Technology Guide 4: Intelligent Systems PDF

TECHNOLOGY GUIDE 4: Intelligent Systems INFORMATION SYSTEMS Supporting and Transforming Business Fourth Canadian Edition RAINER  PRINCE  SPLETTSTOESSER  SÁNCHEZ-RODRÍGUEZ TECHNOLOGY GUIDE 4: INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS TG 4.1 Introduction to Intelligent Systems TG 4.2 Expert Systems TG 4.3 Neural...

TECHNOLOGY GUIDE 4: Intelligent Systems INFORMATION SYSTEMS Supporting and Transforming Business Fourth Canadian Edition RAINER  PRINCE  SPLETTSTOESSER  SÁNCHEZ-RODRÍGUEZ TECHNOLOGY GUIDE 4: INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS TG 4.1 Introduction to Intelligent Systems TG 4.2 Expert Systems TG 4.3 Neural Networks TG 4.4 Fuzzy Logic TG 4.5 Genetic Algorithms TG 4.6 Intelligent Agents 2  LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Explain the potential value and the potential limitations of artificial intelligence. 2. Provide examples of the benefits, applications and limitations of expert systems. 3. Provide examples of the use of neural networks. 4. Provide examples of the use of fuzzy logic. 5. Describe the situations in which genetic algorithms would be most useful. 6. Describe the use case for several major types of intelligent agents. 3  TG 4.1 INTRODUCTION TO INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS Intelligent systems: information systems that can make decisions by themselves. Examples: Web apps and medical uses Major categories of intelligent systems: expert systems neural networks fuzzy logic genetic algorithms intelligent agents Artificial intelligence (AI) is a subfield of computer science that studies the thought processes of humans and recreates the effects of those processes via machines, such as computers and robots 4 NATURAL VS. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 5  TG 4.2 EXPERT SYSTEMS Expert systems (ESs) are computer systems that attempt to mimic human experts by applying expertise in a specific domain. Since 2007, IBM scientists have been trying to automate one of the most human of abilities: answering questions asked in everyday language, or natural language. They even gave their technology a human name: Watson. Watson uses more than 100 algorithms to analyze a question in different ways, providing hundreds of possible answers. Click here to access the Website of IBM Watson Supercomputer 6  EXPERTISE TRANSFER FROM HUMAN TO COMPUTER REQUIRES 1. Knowledge acquisition: acquired from domain experts or from documented sources 2. Knowledge representation: organized as rules or frames (objective-oriented) and stored electronically in a knowledge base 3. Knowledge inferencing: the computer is programmed so that it can make inferences based on the stored knowledge 4. Knowledge transfer: expertise is transferred to the user in the form of a recommendation 7 THE COMPONENTS OF EXPERT SYSTEMS Knowledge base Inference engine User interface Blackboard (workplace) Explanation subsystem (justifier) 8 FIGURE TG 4.1 STRUCTURE AND PROCESS OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM 9 TABLE TG 4.2 TEN GENERIC CATEGORIES OF EXPERT SYSTEMS 10 TABLE TG 4.3 BENEFITS OF EXPERT SYSTEMS 11  DIFFICULTIES OF USING ES Transferring domain expertise from human experts to the expert system is time consuming Challenge to automate certain processes that are too complex or too vague Potential liability due to ES errors 12 TG 4.3 NEURAL NETWORKS 13  TG 4.4 FUZZY LOGIC Fuzzy logic is a branch of mathematics that deals with uncertainties by simulating the processes of human reasoning. It is used to precisely define concepts that humans do not define precisely, for example putting dollar ranges around terms such as “high, medium, low” Examples: Financial analysis (loan application) Accounting (goodwill) Internet searches (search queries) 14  TG 4.5 GENETIC ALGORITHMS Genetic algorithm mimics the evolutionary, “survival-of-the- fittest” process to generate increasingly better solutions to a problem. That is, a genetic algorithm is an optimizing method that finds the combination of inputs that produces the best outputs. Genetic algorithms have three functional characteristics: Selection (survival of the fittest): Giving preference to better and better outcomes. Crossover: Combining portions of good outcomes in the hope of creating an even better outcome. Mutation: Randomly trying combinations and evaluating the success (or failure) of an outcome. 15  TG 4.6 INTELLIGENT AGENTS An intelligent agent is a software program that assists you, or acts oon your behalf, in performing repetitive, computer-related tasks Three types of Intelligent Agents (also called bots): Information Agents Monitoring-and-Surveillance Agents User Agents 16  INTELLIGENT AGENTS CONTINUED Information agents search for information and display it to users. Monitoring-and-surveillance agents, also called predictive agents, constantly observe and report on some item of interest. A buyer agent, also called a shopping bot, helps customers find the products and services they need on a website. User agents, also called personal agents, take action on your behalf. 17  TECHNOLOGY GUIDE CLOSING 1. There are a number of characteristics that differentiate artificial and human intelligence. 2. Expert systems are computer systems that attempt to mimic human experts by applying expertise in a specific domain. 3. A neural network is a system of programs and data structures that simulate the underlying concepts of the human brain. 18 TECHNOLOGY GUIDE CLOSING (CONTINUED) 4. Fuzzy logic is a branch of mathematics that deals with uncertainties by simulating the processes of human reasoning. 5. A genetic algorithm is an intelligent system that mimics the evolutionary, “survival-of-the-fittest” process to generate increasingly better solutions to a problem. 6. An intelligent agent is a software program that assists you, or acts on your behalf, in performing repetitive, computer-related tasks. 19  2017 Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Access Copyright (The Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency) is unlawful. Requests for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his or her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The author and the publisher assume no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein.