Political Geography: States and Nations
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Questions and Answers

What primary purpose does the International Criminal Court (ICC) serve?

  • To establish diplomatic relations among nations.
  • To promote economic development in third-world states.
  • To regulate international trade agreements.
  • To investigate and try those charged with crimes. (correct)

Which regions are classified as part of the Global South?

  • Philippines and Egypt. (correct)
  • Australia and New Zealand.
  • USA and Canada.
  • China and Japan.

What event marked the end of the Cold War?

  • The signing of the Paris Agreement.
  • The dissolution of the United Nations.
  • The military conflict in Vietnam.
  • The dissolution of the Soviet Union. (correct)

What does the Brandt Line geographically represent?

<p>The divide between richer and poorer nations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who introduced the term 'Third World' and in what year?

<p>Alfred Sauvy in 1952. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a source of international law?

<p>International treaties (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'opinio juris sive necessitatis' relate to in the context of international customs?

<p>A belief that a practice is mandatory under international law (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main purposes of the United Nations?

<p>To promote international peace and stability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization was established to ensure fair treatment in international trade?

<p>World Trade Organization (WTO) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of international law issue involves protecting individuals during wars?

<p>Humanitarian law (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a challenge addressed by international norms?

<p>Human rights violations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many member countries does the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) have?

<p>30 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The European Union is primarily aimed at promoting cooperation in which areas?

<p>Economic, political, and security matters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the objective of the Asian-African Conference held in Bandung, Indonesia?

<p>To develop the Non-Aligned Movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which countries were involved in the founding of OPEC?

<p>Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of ASEAN?

<p>To foster intergovernmental cooperation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the widespread culture predominantly shared through social media?

<p>Mainstream Culture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'high culture'?

<p>Cultural activities of upper-class elites (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are mores as defined in social norms?

<p>Moral norms linked to religious rules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does cultural determinism imply?

<p>Culture shapes individuals' identity and behaviors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Group of 77?

<p>To promote trade and economic development among 130 members (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes counterculture from subculture?

<p>Subculture is consistent with mainstream culture. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes cultural ethnocentrism?

<p>View that one's own culture is superior to others. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between acculturation and assimilation?

<p>Acculturation allows for the maintenance of original cultural elements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the notion of feminism?

<p>Feminism advocates for equality between the sexes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does Marshall McLuhan attribute to media in society?

<p>Media changes societal behaviors and communication. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of trolling?

<p>Creates discord by initiating off-topic quarrels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does cyberbullying specifically refer to?

<p>Bullying that occurs through digital devices. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of the spread of fake news?

<p>Attract attention regardless of the content’s accuracy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is described as the most dramatic form of migration?

<p>The Refugee Phenomenon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'risk society' refer to?

<p>A society unable to produce stability and sustainability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to John Maynard Keynes, what should the government do during harsh economic times?

<p>Intervene and increase spending (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'sustainability' refer to in the context of development?

<p>Long-term capacities of a system to exist (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?

<p>To guide policy and funding for global development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT considered a major turn in demographic transition?

<p>Population growth stabilization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'internal migration'?

<p>Movement from one area to another within the same country (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Temporary labour migrants are best described as individuals who:

<p>Migrate for a limited period to take up employment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective suggests that migration is a result of disparities in income and employment opportunities?

<p>Neo-classical Economic Perspective (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the 'New Economics of Labour Migration' approach?

<p>Highlights chances to secure employment as a migration cause (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of migrant is unable to return to their country of nationality due to various circumstances?

<p>Refugees (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major issue may arise if a population declines without being replaced by immigrants?

<p>Ongoing decline of population sizes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes forced migrants?

<p>Individuals moved due to environmental catastrophes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

International Law Sources

Treaties, customary practices, legal scholarship, judicial decisions, and general principles form the basis of international law.

International Treaties

Agreements between countries, considered a strong and binding source of international law.

