Expert Systems Questions PDF

Course Name: Expert Systems Lecture one 1. What is the main purpose of an expert system? A) To emulate B) To replace C) To manage D) To store large human expertise human experts in databases...

Course Name: Expert Systems Lecture one 1. What is the main purpose of an expert system? A) To emulate B) To replace C) To manage D) To store large human expertise human experts in databases amounts of data in a particular all fields domain 2. According to Turban, an expert system is primarily designed to: A) Replace B) Emulate the C) Solve problems D) Create new human workers in behavior of that don’t require domains of all industries human experts in human expertise knowledge problem-solving 3. Which of the following is a characteristic of an expert system? A) Deals with B) Cannot learn C) Does not explain D) Acts as a cost- broad, undefined from experience the reasoning effective areas of behind its solutions consultant knowledge 4. In what way do expert systems differ from conventional programs? A) Expert B) Expert C) Both D) Both are systems systems manipulate identical in manipulate data, manipulate knowledge function and while knowledge, while purpose conventional conventional programs programs manipulate data manipulate knowledge 5. Which of the following is a trait of an expert, as mentioned in the text? A) Inability to B) Prefers solving C) Can transfer D) Does not ask explain reasoning complex knowledge across questions based problems only domains on external stimuli By: Nadeem Badr 1 ‫ظا ِل ِم ا‬ ‫ين‬ ُ ‫اَل ِإلاها ِإ اَل أ ا ْنتا‬ ‫س ْب احاناكا ِإ ِِّني ُك ْنتُ ِم ان ال ا‬  Course Name: Expert Systems 6. Which phase in Expert System Development involves building a prototype? A) Problem B) System C) System D) D) Knowledge Definition Implementation Validation Acquisition Max turnaround time 7. According to Pigford & Baur, expert systems utilize: A) Inferential B) Basic logical C) Conventional D) Only processes and operations only data management mathematical reasoning techniques models techniques 8. Heuristics in expert systems are used for: A) Making B) Making C) Performing D) Displaying decisions based decisions based only mathematical data without on random on experience calculations analysis guesses and knowledge 9. In an expert system, a knowledge base consists of: A) Facts and rules B) Data and C) Images and D) Programming numbers multimedia code 10. Which of the following best describes uncertainty in an expert system? A) All facts are B) Knowledge is C) There is often All conclusions always true always complete a degree of are fully certain uncertainty in the knowledge 11. Certainty factors in an expert system are used to: A) Completely B) Assign a C) Structure the D) Ensure all remove degree of knowledge base rules are 100% uncertainty from certainty to facts true facts or rules By: Nadeem Badr 2 ‫ظا ِل ِم ا‬ ‫ين‬ ُ ‫اَل ِإلاها ِإ اَل أ ا ْنتا‬ ‫س ْب احاناكا ِإ ِِّني ُك ْنتُ ِم ان ال ا‬  Course Name: Expert Systems 12. Which statement is true about knowledge in an expert system? A) Knowledge is B) Knowledge is C) There may be D) Knowledge always true or always complete uncertainty in the only contains true false knowledge facts 13. Which characteristic relates to the Expert System's ability to perform at the level of an expert? A) Depth B) Symbolic C) Expertise D) Self Reasoning Knowledge 14. Which of the following characteristics refers to the Expert System’s ability to infer knowledge? 15. A) Self B) Symbolic C) Expertise D) Depth Knowledge Reasoning 16. Which characteristic involves the Expert System's ability to work with concepts and symbols? 17. A) Self B) Symbolic C) Expertise D) Depth Knowledge Reasoning 18. Which characteristic refers to the Expert System’s ability to explain how it reaches its conclusions? 19. A) Self B) Symbolic C) Expertise D) Depth Knowledge Reasoning 20. Which type of expert system is used primarily for routine analysis and highlights areas where human expertise is required? A) An assistant B) A colleague C) A true expert D) None of the above By: Nadeem Badr 3 ‫ظا ِل ِم ا‬ ‫ين‬ ُ ‫اَل ِإلاها ِإ اَل أ ا ْنتا‬ ‫س ْب احاناكا ِإ ِِّني ُك ْنتُ ِم ان ال ا‬  Course Name: Expert Systems 21. Which classification of expert system works in collaboration with the user to reach a "joint decision"? A) An assistant B) A colleague C) A true expert D) A supervisor 22. In which type of expert system does the user accept the system’s advice without questioning it? A) An assistant B) A colleague C) A true expert D) None of the above 23. Which of the following is a desirable feature of an expert system? A) Dealing with B) Complexity C) High D) Limited Uncertainty maintenance problem-solving cost capabilities 24. What feature of an expert system allows it to update and adapt as it learns? A) Explanation B) C) Adaptive D) Reliability Transportability learning 25. Which feature of an expert system refers to its ability to operate in different environments? A) Ease of B) C) Explanation D) Certainty Modification Transportability factors 26. One advantage of an expert system is its ability to: A) Increase B) Capture C) Only solve Require development scarce expertise simple problems extensive human costs input 27. Which advantage of expert systems enables them to function with incomplete information? A) Adaptive B) Superior C) Reliability D) Work with learning problem solving incomplete information By: Nadeem Badr 4 ‫ظا ِل ِم ا‬ ‫ين‬ ُ ‫اَل ِإلاها ِإ اَل أ ا ْنتا‬ ‫س ْب احاناكا ِإ ِِّني ُك ْنتُ ِم ان ال ا‬  Course Name: Expert Systems 28. A limitation of expert systems is: A) Low B) Ability to C) High D) Suitability for development learn from development all types of costs experience costs problems 29. Why is expertise difficult to extract from experts for use in expert systems? A) Experts don’t B) Experts lack C) Knowledge D) Expertise is want to share knowledge in is always easy to validate their knowledge narrow readily domains available 30. Which of the following is NOT a limitation of expert systems? A) Can not learn B) Work well in C) Expertise is D) High from experience broad domains hard to extract development costs By: Nadeem Badr 5 ‫ظا ِل ِم ا‬ ‫ين‬ ُ ‫اَل ِإلاها ِإ اَل أ ا ْنتا‬ ‫س ْب