TCW-REVIEW-THIS-GHURL PDF - International Relations

 A political map - shows the world with countries, sovereign states and dependencies or areas of special sovereignty. STATE - independent political entity - enjoys freedom from external control ELEMENTS OF A STATE: 1. People - an entity can have billions of people 2. Territory - Aeria...

 A political map - shows the world with countries, sovereign states and dependencies or areas of special sovereignty. STATE - independent political entity - enjoys freedom from external control ELEMENTS OF A STATE: 1. People - an entity can have billions of people 2. Territory - Aerial, Terrestrial, Fluvial and Maritime 3. Government - institution of a ruling power - has national bureaucracy 4. Sovereignty - ability to carry out actions or policies - controls money - controls legitimate use - makes rules within territory NATION - a large body of people united by common descent - imagined communities - notion of unity around religion BENEDICT ANDERSON - shares same culture NATION-STATE -form of political organization in which a group of people under one government A nation-state should have:  Shared national identity  Physical borders  Single government  Westphalian System process of 1648  Spanish-Dutch treaty - signed on January 30, 1648  The Treaty of October 24, 1648 - comprehended: Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand III, other German princes, France and Sweden - Not represented in 2 assemblies: England, Poland, Russia and Ottoman Empire GLOBAL GOVERNANCE - sum of the many ways individuals and institutions, private or public , manage their common affairs (Commission on Global Governance)  Collection of governance-related activities, rules and mechanisms (Kams & Mingst)  Concrete cooperative problem-solving (Thomas G, Weiss)  Movement towards political cooperation   Jus Cogens - override  Treaty - agreement  Subjects of international law - person or entity Doctrine of Transformation - perception of two distinct systems of law, ‘transformed’ customary use Doctrine of Incorporation - international law is part of municipal law, ‘automatically’, domestic law Doctrine of Stare Decisis - follow historical cases  International Law - set or body of rules generally regarded and accepted in relations among international subjects.  5 sources of international law treaties: treaties or conventions; customary practices; the writings of legal scholars; judicial decisions; general principles of law 1. International Treaties - cogent source, ‘hard law” 2. International Customs - obligatory/obligations, ‘opinio juris sive necessitatis’ 3. General Principles of International Law - vague and controversial, ‘virtually’ 4. Judicial decisions - competent publicists  International norms - standards of behavior such as human rights  International organizations such as the UN, WTO  Advocates of human rights Issues Resolved: 1) Human Rights - individual can demand rights 2) The Protection of Individuals During Wars and Armed Conflicts - humanitarian law 3) The Fight Against Terrorism and Other Serious Crimes - threats 4) Environment - protecting climate change & natural resources 5) Trade and Development - international order 6) Telecommunications - telephone call abroad 7) Transport - international air & rail travel  UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT (UNCED)  Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit 1. UNITED NATIONS - 1945, Member countries: 193, Headquarters: New York City,United States  to promote international peace and stability, human rights, and economic development 2. NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATIONS (NATO) - 1949, MC: 30, Headquarters: Brussels, Belgium  to safeguard its members’ freedom and security by both political and military means 3. EUROPEAN UNION (EU) - 1993, MC: 27, H: Brussels, Belgium  to help member countries cooperate on economic, political, and security matters 4. WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO) - 1995, MC: 164, H: Geneva, Switzerland  To manage the rules of international trade, and ensure the fair and equitable treatment of all members 5. GROUP OF TWENTY(G20) - 1999, MC: 20, H: Washington, D.C  to convene officials from the world’s largest economies, both advanced 6. INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT (ICC) - 2002, MC: 123, H: The Hague, Netherlands  to investigate and try those charged with crimes NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE - socio-economic and political grouping of states - created during COLD WAR ERA, mid-20th century - “developed and developing countries” NORTH - 1 world states and most 2nd world states st - Australia, New Zealand, Soviet Union, China, Japan, South Korea, US, CANADA SOUTH - 3rd world states - Philippines, Venezuela, Egypt, Papua New Guinea, Africa, South America, Asia, Latin America - Carl Oglesby: wrote liberal Catholic Journal Commonweal - low GDP and high POPULATION COLD WAR - struggle between 2 world superpowers: United States of America (USA) & Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) IN 1947, end of WWII DEC. 26, 1991 - dissolution of Soviet Union Brandt Line - 1980s, geographically split: richer | poorer nations Argentina, Malaysia & Botswana - above GDP but still part of GLOBAL SOUTH Ukraine - poorer India - largest concentration of poor people  Conditions of Economic Progress - by Colin Clark in 1940 - world to be hopelessly poor place  Third World - introduced in 1952 by French historian Alfred Sauvy  First State - clergy and monarch  Second State - nobility  Third State - balance of 18th century French population = 98% A. FIRST WORLD - non-Communist B. SECOND WORLD - Communist  ASIAN-AFRICAN CONFERENCE - by Egypt, Indonesia, Burma & 3 powers of Indian: India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka) - held in Bandung, Indonesia - led the development of Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)  ORGANIZATION OF PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES (OPEC)   Developed by 5 developing countries Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, & Venezuela at Baghdad Conference  GROUP OF 77 - BY INDIA joined by BRAZIL with 130 members  NATIONAL ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO) or the Communist Bloc  United Nations - diminish divide throught Millenium Development Goals  2030 Agenda for SDG  ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN) - alliance of 10 member Asian States - promote intergovernmental cooperation  ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION (APEC) - regional forum by 21 member states to support sustainable economic growth  EUROPEAN UNION (EU)  ASEAN PLUS THREE (APT) - cooperation process began in 1997 - regional organization  CONTRUCTIVISTS - norms of cooperation - ASEAN as a grand norm  CULTURE - accumulative deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values - totality of the person’s learned, accumulated experience - way of life of a group of people, language, art, faith/religion  CULTURAL DETERMINISM - ideas, meanings, beliefs & values learn as members of community  Optimistic version - inifinitely malleable  Pessimistic version - people are what they are conditioned to be - passive creatures 1. LOW CULTURE - habits, tastes & interests of the masses E.g. enjoiying gossips, magazines, pop music, and reality telivision 2. HIGH CULTURE - upper-class elites - theater, opera, fine art, horse riding, expensive wine  MAINSTREAM CULTURE - widespread culture in social media  NORMS - rules that are socially enforced 1. FOLKWAYS - customs not written, intuition as we grow up 2. TABOOS - negative forms, things that people find offensive 3. MORES - moral norms, if you break them you would be seen as immoral, often linked to religious rules. 4. LAWS - legal or illegal, you could get in trouble for breaking them  SUBCULTURE - smaller group of people separate from mainstream culture - consistent with the mainstream culture - e.g. LGBT community, bodybuilders,grunge  COUNTERCULTURE - odds with the prevailing ideas - inconsistent with the ideas of mainstream culture - e.g. Suffragettes, Hippies & polygamists  CULTURAL ETHNOCENTRISM - one’s own culture is superior to other cultures - reduces the “other way”  ACCULTURATION - adaptation process that occurs when 2 or more cultures come into contact. - adopting new beliefs - doesn’t require rejection  ASSIMILATION - more extreme form of cultural change, involves the complete adoption  CULTURAL RELATIVISM - different cultural groups think, feel differently - no specific standards - no universal right way - cultural differences between societies  Feminism - notion & advocacy of women’s rights on the basis of equality of the sexes - belief in the social, economic and political equality of the sexes  19th century in France - GERMANY; HUSBAND SELL THEIR WIFE  Early 20th century - women could neither vote nor hold elective office I EUROPE  HUMAN VOICE - form of media, technological means of mass media  1920’s & 1960’s - radio and television  1990’s & up - use of internet MARSHALL MCLUHAN - MEDIA THEORIST, AUTHOR OF 1967 book “The Medium is the Massage: An Inventory of Effects” - famous phrase, “The Medium is the message” Smart Phone - not only a bearer of message, but also shapes the social behavior of an individual that makes up a family THE DARK SIDE OF SOCIAL MEDIA  7.7 BILLION POPULATION  ACCORD. TO WORLD METER & INTERNET - 7.6 billion users 1. TROLLING - creating discord on the Internet by starting quarrels - off topic 2. FAKE NEWS - depend on websites that display the content that attracts the most attention 3. CYBER BULLYING - takes place over digital devices - Anti-Bullying Act of 2013 (RA 10627); REVISED PENAL CODEA DN THE CYBERCRIME PREVENTION ACT  CYBERLIBEL - holds liable only the original author 4. PRIVACY OF INFORMATION - RA 10173 / DATA PRIVACY ACT; protect all forms of information 5. CATFISHING - “Online Dating” - creates fake profiles on social media - TINDER “CHANGE IS INEVITABLE”  SOCIAL MEDIA FAST - buzzing around where individuals abstain from any sort of Social Media Network for a week or more to “reconnect” with the non-virtual world.  NON-VIOLENT MOVEMENTS - DESMOND TUTU; MAHATMA GHANDI; MARTIN LUTHER KING  RELIGION - focus on what’s sacred  RELIGIOUS PEOPLE - less concerned with wealth  GLOBALISTS - less worried whether they end up in Heaven or Hell  INTERFAITH DIALOGUE - RESOLVE INTERFAITH TENSIONS  2007; 138 MUSLIM SCHOLARS  COMMON WRD BETWEEN US AND YOU - statement that declared common ground between Christianity and Islam  CITIES - ecosystem for businesses and innovation  GLOBAL CITY - urban center that enjoys significant competitive advantages  1st global cities- London, New York City & Tokyo  Others: Amsterdam, Frankurt, Houston, Los Angeles, Mexico City, Paris, Sao Paolo, Sydney, Zurich and Singapore  A.T KEARNEY - GLOBAL MANAGEMENT CONSULTING FIRM - business activity; 30%, human capital;30%, informatione exchange;15%, cultural experience;15%, political management;10% - New York: world leader in global cities index  Leads in business activity and human capital - Paris: leader in information exchange - London: cultural experience - Washington D.C: political engagement  Personal wellbeing;25%, economics;25%, innovation;25%, governance;25%  SAN FRANCISCO - leader in general outlook and innovation  MELBOURNE - LEADS IN personal well-being  NEW YORK - Economics  GENEVA & ZURICH - governance  DEMOGRAPHY - study of human populations, size, composition and distribution across space.  BIG THREE IN demography: BIRTHS, DEATHS & MIGRATION  Produces stability or change  DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION - declines in fertility and mortality that started in Europe from 18th - 19th century (LESTHAENGE)  THOMAS MALTHUS - refers to equilibrium, devised two natural responses:  POSITIVE CHECK - mortality response, faster population response - rise of famines, wars and diseases /MISERY.  PREVENTIVE CHECK - marriage postponement lead to prostitution and contraception /VICES. 4 MAJOR TURNS IN DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION: 1. Mortality decline 2. Reduced fertility 3. Decreasing population growth 4. Population aging 1st DT  FERTITLITY DECLINE - EUROPE: 40%, bearing and rearing of children - contraceptive  POPULATION GROWTH - RAPID GLOBAL CONVERGENCE  POPULATION AGING - lowering fertility & greater longevity of life 2ND DT  EXPECTS NO SUCH STABILITY AS THE END POINT  Declining of population sizes if not replaced by immigrants   “multicultural societies”  MIGRATION - crossing the boundary of a political/administrative unit  UNESCO: TWO MAJOR TYPES OF MIGRATION: 1) Internal Migration - movement of people within one country from one area to another. 2) International Migration - crossing the boundary of one state to another Types of International Migrants: 1. Temporary labour migrants / guest-workers/OCW - migrate for a limited period to take up employment 2. Highly skilled and business migrants - people with very high qualifications who move within internal labour markets of transnational corporations 3. Irregular migrants / illegal migrants - enter a country w/out necessary documents 4. Refugees - person residing outside his country of nationality who is unable to return 5. Asylum-seekers: people who move across borders in search for protection 6. Forced migrants - forced to move by environment catastrophes 7. Family members /family reunion migrants - belonging to the same family crossing borders to join people 8. Return migrants - people who return to their countries of origin after a period in another country.  TRANSNATIONAL NETWORK - can take the form of transnational corporations. Theories of the causes of migration: 1. Neo-classical Economic Perspective - disparity in levels of income and employment. 2. New Economics of Labour Migration’ Approach - perspective propounds that chances to secure employment 3. The Development Perspective - migration is both a result and cause of development 4. Migration System Theory - migration system is comprised of 2 or more states 5. The Refugee Phenomenon Perspective - most dramatic form of migration  Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (OWWA) SEBASTIAN PLOCEINNIK - states that global economy had become a sphere of extreme uncertainty and risk at the 1st decade of the 21st century. ULRICH BECK - GERMAN SOCIOLOGIST - coined the term “risk society” - asserts the inability of modern societies to produce enough stability & sustainability  STABILITY - firmness in position / permanence  International Monetary Fund (IMF) - describing it as avoiding large swings in economic activity.  “Economy is Stable” - syste is in one of the calm phases of the business cycle JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES - government should interfere and raise spending in harsh times, in order to prevent long-lasting depressions MILTON FRIEDMAN - coined the term “monetarism”  SUSTAINABILITY - long term capacities of a system to exist  BRUNDTLAND REPORT - development meets the needs of the present  KYOTO PROTOCOL - reduce greenhouse gases  United Nations (September 2000) - Millennium Summit  Adopted the UN Millennium Declaration  2015; Millenium Development Goals MDG - 15 year period  Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) - “Global Goals” - new set of goals that guide policy and funding for the next 15 years on Sept. 25, 2015, EFFECTIVE: JAN. 2016 UNTIL 2030 2030 AGENDA - 17 SDGs  CITIZENSHIP - Political and legal term, one’s membership to a polity particularly a democratic state. - owing allegiance to a sovereign state  CITIZEN - individuals with distinct relationships to the state - someone who owns allegiance to the sovereign state  GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP or COSMOPOLITANISM - moral and ethical disposition that can guide the understanding of individuals or groups of local and global contexts - way of living that recognizes our world  GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP - nurtures personal respect and respect for others - acquired social identity that is shaped by how individuals prioritize values such as universalism & self-enhancement  SHERMAN - states that GC usually involves 3 dimensions: awareness (of self and others); responsibility; participation  DIOGENES - 412 BC - 323 BC: cry to be a “citizen of the world”, coined cosmopolitanism  DESMOND TUTU - “My humanity is caught up and inextricably bound up in yours”  CONFUCIANISM - concern for “all under heaven” (tianxia) or unity of heaven and man WHY THE NEED FOR GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP  The fact that there is no world government  There is no governing body that has the power to call for every human person  However, it is a reality that everyone is affected, one way or another to all the things that are happening around us.  UNITED NATIONS - LEADING ORGANIZATION of states in the world, has issued a number of covenants, policies and agreements  GAWAD KALINGA - social-cultural-economic aspect in the Philippines  GRAMEEN BANK - Bangladesh  ACCION CONTRA EL HAMBRE - Spain  OXFAM INTERNATIONAL - England  GLOBAL CITIZEN - any person who not only feels a sense of civic responsibility to his or her local community, but also to the greater human race - doesn’t have to owe allegiance to any state or any global organization, but rather to the common good.  A community is not defined by borders and labels but rather by the commonalities that all humans share.  Hannah Arendt - “as an ethic of care for the world”  YOLANDA / HAIYAN - typhoon that hits the PH in 2013  The World Values Survey - started by scientiests in 1981. - often conducted F2F with representatives samples of adults - used by Researchers: Pippa Norries & Roland Inglehart - 82%; identified with their nation - 74%; higly proud of their nation - 68%; strong moderate degree of global citizenship  BREXIT - the case of United Kingdom’s decision to leave the European Union  Global citizens do not seem to like conformity, status quo and convention  AFS PHILIPPINES - an international, voluntary, non-governmental, non-profit organization that provides intercultural learning opportunities to help people develop the knowledge, skills and understanding.  5 REASONS: 1. Embodying global competence; 2. Empowering the 21st century educators and institutions; 3. Connect and build network of people; 4. Coping up in the technological and educational innovation; 5. Understand and resolve global issues.