Circulatory System Terminology PDF

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Dr. Yasmine Attia Lecturer of Pharmacology & Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhur University  The circulatory system is made up of the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system. This body system functions to maintain homeostasis by:  Transp...

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Dr. Yasmine Attia Lecturer of Pharmacology & Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhur University  The circulatory system is made up of the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system. This body system functions to maintain homeostasis by:  Transporting oxygen, nutrients, vitamins, antibodies, and other substances  Taking away waste and carbon dioxide CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM  The cardiovascular (cardio + vascul + ar) system consists of the heart and the blood vessels. The heart is an organ in the chest that pumps blood through the veins and arteries. It has four chambers: Right and left atria (plural for atrium) Right and left ventricles Atrial and ventricular refer to the atrium and ventricle, respectively.  Atrio + ventricular (AV) valves are found between the atria and the ventricles. These valves are made up of cuspids (small flaps that make up the AV valves). tricuspid tri (three) + cuspid valve on the right side of the heart bicuspid bi (two) + cuspid valve on the left side of the heart, otherwise known as mitral valve Pulmonic valve: controls the flow of blood to the lungs Aortic valve: controls the flow of blood into the aorta  The pericardium (peri + card + ium) is a double membrane that surrounds the heart and the great vessels. The heart wall is made up of several layers: Epicardium: outer layer Myocardium: muscular middle layer Endocardium: inner layer Blood Vessels The circulatory system is made up of five types of blood vessels that transport blood throughout the entire body: Arteries: carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the different body parts. Arterioles: small blood vessels that connect the arteries to the capillaries. Capillaries: smallest blood vessels where oxygenation and nutrients occur. Venules: small blood vessels that connect the capillaries to the veins. Veins: carry deoxygenated blood from the different parts of the body to the heart.  The pulmonary artery is the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood and the pulmonary vein is the only vein that carries oxygenated blood. The coronary arteries carry oxygenated and nutrient- filled blood to the myocardium (heart muscle). Combining Form Meaning Word Association angi/o, vas/o, vessel An angiogram is a radiologic test that views vascul/o blood flow within the veins or arteries. aort/o aorta An aortogram is an invasive procedure in which a catheter is placed in the aorta and a contrast material is injected. arter/o, arteri/o artery Arteriosclerosis refers to the thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls. arteriol/o arteriole Arteriolopathy refers to any disease of the arterioles. ather/o yellow, fatty The build-up of plaque in the arterial walls is plaque known as atherosclerosis. phleb/o, ven/o vein Phlebitis or venitis is the inflammation of the veins. venul/o venule Venulitis is inflammation of the venules. Diseases, Disorders, and Diagnostic Terms Cardiomyopathy is the general diagnostic term used to identify a disease of the heart muscle. The following are examples of cardiomyopathy. Note the meaning of the suffix -itis.  Myocarditis: inflammation of the myocardium (heart muscle)  Endocarditis: inflammation of the endocardium  Pericarditis: inflammation of the pericardium  There are several tests used to diagnose cardiac problems. Some of the most common tests include:  Electrocardiogram electr/o + cardi/o + -gram measures the electrical activity of the heart electrocardiography: a noninvasive procedure used to record electrical activity of the heart electrocardiograph: record of the heart’s electrical activity  Echocardiogram echo + cardi/o + -gram record of the heart’s sonogram echocardiography: the use of sound waves to produce live images of the heart  Cardiac catheterization a procedure in which a catheter is moved through a blood vessel to the heart to diagnose heart disorders  The distribution of blood to the various parts of the body is influenced by the diameter of the blood vessels: Vasoconstriction: decrease in the diameter of a blood vessel (vaso + constriction) Vasodilation: increase in the diameter of a blood vessel (vaso + dilation) Angiomas are benign tumors made up of blood vessels (hemangioma) or lymph vessels (lymphangioma).  There are several radiologic studies involving the blood vessels. These include: aortography aorto + x-ray of the aorta with the use graphy of a contrast dye arteriography arterio + x-ray of the arteries using a graphy radiopaque material angiocardiography angio + x-ray of the heart and great cardio + vessels using a dye graphy Surgical and Therapeutic Interventions Cardiopulmonary pertains to the heart and lungs.  Cardiopulmonary bypass: a technique that temporarily takes over the function of the heart and the lungs during surgery  Cardioversion: a procedure in which an electric current is used to reset the heart’s rhythm back to its normal pattern  Cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a series of lifesaving actions that improve a client’s chances of survival after a cardiac arrest For blood vessel problems, these medications are frequently used:  Thrombolytics (thromb/o + lytic): medications that dissolve clots  Vasodilators: medications that dilate the blood vessels  Antihypertensives: medications that decrease blood pressure  Diuretics: medications that facilitate excretion of water by the kidneys  Antilipidemics: medications that decrease cholesterol levels  Vascular problems that cannot be corrected with medications may need to be treated using some of these procedures: angioplasty angio + plasty repair of the blood vessels atherectomy ather/o + ectomy insertion of a specialized catheter to remove plaque from the arterial lining aortoplasty aort/o + plasty repair of the aorta phlebectomy phleb + ectomy excision of a vein or a vein segment hemorrhoidectom hemorrhoid + excision of a hemorrhoid y ectomy LYMPHATIC SYSTEM  The lymphatic system performs the following functions:  Return the fluid that escaped from the blood vessels back to circulation  Defend the body against disease Lymph: fluid that circulates in the lymphatic system Lymph vessels: thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells Lymph nodes: small round glands that filter lymph throughout the body  Tonsils: collections of lymphoid tissue found in the pharynx  palatine tonsils: located at the back of the throat  pharyngeal tonsils: commonly referred to as “adenoids” Thymus: gland in the upper chest cavity that processes lymphocytes Spleen: produces antibodies and lymphocytes Diseases, Disorders, and Diagnostic Terms lymphoma lymph + oma cancer that originates from the lymphatic system lymphadenoma lymph + aden + oma tumor of the lymph node lymphangitis lymph + ang + itis acute or chronic inflammation of the lymphatic vessels lymphadenitis lymph + aden + itis inflammation of the lymph nodes lymphedema lymph + edema Accumulation of lymph in the tissue that results in swelling. Elephantiasis is a form of edema caused by parasites. lymphangiography lymph + angio + radiologic study of the lymphatic graphy vessels and nodes using a contrast dye lymphangiogram lymph + angio + gram x-ray of the lymphatic vessels and nodes THANK YOU