احاناكا ِإ ِِّني ُك ْنتُ ِم ان ال ا‬  Course Name: Expert Systems Lecture two 1. What is the first step in creating an expert system? A) Knowledge B) Knowledge C) Knowledge D) Knowledge Representation Verification Acquisition Organization 2. The process of organizing and structuring acquired knowledge is known as: A) Knowledge B) Knowledge C) Knowledge D) Knowledge Gathering Documentation Representation Validation 3. Which of the following best describes "knowledge"? A) Raw facts, B) Refined C) Data used to D) Information figures, and information answer specific stored in measurements questions databases 4. Which of the following is a source of undocumented knowledge? A) Books B) Journals C) People's D) Databases expertise and experiences 5. Which type of knowledge involves "IF-THEN" rules and is specific to situations? A) Deep Knowledge B) Procedural C) Shallow D) Declarative Knowledge Knowledge Knowledge 6. "Problem-solving and causal structures" are characteristics of: A) Shallow B) Deep C) Declarative D) Semantic Knowledge Knowledge Knowledge Knowledge 7. Which category of knowledge is described as "autobiographical" or "experimental"? A) Declarative B) Procedural C) Episodic D) Meta- knowledge 8. Knowledge about other types of knowledge is referred to as: A) Meta- B) Semantic C) Declarative D) Procedural knowledge Knowledge Knowledge Knowledge By: Nadeem Badr 6 ‫ظا ِل ِم ا‬ ‫ين‬ ُ ‫اَل ِإلاها ِإ اَل أ ا ْنتا‬ ‫س ْب احاناكا ِإ ِِّني ُك ْنتُ ِم ان ال ا‬  Course Name: Expert Systems 9. Good knowledge should be: A) Accurate, B) Accurate, C) Incomplete, D) Experimental, redundant, non-redundant, reliable, redundant, inconsistent consistent redundant consistent 10. Which of the following is NOT a desirable characteristic of good knowledge? A) Completeness B) Consistency C) Redundancy D) Accuracy 11. Which type of knowledge is descriptive and includes facts and shallow knowledge? A) Procedural B) Declarative C) Semantic D) Episodic 12. Which type of knowledge involves the use of symbols? A) Procedural B) Declarative C) Semantic D) Episodic 13. What is the primary goal of knowledge acquisition in an expert system? A) To organize B) To transfer C) To enhance D) To maintain knowledge for and transform the speed of data knowledge within easy access world knowledge processing a closed into a usable environment representation for the expert system 14. Which of the following is NOT one of the five stages of knowledge acquisition? A) Identification B) Formalisation C) Testing D) Deployment 15. What is the role of a knowledge engineer in knowledge acquisition? A) Extract and B) Act as an C) Analyze D) Develop program intermediary system errors theories about knowledge between the and validate knowledge independently expert and the programming organization knowledge base 16. Which of the following methods of knowledge acquisition involves structured, semi-structured, and unstructured interviews? A) Semi- B) Manual C) Automatic D) Automatic Conceptualizatio n By: Nadeem Badr 7 ‫ظا ِل ِم ا‬ ‫ين‬ ُ ‫اَل ِإلاها ِإ اَل أ ا ْنتا‬ ‫س ْب احاناكا ِإ ِِّني ُك ْنتُ ِم ان ال ا‬  Course Name: Expert Systems 17. In automatic knowledge acquisition, what is minimized? A) Knowledge B) Need for C) System D) Knowledge base accuracy expert efficiency representation intervention 18. One major difficulty in knowledge acquisition is: A) The B) Knowledge C) The D) Low abundance of being easy to complexity of dependency of knowledge from transfer between expressing and system a single source systems transferring performance on knowledge to a the knowledge knowledge base level 19. Why is it challenging to acquire knowledge directly from experts? A) Experts often B) Experts may C) Experts D) Experts have use outdated be unwilling or provide knowledge that is information too busy to share information that fully documented their knowledge is irrelevant 20. Which of the following is NOT listed as a reason why knowledge acquisition can be challenging? A) Difficulty in B) Involvement C) Frequent D) Ease of identifying of only a single changes in transferring relevant source experts' knowledge to a knowledge from knowledge knowledge base the expert 21. What is the first stage of knowledge acquisition? A) Testing B) Formalisation C) Identification D) Implementation 22. Which stage involves representing knowledge? A) B) Testing C) Formalisation D) Identification Conceptualisatio n By: Nadeem Badr 8 ‫ظا ِل ِم ا‬ ‫ين‬ ُ ‫اَل ِإلاها ِإ اَل أ ا ْنتا‬ ‫س ْب احاناكا ِإ ِِّني ُك ْنتُ ِم ان ال ا‬  Course Name: Expert Systems 23. What is the purpose of the "Testing" stage in knowledge acquisition? A) To identify B) To break C) To represent D) To validate concepts the problem the knowledge the knowledge into parts 24. During which stage are concepts identified? A) Implementation B) Testing C) D) Conceptualization Formalisation 25. Which stage of knowledge acquisition involves programming? A) Testing B) C) Identification D) Implementati Formalisation on ) asynchronou s receive 26. What is the primary method used in manual knowledge acquisition? A) Using a B) Interview C) Minimizing the D) computerized with experts need for experts Programming system 27. Which type of interview is NOT mentioned in the manual knowledge acquisition process? A) Structured B) Semi- C) Unstructured D) Open- structured ended 28. In semi-automatic knowledge acquisition, what is used to support the process? A) Manual B) Computerised C) Expert D) Programming observation system knowledge 29. What is the goal of automatic knowledge acquisition? A) To track the B) To observe C) To minimize D) To conduct reasoning experts the need for a semi-structured process knowledge interviews engineer or expert By: Nadeem Badr 9 ‫ظا ِل ِم ا‬ ‫ين‬ ُ ‫اَل ِإلاها ِإ اَل أ ا ْنتا‬ ‫س ْب احاناكا ِإ ِِّني ُك ْنتُ ِم ان ال ا‬  Course Name: Expert Systems 30. Which of the following is NOT a part of manual knowledge acquisition? A) Structured B) Observation C) Use of a D) Tracking the interviews computerized reasoning system process 31. Why is knowledge acquisition difficult? A) It is easy to B) Experts are C) Knowledge is D) Knowledge is acquire and always willing to not easy to always clearly maintain share knowledge acquire or expressed maintain 