Taxonomy PDF

# Chapter Eight: Taxonomy **Taxonomy:** is the science of classification. Linnaeus makes **Binomial nomenclature** to ease classification of organisms. **e.g.:** -Felis domestica 1. It consists of two names; the first one is **Genus name** (capital letter), while the second one is **species name...

# Chapter Eight: Taxonomy **Taxonomy:** is the science of classification. Linnaeus makes **Binomial nomenclature** to ease classification of organisms. **e.g.:** -Felis domestica 1. It consists of two names; the first one is **Genus name** (capital letter), while the second one is **species name** (small letter). 2. He used 2 **Latin or Greek** names for each organism. 3. It is written in italics or normal but underlined. ## King Phililip Came Over From Germany To Spain ## Taxonomic Hierarchy * **Species** * **Genus** * **Family** * **Order** * **Class** * **Phylum** * **Kingdom** # Three Domains of Living Organisms ## Phylogenetic Tree of Life * **Bacteria** * Spirochetes * Gram-positives * Proteobacteria * Cyanobacteria * Planctomyces * Bacteroides * Cytophaga * Thermotoga * Aquifex * **Archaea** * Green Filamentous bacteria * Methanosarcina * Methanobacterium * Methanococcus * _T. celer_ * Thermoproteus * Pyrodicticum * **Eukaryota** * Entamoebae * Slime molds * Animals * Fungi * Plants * Ciliates * Flagellates * Trichomonads * Microsporidia * Diplomonads ## 1. Domain Bacteria * All are single-celled **prokaryotes** with NO internal membranes (no nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplast). * Some are **anaerobes**, others are **aerobes**. * Bacteria play an important role in ecosystems as **decomposers** that recycle dead organic matter. * Bacteria play a vital role in **genetic engineering**. The bacteria _E. coli_ is used in the manufacture of **insulin**. * Some bacteria carry out **conjugation** to exchange genetic material. * Bacteria have thick, rigid cell walls containing a substance known as **peptidoglycan**. * Some carry out **photosynthesis**, and others don't. * There are NO **introns**. ## 2. Domain Archaea * Unicellular, Prokaryotic (no internal membranes as nucleus). * Includes **extremophiles**, organisms that live in extreme environments like: * **Methanogens:** obtain energy by producing methane from hydrogen. * **Halophiles:** thrive in environments with high salt concentration like Utah's Great Salt Lake. * **Thermophiles:** thrive in high temperatures, like in hot springs in Yellowstone Park. * **Introns** are present in some genes. ## 3. Domain Eukarya * All organisms have **nucleus** and internal organelles. * Eukarya include four Kingdoms: **Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia**. ## Comparison of Five Kingdoms | Criteria | Monera | Protista | Fungi | Plantae | Animalia | |---|---|---|---|---|---| | Cell type | Prokaryotic | Eukaryotic | Eukaryotic | Eukaryotic | Eukaryotic | | Level of organisation | Unicellular | Unicellular | Multicellular and unicellular | Tissue/organ | Tissue/organ/organ system | | Cell wall | Present (made up of peptidoglycan and chemoautotrophic) | Present in some (made up of cellulose), absent in others | Present (made up of chitin or cellulose) | Present (made up of cellulose) | Absent | | Nutrition | Autotrophic (Phototrophic, Chemoautotrophic) Heterotrophic (parasitic and saprophytic) | Autotrophic - Photosynthetic. Heterotrophic | Heterotrophic - parasitic or Saprophytic | Autotrophic (Photosynthetic) | Heterotrophic (Holozoic) | | Motility | Motile or non-motile | Motile or non-motile | Non-motile | Mostly Non-motile | Mostly motile | | Organisms | Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Cyanobacteria, Actinomycetes, Mycoplasma | Chrysophytes, Euglenoids, Dinoflagellates, Slime