **24. How did Florence Nightingale’s work contribute to nursing as a profession?** - **Answer:** Established a theoretical foundation and formal education for nursing practice. **25. What role did ventilation play in Nightingale’s Environmental Theory?** - **Answer:** Ensuring pure air to prevent disease and support patient recovery. **26. What is the significance of Adequate Light in Nightingale’s theory?** - **Answer:** Promotes health and healing through the purifying effects of sunlight. **27. How did Nightingale view the role of warmth in patient care?** - **Answer:** Monitoring and managing body temperature to prevent heat loss and support recovery. **28. What was Florence Nightingale's stance on cleanliness in patient care?** - **Answer:** Emphasized daily bathing and clean uniforms to prevent disease. **29. How did Florence Nightingale influence the development of nursing curricula?** - **Answer:** Her emphasis on structured education led to the creation of formal nursing programs. **30. What was the impact of Florence Nightingale's work on public health?** - **Answer:** Her environmental practices contributed to improved health standards and practices. **31. Define the concept of "Therapeutic Environment" in Nightingale’s theory.** - **Answer:** An environment specifically structured to enhance patient comfort and recovery. **32. How did Florence Nightingale contribute to the professionalization of nursing?** - **Answer:** By establishing formal education, standards of practice, and a theoretical foundation. **33. What was the primary cause of high mortality rates in Crimean War hospitals?** - **Answer:** Overcrowding, poor sanitation, and inadequate ventilation. **34. What impact did Florence Nightingale’s work have on nursing practice worldwide?** - **Answer:** Set a global standard for environmental care and nursing practice. **35. How did Florence Nightingale's "Notes on Nursing" affect future nursing practice?** - **Answer:** Provided guidelines and established standards that shaped modern nursing practices. **36. What was the main focus of Florence Nightingale’s sanitation practices?** - **Answer:** Improved cleanliness and hygiene to reduce infection and promote health. **37. How did Florence Nightingale’s work influence the nursing profession’s status?** - **Answer:** Elevated nursing to a respected profession through her contributions to education and practice. **38. What was Nightingale’s approach to managing patient diet?** - **Answer:** Regular assessment of meal schedules and nutritional intake. **39. Define "Proper Ventilation" in Nightingale’s Environmental Theory.** - **Answer:** Ensuring that patient air quality is as pure as the external air to prevent illness. **40. What role did Florence Nightingale’s personal experiences play in her nursing philosophy?** - **Answer:** Her experiences in the Crimean War shaped her emphasis on environmental factors in patient care. **41. How did Florence Nightingale’s work impact nursing theory development?** - **Answer:** Laid the groundwork for future nursing theories and educational frameworks. **42. What role did the Nightingale School play in nursing education?** - **Answer:** It was one of the first formal nursing schools, shaping nursing education and standards. **43. How did Florence Nightingale’s "Notes on Nursing" contribute to nursing practice?** - **Answer:** Provided practical advice and established a foundation for nursing care principles. **44. What was the significance of Florence Nightingale’s "lamp"?** - **Answer:** Symbolized her dedication and hands-on approach to patient care during the Crimean War. **45. How did Florence Nightingale’s work address the issue of overcrowding in hospitals?** - **Answer:** Her environmental practices aimed to alleviate overcrowding by improving hospital conditions and management. **46. What were the primary diseases affecting soldiers during the Crimean War according to Nightingale?** - **Answer:** Typhus, Cholera, and dysentery. **47. How did Florence Nightingale’s work impact the understanding of nursing roles?** - **Answer:** Re-defined nursing as a profession requiring formal education and adherence to scientific principles. **48. What was the significance of the Nightingale School’s establishment?** - **Answer:** It formalized nursing education and training, setting a standard for professional nursing. **49. How did Florence Nightingale’s observations influence hospital design?** - **Answer:** Her emphasis on sanitation and ventilation led to improvements in hospital design and patient care. **50. What is the role of "Management" in Nightingale’s Environmental Theory?** - **Answer:** Controlling the physical and administrative environment to protect patients from harm. ---