32. What is one of the challenges mentioned in transferring knowledge? A) Knowledge is B) Transferring C) Experts are D) Knowledge always easy to knowledge to the always available acquisition is express required form for to share their instantaneous the knowledge knowledge base 33. What does "in knowledge lies power" refer to? A) The B) The need for C) The impact of D) The difficulty importance of the better computer the level and of expressing quantity of systems quality of knowledge knowledge knowledge on system performance 34. Which of the following is a reason why knowledge acquisition can be difficult? A) Knowledge B) Experts are C) Experts are D) Methods for can be easily always willing to often busy or eliciting transferred share their unwilling to share knowledge are knowledge their knowledge well-developed 35. What is a problem with knowledge elicitation methods? A) They are very B) They are not C) They involve C) They involve refined refined too many too many sources sources By: Nadeem Badr 10 ‫ظا ِل ِم ا‬ ‫ين‬ ُ ‫اَل ِإلاها ِإ اَل أ ا ْنتا‬ ‫س ْب احاناكا ِإ ِِّني ُك ْنتُ ِم ان ال ا‬  Course Name: Expert Systems 36. What is one method of organizing knowledge? A) Using only B) Representing C) Ignoring rules D) Focusing on experts the knowledge one type of knowledge 37. Which of the following is a method of representing knowledge? A) Semantic B) Random facts C) Experts' D) Only using Networks opinions only written knowledge 38. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a method for organizing knowledge? A) Rules B) Frames C) Semantic D) Computers Networks 39. What is a key characteristic of frames in knowledge representation? A) Based on B) Based on C) Based on D) Based on networks frames objects propositional arranged in a logic hierarchical manner 40. Propositional and predicate logic in knowledge representation is based on: A) Frames B) Objects C) Calculus D) Hierarchy 41. What is the primary purpose of the Knowledge Base in an expert system (XPS)? A) To interact B) To contain C) To manage the D) To display with end users essential agenda explanations to information the user about the problem domain 42. Which component of an expert system is responsible for deriving new knowledge from the Knowledge Base and user input? A) Knowledge B) Agenda C) Inference D) User Interface Acquisition Engine Facility By: Nadeem Badr 11 ‫ظا ِل ِم ا‬ ‫ين‬ ُ ‫اَل ِإلاها ِإ اَل أ ا ْنتا‬ ‫س ْب احاناكا ِإ ِِّني ُك ْنتُ ِم ان ال ا‬  Course Name: Expert Systems 43. What is the role of the User Interface in an expert system? A) to derive new B) To display the C) To interact D) To set the knowledge from inference with end users working memory the knowledge engine’s internal base workings 44. Which of the following is NOT listed as a component of an expert system (XPS)? A) Working B) Agenda C) Knowledge D) Data Memory Acquisition Visualization Facility Module 45. What is an XPS shell? A) A tool that B) A C) A D) A knowledge automatically development tool programming representation generates expert where the user language for web language systems without provides the development user input knowledge base 46. Which of the following are examples of XPS shells? A) OWL, KIF, B) CLIPS, JESS, C) Python, Java, D) XML, HTML, Cyc EMYCIN, C++ SQL Babylon 47. Knowledge representation languages are designed specifically for: A) Low-level B) Data storage C) Knowledge D) User interface programming and retrieval representation design and reasoning 48. Which of the following is NOT a knowledge representation language or ontology mentioned? A) KRL B) SQL C) DAML D) KQML 49. In an expert system, which component is typically used to record temporary information and current facts? A) Knowledge B) Working C) Explanation D) Inference Base Memory Facility Engine By: Nadeem Badr 12 ‫ظا ِل ِم ا‬ ‫ين‬ ُ ‫اَل ِإلاها ِإ اَل أ ا ْنتا‬ ‫س ْب احاناكا ِإ ِِّني ُك ْنتُ ِم ان ال ا‬  Course Name: Expert Systems 50. In a rule-based expert system (XPS), what is stored in the Knowledge Base (or Rule Base)? A) Store B) Condition- C) Calculated D) Conflict temporary data action rules (if- certainty values resolution then rules) priorities 51. What is the primary function of Working Memory in a rule-based expert system? A) To store the B) To display C) stores initial D) To manage knowledge base reasoning chains facts and user interface permanently for the user generated facts interactions derived by inference engine 52. What does the Inference Engine do in a rule-based expert system? A) Resolves B) Matches C) Displays the D) Develops new conflicts between conditions in rule base to the knowledge rules users rules with facts in user Working Memory 53. In conflict resolution within an expert system, which component selects the next rule to be executed? A) Knowledge B) Working C) Inference D) User Interface Acquisition Memory Engine Facility 54. Which of the following is NOT a function of the Inference Engine in a rule-based expert system? A) Pattern B) Conflict C) Providing user D) Executing or matching with resolution interface "firing" rules to facts in Working between active interaction generate new Memory rules facts 55. Which additional function might be necessary in an Inference Engine for complex reasoning? A) Truth B) User Interface C) Condition- D) Knowledge Maintenance Action Storage Representation System (TMS) Language By: Nadeem Badr 13 ‫ظا ِل ِم ا‬ ‫ين‬ ُ ‫اَل ِإلاها ِإ اَل أ ا ْنتا‬ ‫س ْب احاناكا ِإ ِِّني ُك ْنتُ ِم ان ال ا‬  Course Name: Expert Systems 56. The Explanation Facility in a rule-based expert system is used to: A) Store B) Justify the C) Display new D) Manage additional rules reasoning chain facts added to conflict resolution to the user Working Memory between rules 57. In a rule-based XPS, what does "firing" a rule mean? A) Discarding an B) Placing the C) Executing the D) Explaining the irrelevant rule rule on the rule's rule to the user agenda consequence to add new facts 58. Forward Chaining in a rule-based expert system is also known as: A) Hypothesis- B) Data-driven C) Explanation- D) User-driven driven reasoning reasoning driven reasoning reasoning 59. Backward Chaining is commonly used in: A) Real-time B) Diagnostic C) Systems D) Real-time monitoring and and