molds, Amoeba, Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, Paramecium | Yeast, Mushrooms, and Molds | Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms | Sponges, Invertebrates and Vertebrates | ## 1- Kingdom Monera **Properties:** Prokaryotes, circular DNA, ribosomes. It Includes: * **A. Bacteria** * **B. Blue green algae:** * Type of Bacteria called Cyanobacteria. * Can do photosynthesis as it contains chlorophyll but no chloroplast. ## 2- Kingdom Protista **Properties:** All are Eukaryotes, contain protozoa. It Includes: * **A. Amoeba:** unicellular, false foot (pseudopodia). * **B. Plasmodium:** causes Malaria disease, reproduce by alternation of generation. * **C. Paramecium:** unicellular, move by cilia. * **D. Euglena:** unicellular, move by flagella, can do photosynthesis, contain chloroplast. * **E. Slime Molds:** they are fungus-like. * **F. Diatoms:** unicellular, glass-like walls. * **G. Brown algae:** Known as sea weeds, multicellular. ## 3- Kingdom Fungi **Properties:** * 1. Eukaryotes, Multicellular except yeast, Heterotrophic as they lack chlorophyll. * 2. Reproduce by forming spores, decomposers, lack of digestive system. * 3. It includes: Yeast - mold - Mushroom - May be eaten. ## 4- Kingdom Plantae ### Non Vascular Plants (Non-tracheophytes) 1. Contain no xylem or phloem. 2. Need water for fertilization. 3. e.g.:- Bryophytes (Mosses & liver Wort) 4. Characterized by:- No leaf, no stem, no root. ### Vascular Plants (Tracheophytes) * Contain Xylem & phloem. ### Vascular plants are divided into: #### Seedless Plants * No seeds. * Reproduce by spores - e.g.:- Fern #### Seed Plants * Have seeds. * Reproduce by seeds. ## Seed Plants are Divided into: ### Gymnosperm - Non-flowering * No seed coat (naked seed). - e.g.:- conifers trees like pine. ### Angiosperm - Flowering * Produce fruits & nuts. ## Types of Angiosperms | Monocots | Dicots | |---|---| | One cotyledon | Two cotyledons | | Veins usually parallel | Veins usually netlike | | Vascular bundles usually complexly arranged | Vascular bundles usually arranged in ring | | Fibrous root system | Taproot usually present | | Floral parts usually in multiples of three | Floral parts usually in multiples of four or five | ## Important Terms for Animal Kingdom ### 1. Types of Symmetry #### 1. Radial symmetry: * Can be divided from several directions. -- e.g.:- coelenterates, Echinodermata. #### 2. Bilateral symmetry: * Can be divided from one direction. e.g.:- Chordata, Arthropoda. ### 2. Types of Skeleton #### 1. Exoskeleton: * Made of chitin. * e.g. Echinodermata. #### 2. Endoskeleton: * Made of bones or cartilage. * e.g. Chordata. #### 3. Hydro skeleton: * Fluid under pressure. * e.g.:- Worms. ### 3. Types of Body Layers #### 1. Ectoderm: * Outside. #### 2. Mesoderm: * Middle & form cavity (Coelom). #### 3. Endoderm: * Inside. All Kingdom Animalia consist of this three layer except: * 1. Sponge & Coelenterate x Have Ectoderm + Endoderm (2 layers only). * 2. Flatworms x Have 3 layers but mesoderm without coelom (Doesn't form cavity) ## Types of Development in Animals #### 1. Deuterostome: * During development If you separate a cell it will develop into a complete animal. * e.g.:- Chordata & Echinodermata (ANUS IS FORMED FIRST) #### 2. Protostome: * During development If you separate a cell it will develop into an animal with missing parts (MOUTH IS FORMED FIRST) ## Camouflage * Animal change its color or become similar to objects. ## Mimicry * Animal resemble another animal. #### A. Batesian: * Non-toxic similar to toxic. #### B. Mullerian: * Get advantage from each other (wasp-Bee) ## Aposematic Coloration: * Poisonous animals color themselves by very bright colors (Red, Orange, .......etc) to warn other animals.