TCWD111 Final 2022 PDF (Our Lady of Fatima University)

lOMoARcPSD|29533359 TCWD111 Final The Contemporary World (Our Lady of Fatima University) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Down...

lOMoARcPSD|29533359 TCWD111 Final The Contemporary World (Our Lady of Fatima University) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by que sera ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|29533359 Bachelor of Science in Nursing 2YB TCWD111: BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER FINAL 2022 Coverage for Final: There will then be 50 times as many elderly, but only five times Global Demography as many children; thus, the ratio of elders to children will have Global Migration risen by a factor of ten. The length of life, which has already Sustainable Development more than doubled, will have tripled, while births per woman Global Food Security will have dropped from six to two. Global Citizenship Years Bearing And Rearing Young Children Of Women THE GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY In 1800, women spent about 70 percent of their adult years Discussed by Prof. Guillermo bearing and rearing young children, but that fraction has Demography - is the study of human populations – their size, decreased in many parts of the world to only about 14 percent, composition and distribution across space – and the process due to lower fertility and longer life. through which populations change. Births, deaths and Mortality Declines migration are the ‘big three’ of demography, jointly producing The world’s demographic transition started in northwest population stability or change. Europe, where mortality began a secular decline around 1800. Demographics – of the world include population The first stage of mortality decline is due to reductions in density, ethnicity, education level, health measures, economic contagious and infectious diseases by air or water. status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the human Preventive medicine, small pox vaccine, played significantly population of the planet Earth. in the mortality decline in the eighteenth century. Improved personal hygiene also helped as income rose. Population Trends The gem theory of diseases became more widely known and accepted. Another major factor in the early phases of growing life expectancy is improvement in nutrition. Famine mortality was reduced by improvements in storage and transportation Secular increases in incomes led to improved nutrition in childhood and throughout life Life expectancy is positively associated with height in the industrial country populations (Fogel, 1994; Barker, 1992.) In recent decades, the continuing reduction in mortality is due to reductions in chronic and degenerative diseases, notably heart disease and cancer (Riley, 2001). - In the later part of the century, publicly organized and funded biomedical research has played an increasingly important part, and the human genome project and stem The Demographic Transition: Three Centuries of cell research promise future gains. Fundamental Change - In India, life expectancy rose from around 24 years in Before the start of the demographic transition: life was 1920 to 62 years today, a gain of.48 years per calendar short, births were many, growth was slow and the population year over 80 years. In China, life expectancy rose from 41 was young in 1950–1955 to 70 in 1995–1999, a gain of.65 years per During the transition: First mortality and then fertility year over 45 years. declined, causing population growth rates first to accelerate On the optimistic side, Oeppen and Vaupel (2002) offer a and then to slow again, moving toward low fertility, long life remarkable graph that plots the highest national female life and an old population. expectancy attained for each calendar year from 1840 to 2000. The points fall close to a straight line, starting at 45 years in Transition Began Around 1800 Sweden and ending at 85 years in Japan, with a slope of 2.4 The transition began around 1800 with declining mortality in years per decade. If we boldly extend the line forward in time, Europe. It has now spread to all parts of the world and is it reaches 97.5 years by mid-century and 109 years by 2100. projected to be completed by 2100. Less optimistic projections are based on extrapolation of This global demographic transition has brought momentous trends in age-specific death rates over the past 50 or 100 years. changes, reshaping the economic and demographic life cycles This approach implies more modest gains for the high-income of individuals and restructuring populations. nations of the world, with average life expectancy approaching 90 years by the end of the twenty- first century (Lee and Global Population Size Carter, 1992; Tuljapurkar, Li and Boe, 2000). Since 1800, global population size has already increased by a factor of six and by 2100 will have risen by a factor of ten. J.A.K.E 1 of 9 Downloaded by que sera ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|29533359 THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER FINAL 2022 Fertility Transition years compared to 77 years for the United States (Wilson, - Between 1890 and 1920, marital fertility began to decline in 2001). most European provinces, with a median decline of about 40 percent from 1870 to 1930 (Coale and Treadway, 1986, p. 44). Some Consequences of the Demographic Transition - Most economic theories of fertility start with the idea that The three centuries of demographic transition from 1800 to couples wish to have a certain number of surviving children, 2100 will reshape the world’s population in a number of ways. rather than births per se. The obvious changes are the rise in total population from 1 - Some of the improvement in child survival is itself a