consultation without an financial trading control systems systems agenda 60. Which of the following is an example of a system that uses Forward Chaining? A) EMYCIN B) OPS5 C) KQML D) Cyc 61. In Backward Chaining, the expert system begins with: A) Facts in B) A user query C) The entire D) The agenda Working Memory or hypothesis rule base of active rules 62. According to Post's theoretical result, any system in mathematics or logic can be: A) Derived from B) Written as a C) Explained D) Based on a hypothesis production using predicate statistical models system logic 63. In a production system, what governs the conversion of one set of strings into another? A) Mathematical B) Production C) Logical proofs D) Truth formulas rules maintenance system By: Nadeem Badr 14 ‫ظا ِل ِم ا‬ ‫ين‬ ُ ‫اَل ِإلاها ِإ اَل أ ا ْنتا‬ ‫س ْب احاناكا ِإ ِِّني ُك ْنتُ ِم ان ال ا‬  Course Name: Expert Systems 64. What is another name for production rules in a production system? A) Conditional B) Rewrite rules C) Control D) Interpretation statements structures rules 65. In the context of production systems, what type of manipulation is typically performed? A) Semantic B) Numerical C) Simple D) Logical analysis computation syntactic string reasoning manipulation 66. What level of understanding or interpretation is required to apply production rules? A) High-level B) Extensive C) No D) Background understanding of knowledge of understanding or knowledge in semantics context interpretation is mathematics required By: Nadeem Badr 15 ‫ظا ِل ِم ا‬ ‫ين‬ ُ ‫اَل ِإلاها ِإ اَل أ ا ْنتا‬ ‫س ْب احاناكا ِإ ِِّني ُك ْنتُ ِم ان ال ا‬  Course Name: Expert Systems Lecture 3 1. Why do human experts achieve high performance? A) Due to B) Due to innate C) Due to D) Due to technological abilities extensive financial advancements knowledge in resources their field 2. Which of the following is NOT a source of experiential knowledge? A) Perception B) Testimony C) Memory D) Logic 3. What type of knowledge is illustrated by the statement: "All men are mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore, Socrates is mortal"? A) Experiential B) Non- C) Procedural D) Introspective Knowledge Experiential Knowledge Knowledge Knowledge 4. Which of the following is an example of conceptual knowledge in expert systems? A) Causal model B) Guidelines for C) Domain- D) Conclusions of the domain actions specific terms between facts and terminology 5. Guidelines for actions" in knowledge representation is an example of: A) Causal B) Conceptual C) Procedural D) Testimony connections knowledge knowledge 6. Which type of knowledge involves drawing conclusions between facts? A) Derivative B) Causal C) Experiential D) Procedural knowledge connections knowledge knowledge 7. What type of knowledge involves a relationship like "IF the 'fuel tank' is empty, THEN the car is dead"? A) Directive B) Heuristic C) Relation D) Strategy 8. Which type of knowledge gives advice based on conditions A) Relation B) Directive C) D) Heuristic Recommendatio n By: Nadeem Badr 16 ‫ظا ِل ِم ا‬ ‫ين‬ ُ ‫اَل ِإلاها ِإ اَل أ ا ْنتا‬ ‫س ْب احاناكا ِإ ِِّني ُك ْنتُ ِم ان ال ا‬  Course Name: Expert Systems 9. In the "Types of Knowledge" slide, what type of knowledge is used when there are multiple steps, like "check the fuel tank" and then "check the battery"? A) Relation B) Strategy C) Heuristic D) Directive 10. What type of knowledge is demonstrated by the rule "IF the spill is liquid AND the 'spill pH' < 6 AND the 'spill smell' is vinegar, THEN the 'spill material' is acetic acid"? A) Heuristic B) Relation C) Strategy D) Recommendatio n 11. What type of knowledge modeling technique is most common in Expert Systems (XPS)? A) Neural B) Case-Based C) Rule-Based D) Causal Networks Reasoning Systems Modeling 12. Rule-Based Systems in XPS primarily use: A) Long B) Independently C) Case-by-case D) Neural inference chains formulated rules analysis of processing for with complex for knowledge previous deep knowledge rules elements instances 13. Which of the following is true about Rule-Based Systems (RBS) in XPS? A) They have an B) They are C) They contain D) They are extensive and difficult to mostly 'shallow' based on neural coherent causal expand knowledge networks model of the domain 14. Shallow Reasoning, also known as Experiential Reasoning, involves: A) Long B) Short C) Causal and D) An exact inference chains inference chains functional replication of and simple rules and complex models of the real-world rules domain behaviors 15. Which type of reasoning aims to build a model that behaves like the “real thing”? A) Experiential B) Shallow C) Deep D) Rule-Based Reasoning Reasoning Reasoning Reasoning By: Nadeem Badr 17 ‫ظا ِل ِم ا‬ ‫ين‬ ُ ‫اَل ِإلاها ِإ اَل أ ا ْنتا‬ ‫س ْب احاناكا ِإ ِِّني ُك ْنتُ ِم ان ال ا‬  Course Name: Expert Systems 16. In the context of Expert Systems, Deep Reasoning is also known as: A) Experiential B) Shallow C) Rule-Based D) Causal Reasoning Reasoning Reasoning Reasoning 17. Which of the following is a component of Rule-Based Expert Systems? A) Inference B) Case Memory C) Neural D) Pattern Mechanisms Networks Recognition Modules 18. Rule-Based Expert Systems combine facts and rules using: A) Neural B) Inference C) Case-Based D) Heuristic Network Mechanisms Reasoning Modeling Processing 19. In the architecture of a Rule-Based Expert System (XPS), where is expert knowledge stored? A) Working B) Knowledge C) Inference D) Agenda Memory Base Engine 20. What type of information does the Working Memory store in a Rule-Based XPS? A) Condition- B) Explanation C) Initial and D) Conflict action rules facility details generated facts resolution strategies 21. Which component of a Rule-Based XPS matches the condition part of rules against facts in Working Memory? A) Knowledge B) Explanation C) User Interface D) Inference Base Facility Engine 22. What happens when the condition part of a rule is satisfied in a Rule-Based XPS? A) The rule is B) The rule is C) The Working D) The rule is placed on the removed from Memory is sent to the User Agenda as an the Knowledge cleared Interface Active Rule Base 23. Which component is responsible for selecting an active rule from the Agenda in a Rule-Based XPS? A) Explanation B) Inference C) Working D) Knowledge Facility Engine Memory Acquisition Facility By: Nadeem Badr 18 ‫ظا ِل ِم ا‬ ‫ين‬ ُ ‫اَل ِإلاها ِإ اَل أ ا ْنتا‬ ‫س ْب احاناكا ِإ ِِّني ُك ْنتُ ِم ان ال ا‬  Course Name: Expert Systems 24. What is the purpose of firing (executing) a rule in a Rule-Based Expert System? A) To remove the B) To add, C) To delete all D) To rule from the modify, or retract facts in Working communicate Knowledge Base facts in Working Memory with the User Memory Interface 25. What additional component might be necessary in a Rule-Based XPS to manage reasoning with defaults and beliefs? A) Agenda B) Truth C) Knowledge D) User Interface Maintenance Base System (TMS) 26. Which of the following is NOT a component mentioned in the architecture of a Rule-Based XPS? A) Explanation B) User Interface C) Control D) Knowledge Facility Mechanism Acquisition Facility 27. What additional functionality might the Inference Engine have in a Rule-Based XPS? A) Calculation of B) Explanation C) Knowledge D) User Interface Certainty Values Facility Acquisition Communication Rules to determine ‘grade’ Q(28,29,30,31) 1. study > good_grade 2. not_study > bad_grade 3. sun_shines > go_out 4. go_out > not_study 5. stay_home > study 6. awful_weather > stay_home 28. According to the "Grades" rule set, if the weather is awful, what is the likely outcome for grades? A) Good grade B) Bad grade C) No grade D) Cannot determine 29. What condition is necessary to achieve a good grade, according to the rule set? A) Sun shines B) Go out C) Study D) Stay home only 30. In the example given, what would be the reasoning chain to prove a good grade using forward By: Nadeem Badr 19 ‫ظا ِل ِم ا‬ ‫ين‬ ُ ‫اَل ِإلاها ِإ اَل أ ا ْنتا‬ ‫س ْب احاناكا ِإ ِِّني ُك ْنتُ ِم ان ال ا‬  Course Name: Expert Systems reasoning, given the fact "awful_weather"? A) 6, 3, 2 B) 6, 5, 1 C) 1, 5, 6 D) 2, 6, 3 31. In the "Grades" reasoning tree, what occurs if the condition "sun shines" is true? A) The outcome B) The outcome C) The outcome D) The outcome is "good grade" is "study" is "not_study" is "stay_home" 32. Which reasoning method involves starting with given facts and deriving conclusions until reaching a final goal? A) Backward B) Goal-based C) Forward D) Reverse Reasoning Reasoning Reasoning Chaining 33. What is the primary objective of backward reasoning? A) To apply B) To test C) To create a D) To randomly random rules hypotheses by list of all possible assign values to until a goal is proving if a goal outcomes variables found is supported by facts Given : A Rule base contains following Rule set Q(34,35,36,37) Rule 1: If A and C Then F Rule 2: If A and E Then G Rule 3: If B Then E Rule 4: If G Then D 34. In the given problem, what must be proved if A and B are true? A) E is true B) D is true C) F is true D) C is true 35. In forward chaining, which rule fires first when starting with A and B as true? A) Rule 1 B) Rule 2 C) Rule 3 D) Rule 4 36. In backward reasoning for the goal D, which rule must be proved before confirming D is true? A) Rule 1 B) Rule 2 C) Rule 3 D) Rule 4 F) Protection 37. In backward reasoning for proving D is true, which sub-goal must be proved after Rule 4? A) F is true B) E is true C) G is true D) A is true By: Nadeem Badr 20 ‫ظا ِل ِم ا‬ ‫ين‬ ُ ‫اَل ِإلاها ِإ اَل أ ا ْنتا‬ ‫س ْب احاناكا ِإ ِِّني ُك ْنتُ ِم ان ال ا‬  Course Name: Expert Systems 38. What type of reasoning does forward chaining primarily rely on? A) Goal-driven B) Top-down C) Data-driven D) Hypothesis reasoning reasoning reasoning testing 39. Which type of reasoning is used to find facts that support a given hypothesis? A) Forward B) Backward C) Probabilistic D) Fuzzy Chaining Chaining Reasoning Reasoning 40. Which of the following is an application of forward chaining? A) Diagnosis B) Construction C) Hypothesis D) Prediction testing 41. In backward chaining, control evaluation is focused on: A) Antecedents B) Consequents C) Probabilities D) Inference (LHS) (RHS) engine 42. Which reasoning technique integrates probabilities into the reasoning process? A) Theorem B) Probabilistic C) Fuzzy D) Certainty Proving Reasoning Reasoning Factors 43. What is the purpose of certainty factors in expert systems? A) To integrate B) To express C) To handle D) To perform probabilities the subjective vaguely defined theorem proving truth of a fact or rules rule 44. Fuzzy reasoning in expert systems is primarily used to: A) Integrate B) Handle C) Use vaguely D) Control probabilities precisely defined defined antecedents predicates predicates and evaluation rules 45. Theorem proving in expert systems primarily emphasizes: A) Performance B) Mathematical C) Handling D) Integration of and ease of use proofs and vaguely defined probabilistic correctness predicates reasoning By: Nadeem Badr 21 ‫ظا ِل ِم ا‬ ‫ين‬ ُ ‫اَل ِإلاها ِإ اَل أ ا ْنتا‬ ‫س ْب احاناكا ِإ ِِّني ُك ْنتُ ِم ان ال ا‬  Course Name: Expert Systems Lecture Four 1. What is the hierarchical data structure where nodes store information and branches connect the nodes? a) Graph b) Tree c) Array d) Stack 2. In a tree, what is the name given to the top node with the highest hierarchy? a) Leaf b) Branch c) Root d) Child 3. In a tree, what is the name given to the bottom node with the lowest hierarchy? a) Leaf b) Branch c) Root d) Child 4. Which of the following statements about binary trees is true? a) Each node b) Each node c) Each node d) Each node can have a can have a must have at must have maximum of maximum of two least one child. exactly two three children. children. children. 5. What term is used to describe a tree with only a single pathway from the root to its leaf? a) Balanced tree b) Degenerate c) Binary tree d) Multiway tree tree 6. In graph theory, what is a circuit? a) A graph with b) A path that c) A directed d) A graph with no edges begins and ends graph no loop at the same node 7. What is a lattice in the context of graphs? a) A graph with b) A directed c) A weighted d) A graph with cycles acyclic graph graph self-loop 8. Which type of graph has directed links? a) Acyclic graph b) Digraph c) Weighted d) Connected graph graph By: Nadeem Badr 22 ‫ظا ِل ِم ا‬ ‫ين‬ ُ ‫اَل ِإلاها ِإ اَل أ ا ْنتا‬ ‫س ْب احاناكا ِإ ِِّني ُك ْنتُ ِم ان ال ا‬  Course Name: Expert Systems 9. In a binary decision tree, what does each internal node represent? a) Answer b) Question c) Root d) Child 10. In a binary decision tree, what does each leaves represent? a) Answer b) Question c) Root d) Child 11. What is the maximum number of answers in a binary decision tree with N nodes? a) N answers b) N - 1 answers c) 2^N answers d) N + 1 answers 12. Which statement is true about decision trees? a) They can only b) They cannot c) They can be d) They have no be used for learn by converted into internal nodes. binary decisions. themselves. production rules. 