Test Bank - Chapter 6.1 - 1.docx PDF

**What is the unconditioned stimulus (US) in classical conditioning?** - A. A stimulus that triggers a learned response - B. A neutral stimulus paired with a conditioned stimulus - C. A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response - D. A stimulus that no longer elicits a...

**What is the unconditioned stimulus (US) in classical conditioning?** - A. A stimulus that triggers a learned response - B. A neutral stimulus paired with a conditioned stimulus - C. A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response - D. A stimulus that no longer elicits a response - **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** The unconditioned stimulus (US) is something that naturally triggers a response without prior learning, like food causing salivation, because it produces an automatic, reflexive reaction.  **Which of the following is an example of an unconditioned response (UR)?** - A. Salivation when food is present - B. Jumping when hearing a loud noise - C. Freezing when seeing a predator - D. All of the above - **Answer:** D\ **Explanation:** The unconditioned response (UR) is any automatic, reflexive reaction triggered by an unconditioned stimulus (US) such as salivation, jumping, or freezing, all of which occur naturally without prior learning.  **What is the role of a conditioned stimulus (CS) in classical conditioning?** - A. To trigger an unconditioned response directly - B. To become associated with an unconditioned stimulus and evoke a response - C. To inhibit the response of an unconditioned stimulus - D. To signal the absence of an unconditioned stimulus - **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** The conditioned stimulus (CS) becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus (US) through repeated pairings, eventually eliciting a conditioned response (CR) even in the absence of the US.  **In Pavlov's experiment, what was the conditioned response (CR)?** - A. The sound of the metronome - B. Salivation in response to the food - C. Salivation in response to the metronome - D. The food powder itself - **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** In Pavlov's experiment, the conditioned response (CR) is the salivation that occurs in response to the metronome after it has been repeatedly paired with food, showing that the response has been learned.  **Which of the following describes "acquisition" in classical conditioning?** - A. The period when the CS and US are no longer paired - B. The time when a CS is first paired with a US to create an association - C. The phase when a previously learned response becomes weaker - D. The moment a CR reappears after extinction - **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Acquisition refers to the initial phase in classical conditioning when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with the unconditioned stimulus (US), leading to the formation of an association and the development of the conditioned response (CR).  **What is extinction in classical conditioning?** - A. The strengthening of a conditioned response - B. The reappearance of a conditioned response after a rest period - C. The process when a conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus, leading to the disappearance of the conditioned response - D. The generalization of a conditioned response to similar stimuli - **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus (US), causing the conditioned response (CR) to gradually diminish and eventually disappear.  **Which of the following describes spontaneous recovery?** - A. The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other similar stimuli - B. The return of a conditioned response after a period of extinction - C. The development of a new conditioned response - D. The absence of any response after conditioning - **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Spontaneous recovery is the return of a conditioned response (CR) after a rest period following extinction, indicating that the response can temporarily reappear even when the conditioned stimulus (CS) has not been paired with the unconditioned stimulus (US) for some time.  **What is meant by "stimulus generalization"?** - A. The strengthening of the conditioned response over time - B. Responding to a stimulus that is different but similar to the conditioned stimulus - C. The ability to differentiate between various conditioned stimuli - D. The phase where extinction occurs - **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** Stimulus generalization occurs when an organism responds to stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus, demonstrating that the response has been generalized beyond the specific stimulus used in training.  **When a person learns to respond only to a specific tone and not others, this is called:** - A. Discrimination - B. Generalization - C. Acquisition - D. Extinction - **Answer:** A\ **Explanation:** Discrimination refers to the process of learning to differentiate between the conditioned stimulus and other similar stimuli, responding only to the specific conditioned stimulus that was paired with the unconditioned stimulus.  **What is a conditioned taste aversion?** - A. Avoidance of a food after it has been associated with an unpleasant experience, such as nausea - B. A general dislike of all foods after a period of illness - C. A preference for sweet foods over bitter foods - D. A response that disappears after repeated exposure - **Answer:** A\ **Explanation:** A conditioned taste aversion develops when an organism associates a particular taste with a negative experience like nausea, leading to an avoidance of that taste, even if the aversion is formed after only one exposure.  **If a person develops an aversion to a particular taste after only one bad experience, such as becoming ill after eating a specific food, this phenomenon is known as:** - A. Extinction - B. Conditioned emotional response - C. Preparedness - D. Conditioned taste aversion - **Answer:** D\ **Explanation:** Conditioned taste aversion occurs when an individual associates a taste with an illness after just one exposure, showing that some associations, especially those related to survival, can be formed quickly and with strong resistance to extinction.  **Which of the following illustrates a case of spontaneous recovery?** - A. A dog stops salivating when a bell is rung, but after a period of no exposure, salivates again when the bell is rung. - B. A dog salivates to a bell but ignores all other similar sounds. - C. A dog shows fear when a new, similar stimulus is introduced. - D. A dog begins to associate a new sound with food after repeated pairings. - **Answer:** A\ **Explanation:** Spontaneous recovery occurs when a conditioned response that had previously diminished (salivation) suddenly reappears after a period of rest, showing that the association was not completely extinguished.  **If a researcher finds that a participant conditioned to feel anxious when seeing one specific image also feels anxious when seeing slightly different versions of the image, the participant is demonstrating:** - A. Generalization - B. Discrimination - C. Extinction - D. Latent inhibition - **Answer:** A\ **Explanation:** Generalization is when the conditioned response extends to stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus, indicating that the participant has generalized their anxiety response to a broader set of images.  **A psychologist pairs a light with food until an animal salivates to the light alone. If the light is repeatedly presented without food and the animal's salivation decreases, but salivation returns the next day when the light is presented again, this demonstrates:** - A. Generalization - B. Extinction - C. Discrimination - D. Spontaneous recovery - **Answer:** D\ **Explanation:** Spontaneous recovery is observed when the animal's salivation response returns after a rest period following extinction, indicating that the learned association between the light and food has temporarily reactivated.  **If an individual learns to associate the scent of a particular cologne with their partner and feels happy when smelling it even when the partner is not present, the cologne serves as:** - A. An unconditioned stimulus - B. A conditioned response - C. A conditioned stimulus - D. An unconditioned response - **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** The cologne has become a conditioned stimulus (CS) because it elicits a learned response (happiness) due to its repeated pairing with the presence of the partner, showing that it has acquired meaning through association.  **A person becomes anxious when hearing their alarm clock because it is paired with waking up to stressful work. If they later switch to a different alarm sound but still feel anxious, this shows:** - A. Generalization - B. Discrimination - C. Extinction - D. Preparedness - **Answer:** A\ **Explanation:** The individual's anxiety response to a new alarm sound indicates generalization, as the response has transferred to a similar but distinct stimulus, showing that the association extends beyond the original alarm sound.  **A child receives praise whenever they complete homework while listening to classical music. Later, the child feels motivated when hearing classical music alone. This is an example of:** - A. Extinction - B. Acquisition - C. Classical conditioning - D. Spontaneous recovery - **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** Classical conditioning is demonstrated when the child's response to hearing classical music (motivation) is linked to the previously associated positive experience (praise for homework), indicating that the music has become a conditioned stimulus for the positive emotional response.  **A patient undergoing chemotherapy feels nauseous upon seeing the hospital where they receive treatment, even when they are not scheduled for a session. This is an example of:** - A. Extinction - B. Generalization - C. Conditioned emotional response - D. Latent inhibition - **Answer:** C\ **Explanation:** The patient's nausea in response to seeing the hospital demonstrates a conditioned emotional response, where a neutral location has become associated with the negative experience of chemotherapy, eliciting a strong reaction despite the absence of treatment.  **If a participant learns to blink at the sound of a beep paired with a puff of air to their eyes, and later they blink at a similar beep of a different frequency, they are showing:** - A. Discrimination - B. Generalization - C. Extinction - D. Spontaneous recovery - **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** The participant's blink response to a different beep frequency indicates generalization, as the learned behavior has extended beyond the exact conditioned stimulus to similar auditory cues.  **If a person starts feeling relaxed whenever they sit in a specific chair where they practice deep breathing exercises, the chair has become:** - A. An unconditioned stimulus - B. A conditioned stimulus - C. An unconditioned response - D. A conditioned response - **Answer:** B\ **Explanation:** The chair has become a conditioned stimulus (CS) because it is associated with the relaxation response due to repeated pairing with the practice of deep breathing exercises, indicating that it now elicits the response independently.