response billion in 1800 to perhaps 9.5 billion in 2100—although this to parental decisions to invest more in the health and welfare long-term estimate is highly uncertain due largely to of a smaller number of children (Nerlove, 1974). uncertainty about future fertility. - These issues of parental investment in children suggest that The average length of life increases by a factor of two or three, fertility will also be influenced by how economic change and the median age of the population doubled from the low 20s influences the costs and benefits of childbearing. to the low 40s. - Bearing and rearing children is time intensive. Many More Developed Countries already have negative - Technological progress and increasing physical and human population growth rates, and the United Nations projects that capital make labor more productive, raising the value of time the population of Europe will decline by 13 percent between in all activities, which makes children increasingly costly now and 2050. relative to consumption goods. But many other changes will also be set in motion in family - Since women have had primary responsibility for childbearing structure, health, institutions for saving and supporting and rearing, variations in the productivity of women have been retirement and even in international flows of people and capital. particularly important. At the level of families, the number of children born declines - Rising incomes have shifted consumption demand toward sharply and childbearing becomes concentrated into a few years nonagricultural goods and services, for which educated labor of a woman’s life. When this change is combined with greater is a more important input. longevity, many more adult years become available for other - Overall, these patterns have several effects: children become activities. more expensive, their economic contributions are diminished The joint survivorship of couples is greatly increased, and kin by school time and educated parents have higher value of time, networks become more intergenerationally dense, while which raises the opportunity costs of childrearing. horizontally sparser. - Furthermore, parents with higher incomes choose to devote These changes appear to be quite universal so far. However, more resources to each child, and since this raises the cost of whether childbearing is concentrated at younger ages or at each child, it also leads to fewer children (Becker, 1981; older ages and whether age at marriage rises or falls seems to Willis, 1974, 1994). vary from setting to setting, and patterns are still changing even in the populations farthest along in the transition. Population Growth Parents with fewer children are able to invest more in each The combination of fertility and mortality determines child, reflecting the quality-quantity tradeoff, which may also population growth. be one of the reasons parents reduced their fertility (Becker, Between 1950 and 2050, the actual and projected trajectories 1981; Willis, 1974). for the More, Less and Least Developed Countries are plotted. Additional notes: One is a trajectory for Europe from 1800 to 1950. The end Birth Rate – number of births per 1000 individual per year point of this trajectory in 1950 is quite close to the start point Death Rate (Mortality): The percentage of people who die for the more developed countries. relative to the country's population (annual) The starting points of these demographic paths differ Fertility Rate – Total number of children borne by a woman at somewhat. a point of time during her child-bearing age (15 to 45 years)\ India had higher initial fertility and mortality than Europe, as Family size depends upon: did the Least Developed Countries relative to the Less - Duration of marriage Developed Countries in 1950, which in turn had far higher - Education of couple mortality and fertility than the More Developed Countries in - No of live birth that year. - Contraception Except for India, the starting points all indicate moderate (for - Current population in the world Europe) to rapid (for Least and Less Developed Countries) - Current population in the Philippines population growth. Age Dependency Ratio There has been rapid global convergence in fertility and - The ratio of dependents--people younger than 15 or older mortality among nations over the past 50 years, although than 64--to the working-age population--those ages 15-64. important differences remain. Data are shown as the proportion of dependents per 100 This convergence of fertility and mortality is in marked working-age population. contrast to per capita GDP, which has tended to diverge Immigration - permanent arrival of an individual to the between high-income and low-income countries during this population. time. o Act of entering a foreign country, often for permanent Today, the median individual lives in a country with a total residency fertility rate of 2.3—barely above the 2.1 fertility rate of the o Entering a foreign country United States—and a median life expectancy at birth of 68 J.A.K.E 2 of 9 Downloaded by que sera ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|29533359 THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER FINAL 2022 o Movement into a different country Internal Migration International Migration Emigration - leave the group for different reasons. - Semi-skilled and unskilled - Mostly, professional and o Act of leaving one's own country often to settle workers. skilled people. permanently in another country - Government may or may not - Government provides o Leaving the home country take care about the internal security to the international Expectation of life - at a given age is the average number of migrations. migrants. - Money sent by years which a person of that age may expect to live, according - Money sent by the migrants the international migrants to to the mortality pattern prevalent in that country. to their families is less when the home country is very Japan - leading length of lives expectancy. compared to the international high Median age – the age that divides a population into two migrants. numerically equally sized groups - that is, half the people are younger than this age and half are older. It is a single index Brain Drain that summarizes the age distribution of a population. - Brain drain is a slang term indicating a significant emigration Malthusian Theory of educated or talented individuals. - Overpopulation and Massive Poverty. - A brain drain can result from turmoil within a nation, the - Thomas malthus (1766-1834) thoerized pessimistically existence of favorable professional opportunities in other that population was uncontrollable. countries or from a desire to seek a higher standard of living - Population is growing faster than the resources we can use - In addition to occurring geographically, brain drain may occur that can result into a calamity. at the organizational or industrial levels when workers Demograph Transition Model perceive better pay, benefits or upward mobility within - This model predicts that, as a country develops, high birth another company or industry. rates and high death rates will fall. Purpose of Migration - This model also predicts that countries will pass through Employment periods of industrialization and urbanization on the way to Education reduced birth and death rates. Better conditions The Good News of Overpopulation Business Purposes - Better economy - Efficient utilization of resources Division of International Migrants Temporary Labor migrants - Medical, agricultural and industrial growth - Who migrate for a limited period of time in order to work and - Better Labour Force send remittances to families in the country of origin. - Greater Investment in capital Formation - Highly skilled and business migrants The "Perils" of Over Population People with qualifications such as the managers, - Shortage of Food and land executives, professionals, technicians, and the like, who - Environmental Problems move within the internal labor markets of transnational - Problem of Unemployment corporations and international organizations. - Poverty and Low Standard of Living - Irregular migrants - Inflation (Undocumented or illegal migrants). They enter the - Conflict and war country in search for employment with no necessary documents and permits. THE GLOBAL MIGRATION - Refugees Discussed by Prof. Guillermo Those who are unable or unwilling to return to their Migration country because of a ‗well-founded fear or persecution - means crossing the boundary of a political or on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a administrative unit for a certain minimum period (Boyle particular social group or political opinion. et al. 1998) - Asylum seekers Internal Migration Those who move across borders in search protection. - the movement of people from one area like a province, a district, or municipality to another within one country. Forced Migration - Do not pose a problem of brain drain - In a broader sense, this includes not only refugees and asylum International Migration seekers but also people forced to move by environmental - the crossing the frontiers which separate one of the catastrophes or development projects like new factories, road worlds approximately 200 states from another. or damns. - Pose a serious problem of brain drain of highly educated - Family Members – Also known as family reunion or family people working for other country ‘s progress. reunification migrants. - Note: Internal and international migration are part of the - Return Migrants – Those who return to their countries of same process; they should be analyzed together. The origin after a period in another country. great majority of border crossings do not imply Causes of Migration migration: most travelers are tourists or business visitors Disparity in levels of income who have no intention of staying in the country for good. Employment Social well-being J.A.K.E 3 of 9 Downloaded by que sera ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|29533359 THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER FINAL 2022 Differences in demographic patterns with regard to fertility, Sustainable Development Goals mortality, age-structure, and labor-force growth According to neoclassic theory, the main cause of migration is individual‘s effort to maximize their income by moving from low-wage to high-wage economies. Migration decisions are made not just by individuals- they often represent family strategies to maximize income and survival chances (Hugo, 1994) Reasons for Migration - Push factors - the reason why people leave an area. Lack of services Lack of safety High crime Flooding Poverty War There was a strong impression that the global economy - Pull factors - the reason why people move to a particular area. became the sphere of extreme uncertainty and risk during the Higher employment first decade of the twenty first century. It can be recalled that there was a dimension of crisis that began in 2007. It was a More wealth serious breakdown that challenged the foundations of modern Better services approaches to the creation of welfare. Good Climate Collapsing financial markets, rising unemployment, deeper Safer, less crime inequalities , a shrinking middle class, extreme indebtedness Politically stability and inability of governments to force through reforms were The Volume of Contemporary Migration just some of the symptoms of crisis around the globe. The United Nations figures show that the global migrant stock Moreover, the challenges of climate change and the grew from 75 million in 1965 to 120 million in 1990 unavailability of resources that were important in the The 1990 figure was roughly equal to 2% of the world‘s development of technologies to keep the economy growing population continued to surface. The number of migrants grew slightly faster than the world Ulrich Beck, a German sociologist , has predicted these things population to happen years back, and has coined the term ―risk society‖ International Migrants remain a fairly small minority. (Beck 1986). Internal migration, conversely, is much larger The number of internal migrants in India in 1981 was some Stability 200 million, more than double the number of international - The state of being stable migrants in the whole world at that time. - Firmness in position , permanence and resistance to change are It is concentrated in certain countries and regions. the words associated with stability. Migration affects certain areas within both the sending and the - The International Monetary Fund, 2012 defines it as avoiding receiving countries more than others. large swings I economic activity, high inflation, excessive Migration needs to take place in an orderly way to safeguard volatility in exchange rates and financial markets. the human rights of migrants. - This refers to indexes that describe the economy in short term categories. - Knoop (2009) expressed that within a few years, every SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT economy moves through periods of rapid growth with rising Discussed by Prof. Guillermo demand, higher inflation and dropping unemployment, - Economic development that is conducted without depletion of followed by depression with reversal phenomena. natural resources. - Excessive high and lows should be avoided. - Sustainable development (SD) is defined in the Brundtland - There was a Great Depression that happened in 1929, when Report as ―development that meets the needs and aspirations the economy collapsed in dramatic way after long years of of the present without compromising the ability of future post-war prosperity and overproduction generations to meet their own needs‖. Thus, sustainable - The global crisis in the 1970s opened the gates of new development is the organizing principle for sustaining finite economic ideas. resources necessary to provide for the needs of future - Monetarism, which is premised on the idea that stabilization generations of life on the planet. could be produced control of amount of money in circulation. - Milton Friedman started to dominate global capitalism. - Global capitalism fitted well with neo-liberalism, which expanded with the free market reforms of Ronald Reagan in the USA and Margaret Thatcher in the United Kingdom. - The 1990‘s still experienced world economy collapses such as the Asian financial crisis I 1987. J.A.K.E 4 of 9 Downloaded by que sera ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|29533359 THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER FINAL 2022 - These crises were mainly attributed to major political mistakes, - Modern debate on sustainability focused mainly on but particularly alarming with their contagion effects. environmental questions. - Since 2007, many countries had been trying to restore - In 1968, garret stabilization. - Hardin wrote the famous book, Tragedy of Commons that analyzed how public goods got exhausted by actors in a free Sustainability market economy (Hardin, 1968) - The Club of Rome published, The Limits to Growth that dealt with the connection between economic growth and the scarcity of resources. - Rising awareness of the sustainability problem in environmental issues and resources. - Rising awareness of the sustainability problem in environmental issues and resources translated also into international cooperation. - Sustainability perspectives started to be visible not only in the environmental area but also on the theme of overpopulations. ECONOMY SOCIETY ENVIRONMENT - Sustainability is the process of maintaining change in a 8 Decent Work And 1 No Poverty 13 Climate Action balanced fashion, in which the exploitation of resources, the Economic Growth direction of investments, the orientation of technological 9 Industry, development and institutional change are all in harmony and Innovation And 2 No Hunger 14 Life Below Water enhance both current and future potential to meet human needs Infrastructure and aspirations. 10 Reduced 3 Good Health And 6 Clean Water And Inequalities Well Being Sanitation - It considers the long-term capacities of a system to exist, not 12 Responsible its short term resistance to change. Consumption And 4 Quality Education 15 Life On Land - Brundtland Report (World commission on Environment and Production Development, 1987) said that the ‗development that meets the 17 Partnerships For needs of the present without compromising the ability of 5 Gender Equality The Goals future generations to meet their own needs‘ deserve the label 7 Affordable And of sustainability. Clean Energy - Technology became a fantastic escape from the sustainability 11 Sustainable Cities dilemma. And Communities - The Solow-Swan model from the 1950‘s saw the only chance 16 Peace Justice And Strong Institutions for innovations - A sheer increase of the amount of resources added to input could lead to diminishing marginal returns only. GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY - New ideas in technology and organization made it possible to Discussed by Prof. Guillermo overtake the steady state of zero growth and induce New Hope against Hunger: These ‘Super Beans’ Early signs of development without increasing resources. success in Africa - Paul Romer and Robert Lucas in 1980‘s proposed a new (NEWSER) – The so called ―super bean‖, a fastmaturing, theory called, the New Growth Theory. high-yield variety, is