13. In a tree, what is the term for nodes at the bottom level that do not have any children? a) Root b) Branch c) Leaf d) Node 14. What is true for all nodes in a binary tree except the root? a) They have two b) They have c) They are all at d) They have no parents. exactly one the same level. children. parent. 15. What is a feature of connected graphs? a) All nodes are b) There is a link c) There are no d) All links have isolated. to each node. directed links. weights. 16. Which type of graph does not contain any cycles? a) Cyclic graph b) Digraph c) Acyclic graph d) Weighted graph By: Nadeem Badr 23 ‫ظا ِل ِم ا‬ ‫ين‬ ُ ‫اَل ِإلاها ِإ اَل أ ا ْنتا‬ ‫س ْب احاناكا ِإ ِِّني ُك ْنتُ ِم ان ال ا‬  Course Name: Expert Systems 17. In a binary decision tree, what is true about the leaves? a) They b) They c) They are d) They are represent represent connected to always at the questions. answers. multiple highest level. branches. 18. Which structure is commonly used for making hierarchical classifications? a) Arrays b) Graphs c) Trees d) Linked list 19. What type of tree can be used to represent knowledge and make decisions? a) Binary search b) Decision tree c) AVL tree d) Red-black tree tree 20. In a weighted graph, what attribute is assigned to the links? a) Color b) Parent node c) Weight d) Shape 21. What does a state space define in an object? a) The physical b) The object's c) The object's d) The object's properties of the behavior design location object 22. In a state space, what shows the transitions an object can make? a) State path b) Object c) State d) State behavior transitions characteristics 23. A Finite State Machine (FSM) is used to describe what aspect of a machine? a) The speed of b) The number of c) The finite d) The physical the machine inputs the number of states structure of the machine can of the machine machine handle 24. Which programming language was used for commercial applications in business and industry in the 1990s? a) Python b) Java c) PROLOG d) C+ By: Nadeem Badr 24 ‫ظا ِل ِم ا‬ ‫ين‬ ُ ‫اَل ِإلاها ِإ اَل أ ا ْنتا‬ ‫س ْب احاناكا ِإ ِِّني ُك ْنتُ ِم ان ال ا‬  Course Name: Expert Systems 25. What method does PROLOG use to divide problems into smaller problems? a) Forward b) Heuristic c) Backward d) Trial and error chaining analysis chaining 26. What type of logic is based on rules of thumb derived from experience? a) Deduction b) Heuristics c) Induction d) Default logic 27. Which type of logic infers conclusions from specific cases to general principles? a) Deduction b) Induction c) Default logic d) Abduction 28. What type of logic involves reasoning back from a known outcome to possible causes? a) Deductive b) Abduction c) Intuition d) Nonmonotonic logic logic 29. What type of logic refers to an absence of specific knowledge? a) Autoepistemic b) Nonmonotonic c) Default d) Analogy 30. Which type of logic is associated with self-knowledge? a) Nonmonotonic b) Analogy c) Deduction d) Autoepistemic 31. Nonmonotonic logic is based on: a) Self- b) Absence of c) Previous d) Intuition knowledge specific knowledge knowledge 32. What is analogy-based reasoning? a) Inference b) Inferring c) Reasoning d) Reasoning based on trial conclusions based on self- that requires no and error based on knowledge specific similarities with knowledge other situations By: Nadeem Badr 25 ‫ظا ِل ِم ا‬ ‫ين‬ ُ ‫اَل ِإلاها ِإ اَل أ ا ْنتا‬ ‫س ْب احاناكا ِإ ِِّني ُك ْنتُ ِم ان ال ا‬  Course Name: Expert Systems 33. Deductive reasoning involves: a) Drawing b) Inferring from c) Reasoning d) Reasoning conclusions specific cases to where without any based on general conclusions must premises unproven principles follow from theories premises 34. What type of reasoning is based on unproven theories? a) Deduction b) Induction c) Intuition d) Nonmonotonic 35. What method involves trial and error? a) Deductive b) Inductive c) Generate and d) Analogy reasoning reasoning test 36. What does a syllogism consist of? a) One premise b) Two premises c) Three d) Multiple and two and one premises and premises and no conclusions conclusion two conclusions conclusions 37. Which statement is true about a well-formed problem in an FSM? a) It has an b) The next state c) The states are d) The problem unclear problem, is always continuous space is goal, and uncertain bounded operations 38. What does a deterministic problem imply in FSM terms? a) The next state b) The next state c) There is no d) All states are is random is certain when next state undefined an operator is applied 39. What does the term "middle term" refer to in a categorical syllogism? A) The subject B) The predicate C) The term D) The term of the of the conclusion common to both unique to each conclusion premises premise By: Nadeem Badr 26 ‫ظا ِل ِم ا‬ ‫ين‬ ُ ‫اَل ِإلاها ِإ اَل أ ا ْنتا‬ ‫س ْب احاناكا ِإ ِِّني ُك ْنتُ ِم ان ال ا‬  Course Name: Expert Systems 40. In a standard syllogism form, if the major premise is "All A is B" and the minor premise is "All C is A," what is the conclusion? A) All A is C B) All C is B C) Some C is B D) No C is B 41. Which rule of inference is demonstrated by the statement: "If I am hungry, I will eat. I am hungry. Therefore, I will eat"? A) Modus B) Modus C) Law of D) Law of Ponens Tollens Contrapositive Syllogism 42. Which Modus means "affirming, denies"? A) Modus B) Modus C) Modus D) Modus Tollendo Ponens Ponendo Tollens Tollendo Tollens Ponendo Ponens 43. Which Modus means "denying, affirming "? A) Modus B) Modus C) Modus D) Modus Tollendo Ponens Ponendo Tollens Tollendo Tollens Ponendo Ponens 44. Which Modus means "denying, denies"? A) Modus B) Modus C) Modus D) Modus Tollendo Ponens Ponendo Tollens Tollendo Tollens Ponendo