Customary Practices

Actions repeated consistently by nations, accepted as legally binding.

International Organizations

Groups like the UN, WTO, created by treaties to address global issues.

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Human Rights

Basic rights and freedoms individuals are entitled to.

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Rio Earth Summit

A major environmental conference held in Rio de Janeiro.

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United Nations

Primary international organization focused on maintaining peace and promoting cooperation.

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International Trade

Rules and regulations governing the exchange of goods and services between nations.

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North-South Divide

A socio-economic and political grouping of states, mainly formed during the Cold War. Developed nations are grouped as 'North' and developing nations as 'South'.

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Cold War

A period of geopolitical tension between the USA and the USSR, lasting from the end of World War II (1947) until the dissolution of the Soviet Union (1991).

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Brandt Line

A geographical division created in the 1980s, separating nations with higher GDP (wealthier) from those with lower GDP (poorer).

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Third World

A term coined in 1952 by French historian Alfred Sauvy, referring to developing nations that are economically and politically less developed than the First and Second Worlds.

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Conditions of Economic Progress

A book written by Colin Clark in 1940, predicting a bleak future for developing nations, stating they would remain hopelessly poor.

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Subculture

A smaller group within a larger culture that shares distinct values, beliefs, and practices.

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Counterculture

A group that opposes the prevailing values and norms of the mainstream culture.

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Cultural Ethnocentrism

The belief that one's own culture is superior to others.

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Acculturation

The process of adapting to a new culture when two or more cultures come into contact.

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Assimilation

A more intense form of acculturation where individuals completely adopt the values and practices of a new culture, often losing their original cultural identity.

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Cultural Relativism

The idea that different cultures have different beliefs, values, and practices, and that there is no single correct way of living.

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Trolling

Intentionally provoking and disrupting online conversations or communities.

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Fake News

False or misleading information presented as news, often spread to influence public opinion.

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Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)

A group of states that were not formally aligned with either the US or the Soviet Union during the Cold War. It was founded at the Bandung Conference, Indonesia in 1955 and aimed for peaceful coexistence and economic cooperation.

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OPEC

The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries is an international organization of oil-producing countries. It was founded in Baghdad, Iraq in 1960 to coordinate the petroleum policies of its member countries.

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Group of 77 (G77)

A coalition of developing nations formed in 1964, now with over 130 members, to promote their collective economic interests on the global stage.

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ASEAN

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations is a regional organization of 10 Southeast Asian countries, established in 1967 to promote political, economic, and social cooperation in the region.

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APEC

The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation is a regional forum of 21 member economies, established in 1989, to promote free trade and economic cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region.

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Cultural Determinism

The idea that culture shapes our thoughts, beliefs, and values. It suggests that our behavior and worldview are determined by the culture we are raised in.

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Low Culture

Cultural activities and forms of entertainment that are widely enjoyed by the general public, often considered less sophisticated than high culture.

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High Culture

Cultural expressions and activities associated with the elite and upper classes, often perceived as refined and sophisticated.

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Demographic Transition

A process of population change that occurs in four stages: mortality decline, reduced fertility, decreasing population growth, and population aging.

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First Demographic Transition (1st DT)

The initial phase of the demographic transition characterized by declining mortality rates, rapid population growth due to increased birth rates, and the beginning of population aging.

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Second Demographic Transition (2nd DT)

The second phase of the demographic transition characterized by declining fertility rates, slowing population growth, and a more balanced age structure.

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Internal Migration

Movement of people within one country from one area to another.

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International Migration

Movement of people across the borders of one state to another.

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Temporary Labour Migrants

People who migrate for a limited period to take up employment, often referred to as guest workers or OCW (Overseas Contract Workers).

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Highly Skilled and Business Migrants

People with high qualifications who move within the labor markets of transnational corporations.

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Refugees

A person residing outside their country of nationality who is unable to return due to persecution, war, or other serious threats.

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Migration System

A group of two or more states connected by migration flows.

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Refugee Phenomenon

The most dramatic form of migration, driven by persecution, war, or violence.

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Risk Society

A society where uncertainty, risk and instability are dominant due to globalization and modernization.

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Stability

The ability of a system to stay in a steady state without major fluctuations.

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Sustainability

The ability of a system to continue operating in the long-term without harming future generations.

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Study Notes

Political Maps and States

  • Political maps display countries, sovereign states, and dependencies.
  • A state is an independent political entity.
  • States are free from external control.

Elements of a State

  • A state comprises people.
  • A state has a defined territory (aerial, terrestrial, fluvial, and maritime).
  • A state has a government—an institution of ruling power.
  • A state holds sovereignty—the ability to enact and enforce policies.

Nation

  • A nation is a large group of people united by common descent or shared cultural identity.
  • Nations often share a common culture or religion.
  • Imagined communities is a notion of unity around religion or other concepts.

Nation-State

  • A nation-state is a political organization where a people are united under a single government.
  • Nation-states typically possess shared national identities and defined physical borders.
  • There's shared national identity and a single government in a nation-state.

Westphalian System

  • The Westphalian System, rooted in 1648 treaties, established modern nation-states and state sovereignty.
  • Treaties ended the 30 Years' War and the 80 Years' War.
  • Events like the 30 Years' War and the Spanish-Dutch War ended with the process.

Global Governance

  • Global governance encompasses activities that individuals and institutions engage in to manage global issues.
  • It involves international cooperation and activities to deal with common affairs.
  • The mechanisms include concrete cooperative problem-solving.

International Law & Doctrine

  • International law is a body of rules for relations among international subjects.
  • The doctrine of transformation suggests that international law must be adopted into domestic legal systems..
  • The doctrine of incorporation means that international law is automatically part of domestic law.
  • International law is derived from treaties, customs, judicial decisions, and legal scholarship.
  • International organizations and norms influence behavior (human rights).

United Nations

  • The UN is established 1945, promotes peace, human rights, and economic development.
  • It has 193 member countries.
  • Headquarters are in New York City, USA.

Other International Organizations

  • NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 1949)
  • WTO (World Trade Organization, 1995)
  • G20 (Group of Twenty, 1999)
  • ICC (International Criminal Court, 2002)

Cold War and North-South Divide

  • The Cold War was a struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union after WWII.
  • North-South divide refers to the socio-economic and political division of countries into developed and developing nations.

Demographic Transition

  • The demographic transition is a period of decline in fertility and mortality that began in 18th and 19th century Europe.
  • Positive and preventative checks impact populations, with preventative ones leading to marriage postponement.

Migration

  • Migration is the movement of people across political boundaries.
  • It includes internal and international migration.
  • Several types of migrants include refugees, temporary workers, family members, and asylum seekers.

Globalization

  • Globalization is the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of countries.
  • It involves numerous factors, including economic, social, political, and technological aspects.

Sustainability and Risk Society

  • Ulrich Beck coined "risk society" to describe the challenges of modern societies in managing risks and uncertainties.
  • Sustainability is the ability of a system to endure over time.
  • The Brundtland Report and the Kyoto Protocol address environmental sustainability.

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

  • The United Nations set MDG for various goals, such as poverty reduction and promoting gender equality.
  • The MDGs lasted 15 years (2000-2015).

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

  • The UN initiated SDGs to build upon and extend goals from the MDGs.
  • These are now guide policies and funding for the next 15 years (2016-2030).

Global Citizenship

  • Global citizenship refers to recognizing a moral obligation to one's society and the wider world.
  • Global citizenship is concerned with ethics and morality.

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Description

Explore the concepts of political maps, states, and nations in this quiz. Understand the essential elements that define a state, including territory, government, and sovereignty. Delve into the distinctions between nations and nation-states within the framework of the Westphalian system.

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