being promoted by Uganda‘s government - The endogenous factors like human capital and education were and agriculture experts amid efforts to feed hunger-prone parts recognized as crucial for growth and their application was free of Africa, the AP reports. It‘s also a step toward the next goal: from the state of classical resources. the ―super, super bean‖ that researchers hope can be created - In the 19th century, the issues of sustainability considered through genetic editing. The beans are thrilling farmers in an mainly social conditions in early industrial capitalism. impoverished part of northern Uganda that also strains under the recent arrival of more than 1 million refugees from its war- torn neighbor, South Sudan. The International Center for J.A.K.E 5 of 9 Downloaded by que sera ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|29533359 THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER FINAL 2022 Tropical Agriculture says the beans have been bred by in over 130 countries worldwide. FAO believes that everyone conventional means to resist the drought conditions that can can play a part in ending hunger. lead to starvation as arable land disappears. The group operates one of just two bean ―gene banks‖ in Africa, which is expected to be hit hardest by climate change even though the continent produces less than 4% of the world‘s greenhouse gases, according to the UN Development Program. Beans kept at the two banks are sent to partners in 30 across countries the continent to be developed further so they can cope with local conditions. The Uganda bank stores around 4,000 types of beans, including some sourced from neighboring Rwanda before its 1994 genocide killed around 800,000 people and wiped out many of the country‘s bean varieties. Aid workers hope the beans will encourage the refugees to grow their own food rather than rely on handouts, which in some cases have been cut because of funding An Evolving Concept of Food Security shortages. - Food security is used widely across disciplines and issue areas. - The prevalence of food insecurity is manifested by the The Challenge of Feeding the World presence of hunger and malnourishment Global food security has become one of the challenges of the - Food security is associated with the availability of food at the 21‘st century. The increase of global food prices has caught local, national, and global levels. (McDonald, 2010) the attention of all governments worldwide. The vulnerability - 1974 UN World Food Conference defined food security as the of food systems to a number of demographic, socioeconomic, availability at all times of adequate world food supplies of environmental and policy-related factors also among the basic foodstuffs to sustain a steady expansion of food concerns of the globe. The detrimental impacts of high food consumption and to offset fluctuations in production and prices and food and agriculture-related policies affected the prices (FAQ, 2003: 27) poor and marginalized communities, specifically in the - Maxwell (1996) mentioned that in subsequent decades, three developing countries. distinct paradigm shifts took place to significantly influence the food security discourse and international agenda - First paradigm shift was through the late 1970‘s and early 1980‘s in which the academic and policy discourse on food security witnessed a shift away from the rather limiting focus on food availability and supply as the core concerns of food security - The second paradigm shift highlighted the importance of livelihood security as a key household priority and component of food security, shaping decisions around whether or not to go hungry in the short term - The third shift indicates a move away from a purely calorie- counting approach to food security, to one that incorporates subjective measures of what it means to be food-secure, including access to food that is preferable (Maxwell, 1988, 1996: 158-60) - Food security exists when all people, at all times, have The upheavals in local food systems have an influence on the physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe, and regional and global food security concerns. Conversely, the nutritious food that meets their dietary need and food developments at the global level often have the power to preferences for an active and healthy life (FAO,2002). penetrate deep within the regions and states to cause high levels of insecurity. Global Food Security-Key Trends Rising Food Prices and These developments may also have diverse and far-reaching Poverty consequences for the security and over-all well-being of In the mid 2000‘s, global food prices began to climb. communities across borders. The prices of key staples such as wheat, rice, maize, and soy- bean as well as edible oils all soared. Food Security Civil unrest in the forms of protests and riots in numerous Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) countries around the world happened. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) is a specialized The impact of food prices spikes has been most devastating to agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to those who are in the poverty level. defeat hunger. The global food price crisis in 2007-2008 may have forced as The goal is to achieve food security for all and make sure that many as 100 million people deeper into poverty. people have regular access to enough high-quality food to lead active, healthy lives. With over 194 member states, FAO works J.A.K.E 6 of 9 Downloaded by que sera ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|29533359 THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER FINAL 2022 As the youth move from rural areas to urban areas to look for better livelihoods, there are fewer people of working age left behind to produce the growing quantities of food required to meet rising demand in urban areas. The mass movement of people from rural to urban areas has also been accompanied by a rapid and ongoing expansion of cities and slums in parts of Asia By 2030, urban populations and the number of slum dwellers in Africa and Asia are set to double Slums are characterized by lack of access to clean drinking water, inadequate sanitation and waste disposal mechanism, making resident population highly vulnerable to quick- spreading disease and chronic food insecurity (CISS, 2013). The global food price spike in 2010-2011 may have consigned an additional 44 million around the globe to a life of poverty and food insecurity (Rastello and Pugh 2011) There are several reasons that have been debated over the global food price spikes. One of those is the on-going world population growth The growth of the world population is proportionate to the demand for food and rising incomes and growing per capita food consumption. The rising cost of fuel and agricultural inputs likes fertilizers Rising Incomes and Changing Diets and pesticides; in developing countries, declining or stagnating As incomes in developing countries continue to grow, more and agricultural yield growth rates in the context of the poor; more people are able to access food in greater quantities adverse weather events such as droughts and floods; the knee- Initial increases in food consumption may pertain to the intake jerk government export bans in the face of food shortage, and of higher quantities of key staples-cereals the financial speculation in agricultural commodities could There is a substitution phase in which the cereals are rep0laced have also been the reasons of global food prices spikes on the by more energy-rich foods such as meat and those with a high supply side. concentration of vegetable oils and sugar (Godfrey et at., 2010:2770) The Population Growth and Urbanization By mid-century, the world‘s total population is set to reach over 9 Global consumption of meat increased by around 62 percent billion, doubling the demand of food, feed and fiber (FAO,2009) between 1963 and 2005 The increase of demands for food comes from developing The consumption of meat in the developing continue grew countries in Asia and Africa threefold during this period India and China, for example, are the fastest growing countries in the Asian region The demographic trends in Asia have serious implications for food systems in the region and elsewhere. J.A.K.E 7 of 9 Downloaded by que sera ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|29533359 THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER FINAL 2022 Jean Ziegler (2007:2), the UN special rapporteur on the right to food, stated that the sudden, ill-conceived, rush to convert food into fuels is a recipe for disaster. The IMF highlighted that biofuels were responsible for almost half the increase in the total consumption of key food crops in 2006-2007. In Asia, a large number of small farmers in countries like Cambodia, Laos, the Philippines, Bangladesh, and Nepal continue to suffer from weak access to land and tenure insecurity, in the wider context of weak governance institutions, poor law enforcement and endemic corruption. Much of the growth of meat consumption took place in Asia Climate Change in general and in china in particular (Kearney, 2010:2796) Climate change affects all four dimensions of food security: food However, not all developing countries have experienced this availability, food accessibility, food utilization, and food systems phenomenon of nutrition transition equally stability In India, for example, the consumption of meat continues to Agriculture is highly-sensitive to climate, and food production lag behind when compared to Brazil and china for people at is affected directly by variations in agroecological conditions similar income levels. for growing crops (Devereux and Maxwell, 2001; Fischer et The overall demand for grains for direct and indirect al., 2002; Kurukulasuriya and Rosenthal, 2003; Schmidhuber consumption through animal products continues to expand and Tubeillo, 2007) In China, the increasing conversion of land for intensive Overall studies show that the impacts of climate changes will mono-cropping of soybeans and maize for animal feed over be mixed and uneven across regions (IPCC, 2007) the decades had caused immense pollution of waterways by pesticides and fertilizers, declines in biodiversity, the destruction of natural carbon sinks and rising greenhouse gas emissions (Schneider 2011). Bio-fuel Production, Land Use Change and Access to Land The global surge in bio-fuel production was triggered in 2004-2005 It happened when the United States and the European Union adopted a number of policies and incentives to boost bio-fuel consumption (USAID, 2009). Biofuels are seen to be significant in reducing dependence fossil fuels in a number of countries around the globe. Biofuel production and policies that encourage and support it has become highly controversial in the context of global food security In the next four decades or so, average global temperature will rise by 2-3 degrees Celsius (Stern, 2006:56) For countries located at lower latitudes, the IPCC warns that the productivity of major crops like rice, wheat and maize, is projected to drop with even small increases in local average temperature The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the United Nations body for assessing the science related to climate change. Climate change will bring the developing countries high costs and few benefits (Stern 2006:vii) First generation biofuels are produced from plant starch, oils, animal fats and sugars. Bio-ethanol, for example, is produces from food crops such as sugarcanes, maize, wheat, sugar beets and sweet sorghum, and is currently the most widely used form of biofuel. The United States and Brazil are the world‘s largest bioethanol producing countries. Largest quantities of biodiesel, which is made from edible oils, come from Germany, France, United States and Italy (Naylor et. Al., 2007) J.A.K.E 8 of 9 Downloaded by que sera ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|29533359 THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER FINAL 2022 By 2050, climate change impacts could increase the risk of citizens because in many cases, they are basically promoting food insecurity by up to 20 percent. their own particular concern To adequately feed the global population in 2050, crop Campaigning to transnational organizations is committed to production would have to double, global causes. Catches of the world's most relied-upon fish are expected to decrease by up to 60 percent by 2050 Global Civil Society - The concept of civil society has become central to social Livestock contributes almost 80 percent of agricultural theory since the 1980's when dissident intellectuals in Eastern methane emissions, and about 66 percent of greenhouse gas Europe looked to social networks initiated from below to emissions. provide a sphere of independence from the state and a basis for Food loss or waste generates about 8 percent of annual resistence. greenhouse emissions. - The existence of autonomous social groups and institutions 78 percent of the world's food-insecure people rely on has been seen as essential to democratization both in agriculture for their livelihoods, remaining communist regimes such as China and in other authoritarian states GLOBAL CITIZESHIP - Democratic theorists have argued that civil society is essential Discussed by Prof. Guillermo to liberal democracies as a barrier to an encroaching state Global Citizenship - Participation in voluntary bodies provides a political education - the idea of all people have rights and civic responsibilities that and promotes responsible citizenship come with being a member of the world, with whole world - Hegel and Marx conceptualized civil society as the sphere philosophy and sensibilities, rather than as a citizen of a defined by the market economy, and its resulting particular nation or place individualism and socially divisive effects Global Citizen - But most theorists of civil society see it as distinct from both - someone who identifies with being part of an emerging world the state and the economy community and whose actions contribute to building this - Civil society also suggest very informal links- whether community ‘s values and practices. between neighbors or fellow enthusiasts of a particular hobby Characteristics of a Global Citizen - Implication of global civil must depend on how it is defined Appreciates all people and on the comparative economic and political power of Understands that poverty, pollution, epidemics, natural groups within it. disasters, and terrorism require international cooperation - Global city society poses a direct challenge to states when Is aware of, and cares about, the problems of people groups within one country ignore or oppose official policies to Respects diversity and human rights of all people create links with citizens in other countries Views events from the perspectives of others Realizes that Canada is not the center of the universe Campaign for Human Rights: Cosmopolitan Principles and Takes action to make the world a more just place International Law - The basic tenet of cosmopolitanism is the belief in universal Acting as Global Citizen equality and human rights. The world citizen was typically an intellectual, who travelled - Transnational organizations supporting human rights are often widely, met and corresponded with intellectuals in many cited in discussion of both global society and global countries and advanced cosmopolitan views. citizenship Since 1945, the global citizen is usually pictured as the activist - Richard Falk discussed how global city society promotes a on transnational social movements world order based not on state interests but on the interest and right of human beings The idea that travelling is an expression of cosmopolitanism is - Amnesty International and regional human rights bodies typify indeed debatable this move towards 'a law of humanity' However, there are travels that are seen as means of promoting - Amnesty international is probably the best known human international understanding like exchanges between rights campaigning organization with a separate international schoolchildren. secretariat and sections in many parts of the world The image of wandering scholar is still part of a cosmopolitan - It is used to exemplify transnational action to protect view of the world of learning individual rights It is also encouraged by governments to promote friendly - Amnesty has played a role in strengthening global civil society relations between countries. - It can also be seen as a collective global citizen In the beginning of the 21st century, there was the - Human Rights Watch, which based in the USA, is one of those development of informal networks and formal transnational who play important role in monitoring human rights organizations worldwide and protesting about abuses. These organizations pursue professional or social interests that have become an important feature of international politics The existence of these organizations can be interpreted as the Copy paste lng sa PPT ni Sir Guillermo hehe Konti nlnggg creation of civil global society matatapos na 2nd semm guys. The existence of transnational associations does not Kaya natin tooo and Goood luckkk!! – Aki necessarily mean that those involved are acting as global J.A.K.E 9 of 9 Downloaded by que sera ([email protected])