Ponens 45. Which Modus means " affirming, affirming "? A) Modus B) Modus C) Modus D) Modus Tollendo Ponens Ponendo Tollens Tollendo Tollens Ponendo Ponens 46. Which type of logic can fully describe syllogistic logic? a) Propositional b) Boolean logic c) First-order d) Intuitionistic logic predicate logic logic 47. What does the Rule of Universal Instantiation state? a) An axiom b) An individual c) Every d) A chain cannot be proven may be argument has a connects from within a substituted for a valid inference problems with system universe solutions By: Nadeem Badr 27 ‫ظا ِل ِم ا‬ ‫ين‬ ُ ‫اَل ِإلاها ِإ اَل أ ا ْنتا‬ ‫س ْب احاناكا ِإ ِِّني ُك ْنتُ ِم ان ال ا‬  Course Name: Expert Systems 48. Which of the following is NOT a requirement of a formal system? a) An alphabet of b) Theorems c) Rules of d) Completeness symbols must be inference for and soundness discovered deducing without rules conclusions 49. What does shallow reasoning rely on? a) Extensive b) Minimal or no c) Frames for d) First-order causal chains causal chains model predicate logic construction 50. What is a backward chain used for? a) Moving from a b) Linking the c) Establishing d) Eliminating problem to its hypothesis back new rules of existential solution to supporting inference quantifiers evidence 51. Which step is NOT involved in converting first-order predicate wffs to clausal form? a) Eliminate b) Convert matrix c) Drop universal d) Rename conditionals to disjunctive quantifiers as variables to normal form necessary make them unique 52. Which of the following statements is true about causal forward chaining? a) It starts from a b) It begins with c) It is primarily d) It emphasizes hypothesis and data and moves used for backward moves to to conclusions. diagnostics. reasoning. evidence. 53. What is a primary characteristic of backward chaining? a) It focuses on b) It processes c) It is used to d) It generates monitoring and information from prove a new information control. general to hypothesis by from existing specific. searching for knowledge. supporting evidence. 54. Which inference method involves using an old situation as a guide for a new one? a) Generate-and- b) Abduction c) Analogy d) Normotonic Test Reasoning By: Nadeem Badr 28 ‫ظا ِل ِم ا‬ ‫ين‬ ُ ‫اَل ِإلاها ِإ اَل أ ا ْنتا‬ ‫س ْب احاناكا ِإ ِِّني ُك ْنتُ ِم ان ال ا‬  Course Name: Expert Systems 55. What does the 'Generate-and-Test' inference method involve? a) Making F) Protection G) Logging H) Error assumptions detection without verification 56. What does the 'Generate-and-Test' inference method involve? a) Making b) Generating c) Creating a d) Using known assumptions and discarding possible solution rules to develop without hypotheses and testing if it new conclusions verification based on their meets complexity requirements 57. Which type of reasoning suggests that theorems may not increase as the number of axioms increases? a) Deduction b) Normotonic c) Induction d) Abduction Reasoning 58. In the diagram of types of inference, which of the following is NOT included as an inference type? a) Deduction b) Heuristic c) Induction d) Explanatory By: Nadeem Badr 29 ‫ظا ِل ِم ا‬ ‫ين‬ ُ ‫اَل ِإلاها ِإ اَل أ ا ْنتا‬ ‫س ْب احاناكا ِإ ِِّني ُك ْنتُ ِم ان ال ا‬  Course Name: Expert Systems Lecture 5 1. What are the major sources of uncertainty in rule-based expert systems? A) Lack of data B) Individual C) Inadequate D) System errors rules, conflict hardware resolution, and incompatibility of rules 2. Which of the following is associated with uncertainties in individual rules? A) Contradiction B) Likelihood of C) Data parsing D) Redundancy of rules evidence of rules Complete the next questions 3. 4. By: Nadeem Badr 30 ‫ظا ِل ِم ا‬ ‫ين‬ ُ ‫اَل ِإلاها ِإ اَل أ ا ْنتا‬ ‫س ْب احاناكا ِإ ِِّني ُك ْنتُ ِم ان ال ا‬  Course Name: Expert Systems 5. 6. Uncertainty associated with the compatibility of rules includes which of the following? A) Errors in B) Subsumption C) Events D) Conflict evidence of rules likelihood likelihood 7. Which type of uncertainty is related to resolving conflicts between rules? A) Errors in B) Compatibility C) Conflict D) Redundant consequence errors resolution evidence 8. What element does not contribute to uncertainties in rule-based systems? A) Subsumption B) Errors in C) System D) Redundancy of rules antecedent maintenance of rules costs 9. What is the primary goal of a knowledge engineer? A) Increase the B) Minimize or C) Create new D) Develop complexity of eliminate testing methods reports for rules uncertainty if business possible intelligenc 10. What does verification in expert systems focus on? A) Improving B) Adding more C) Ensuring the D) Creating more user interface rules correctness of ad hoc reports the system’s building blocks By: Nadeem Badr 31 ‫ظا ِل ِم ا‬ ‫ين‬ ُ ‫اَل ِإلاها ِإ اَل أ ا ْنتا‬ ‫س ْب احاناكا ِإ ِِّني ُك ْنتُ ِم ان ال ا‬  Course Name: Expert Systems 11. What does validation refer to in expert systems? A) Minimizing B) Ensuring rules C) Minimizing D) Testing the local are readable global user interface uncertainties uncertainties of the entire expert system 12. What is a characteristic of ad hoc testing? A) It follows a B) It is highly D) It always uses D) It always uses strict test plan structured and predefined steps predefined steps methodical 13. What is a potential issue with ad hoc methods in expert systems? A) They always B) They have a C) They may D) They replace produce accurate sound theoretical lack a complete verification and results foundation theory to guide validation the application 14. What is a possible source of uncertainty in expert systems related to rules? A) The order of B) Lack of C) Contradiction D) Too few rules data entry software updates of rules 15. Which factor can affect uncertainty in conflict resolution? A) The interface B) Specificity of C) The number D) The color design patterns of users scheme of the system 16. What is a possible outcome when redundant rules are modified? A) Decreased B) Improved C) Pattern D) Enhanced efficiency memory usage deletion leading validation to redundancy 17. What is a certainty factor in the context of expert systems? A) A method B) A measure to C) A way to test D) A method for used to build deal with the performance prioritizing rules new rules uncertainty, of an expert in conflict developed for the system resolution MYCIN system By: Nadeem Badr 32 ‫ظا ِل ِم ا‬ ‫ين‬ ُ ‫اَل ِإلاها ِإ اَل أ ا ْنتا‬ ‫س ْب احاناكا ِإ ِِّني ُك ْنتُ ِم ان ال ا‬  Course Name: Expert Systems 18. What might cause uncertainty due to missing rules? A) Human expert B) Excessive C) Verification D) Redundant ad forgetting or data fusion errors hoc analyses being unaware of a rule 19. What does the prior distribution represent in the Bayesian method? A) The B) The C) The D) The function probability distribution probability that maximizes distribution computed after distribution the posterior based on the applying Baye’s obtained from probability observed data theorem past information and model parameters 20. What is the likelihood function used for in the Bayesian method? A) To define the B) To express C) To find the D) To probability the model best possible accumulate distribution parameters in prediction for evidence over based on past terms of future events time data observed data probability distribution 21. What is computed using Baye’s theorem in the Bayesian method? A) Prior B) Posterior C) Likelihood D) Model distribution distribution function parameters 22. Why is the Bayesian method considered useful in fields like medicine and geology? A) It simplifies B) It provides C) It determines D) It avoids using complex exact solutions the probability of probability and calculations without needing a specific event statistics prior data given certain conditions By: Nadeem Badr 33 ‫ظا ِل ِم ا‬ ‫ين‬ ُ ‫اَل ِإلاها ِإ اَل أ ا ْنتا‬ ‫س ْب احاناكا ِإ ِِّني ُك ْنتُ ِم ان ال ا‬  Course Name: Expert Systems 23. What is one of the main difficulties of using the Bayesian method? A) It cannot be B) Calculating C) Determining D) The method applied to real- the posterior the probabilities doesn’t world problems distribution is of the given accumulate straightforward conditions can evidence over be difficult or time impossible 24. Which of the following accumulates over time in the Bayesian approach? A) Prior B) Model C) Evidence D) Posterior distribution parameters probability 25. What does the statement "The probability that I have a disease plus the probability that I do not have the disease equals one" imply? A) The B) The sum of C) The D) Belief and probability of belief and probability of disbelief are having a disease disbelief having a disease unrelated can be greater probabilities is is independent of than one always one evidence 26. What is the certainty factor (CF) used for in expert systems? A) To combine B) To compute C) To eliminate D) To prove the belief and the likelihood hypotheses with correctness of a disbelief into a function low probability rule single value 27. Which statement is true regarding a positive CF value? A) It proves the B) It means there C) It indicates D) It implies the hypothesis is is no evidence that the evidence evidence is false for or against the supports the unreliable hypothesis hypothesis 28. What happens when CF = 0? A) There is no B) The C) The D) The system is belief or hypothesis is hypothesis is unable to disbelief, definitely true definitely false process the meaning they information cancel each other out By: Nadeem Badr 34 ‫ظا ِل ِم ا‬ ‫ين‬ ُ ‫اَل ِإلاها ِإ اَل أ ا ْنتا‬ ‫س ْب احاناكا ِإ ِِّني ُك ْنتُ ِم ان ال ا‬  Course Name: Expert Systems 29. What was the threshold CF value in MYCIN for an antecedent to be considered true? A) 0.5 B) 0.1 C) 0.3 D) 0.2 30. What was one of the difficulties with certainty factors (CF) in MYCIN? A) They were B) CF values C) They could D) They were not always based on were partly Ad only be used in useful for precise Hoc and not geology, not hypothesis probability theory always aligned medicine ranking with conditional probabilities 31. What does a negative CF value indicate? A) The evidence B) The evidence C) The evidence D) The has no effect on supports the supports the hypothesis is the hypothesis hypothesis negation of the true by default completely hypothesis 32. What is the Dempster-Shafer Theory primarily used for? A) Determining B) Inexact C) Calculating D) Solving absolute reasoning with a exact numerical optimization probabilities range of outcomes problems probabilities 33. In Dempster-Shafer Theory, what does the environment symbolize? A) A set of B) A set of C) A subset of D) The probabilistic mutually likely answers combination of outcomes exclusive and multiple exhaustive probabilities elements 34. What is a 'frame of discernment' in the Dempster-Shafer Theory? A) A visual B) The C) The belief in a D) A representation of environment particular subset mathematical the power set when its equation to elements are combine possible evidence answers and only one answer is correct. By: Nadeem Badr 35 ‫ظا ِل ِم ا‬ ‫ين‬ ُ ‫اَل ِإلاها ِإ اَل أ ا ْنتا‬ ‫س ْب احاناكا ِإ ِِّني ُك ْنتُ ِم ان ال ا‬  Course Name: Expert Systems 35. What is a 'focal element' in the Dempster-Shafer Theory? A) Any set in the B) The answer C) The belief D) The set with power set with a that has the assigned to the least mass greater highest ignorance probability than 0 probability 36. What is the purpose of Dempster’s rule in the theory? A) To disregard B) To combine C) To create new D) To allocate conflicting masses and environments for belief solely to evidence produce subsets single elements consensus from evidence 37. In Dempster-Shafer Theory, what is the 'support'? A) The belief in a B) The lower C) The highest D) The amount subset only bound level of evidence of mass that possible moves into supersets 38. Which of the following statements is true about mass movement in Dempster-Shafer Theory? A) Mass can B) Mass in a set C) Mass in a set D) Mass is move freely into can only cannot move into always fixed and both subsets and contribute to the its supersets cannot move supersets support of its superset 39. Which of the following is included in soft-computing? A) Conventional B) Fuzzy logic, C) Only D) Only machine binary logic only neural networks, probabilistic learning and probabilistic methods algorithms reasoning By: Nadeem Badr 36 ‫ظا ِل ِم ا‬ ‫ين‬ ُ ‫اَل ِإلاها ِإ اَل أ ا ْنتا‬ ‫س ْب احاناكا ِإ ِِّني ُك ْنتُ ِم ان ال ا‬