TATM PDF - Travel and Tourism in the Philippines

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cite the difference between a travel and a tour Develop and Update Philippine tourism and travel industry information. Explain the key travel and tour operation terminologies Compare and contrast the different types of travel and tour  The tourism industry is a...

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Cite the difference between a travel and a tour Develop and Update Philippine tourism and travel industry information. Explain the key travel and tour operation terminologies Compare and contrast the different types of travel and tour  The tourism industry is a composite of industries and entities, both public and private, involved in the planning, development, marketing, sales, operation, and evaluation of destinations, products, and services that cater to the needs of the travellers, both foreign and domestic  The tourism industry caters to the needs of both foreign and domestic travelers, not necessarily tourists. A tourist is an individual who undertakes a journey that exceeds twenty-four (24) hours outside his/her regular place of residence, for purposes other than earning a living (Holloway, 1983)  What is the difference between a Travel and a Tour?  TRAVEL Travel refers to a movement from one place to another It can also refer to short- and long-distance travel, domestic and international travel, and other various forms. This also includes both round trips and one-way journeys, with a wide array of travel purposes Travel refers to the activity of travellers (UN WTO)  TRAVELLER A traveler is someone who moves between different geographic locations, for any purpose and any duration  VISITOR A visitor is a traveler taking a trip to a main destination outside his/her usual environment, for less than a year, for any main purpose (business, leisure, or other personal purpose) other than to be employed by a resident entity in the country or place visited A visitor (domestic, inbound or outbound) is classified as a tourist (or overnight visitor), if his/her trip includes an overnight stay, or as a same-day visitor (or excursionist) otherwise DEFINITION OF TERMS Overnight visitors or Tourists – visitors who stay at least one night in a collective or private accommodation in the place or country visited. Same-day visitors or excursionists – visitors who do not spend one night in a collective or private accommodation establishment in the country visited. TOUR A visit to a place or area, especially one during which you look around the place or area and learn about it. A trip made for pleasure, especially as a vacation, visiting several different places in an area. A journey for business, pleasure, or education often involving a series of stops and ending at the starting point. TYPES OF TOUR Independent Tour - a tour in which the tourist buys tourism components (transportation, accommodation, food and beverage, entertainment, etc.) separately. This can be done in advance through a travel agent. Escorted Tour - a tour in which tourists are accompanied by a tour director or tour manager who arranges everything and takes charge of the entire tour from the beginning until its completion. Tourists who avail of this kind of tour are not familiar with the destination they are visiting. TYPES OF TOUR Hosted Tour - a tour where tourists are accompanied by a tour guide once the tourists arrive at the destination region. It is called a "hosted tour" because the tour operator usually acts as the host to the tourists during their stay. Incentive Tour - given to employees as a reward for their excellent performance in achieving the company's or organization's goals. The expenses of this tour are paid or sponsored by the company or organization. The Landscape of the Tourism Industry following the promulgation of R.A. 9593 or Tourism Act of 2009 and its rules and regulations GOVERNMENT SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR Department of Tourism Transportation Companies Tourism Promotions Board Lodging Industry Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Food and Beverage Industry Authority Duty Free Philippines Corporation Attractions and Activities Industry Local Government Units The Travel Trade Other National Government Units Other Private Sector Entities Financial Institutions Education and Training Institutions  THE GOVERNMENT SECTOR This sector is responsible for the formulation of tourism policies, plans and programs. It provides guidelines for selection and development of Philippine destinations, promotes travel to, and investments in the Philippines, and regulates the industry, in coordination with other agencies. Five Government Agencies directly involved in the Tourism Industry  The Department of Tourism (DOT) Sec. 4, of the Implementing Rules and Regulations of the Tourism Act defined Department of Tourism as, “the primary planning, programming, coordinating, implementing and regulatory government agency in the development and promotions of the tourism industry, both domestic and international, in coordination with its attached agencies and other government instrumentalities. It shall instill in the Filipino, the industry’s fundamental importance in the generation of employment, investments and foreign exchange.”  The Department of Tourism (DOT) The Department, like all other national government agencies, is headed by a cabinet rank secretary. The current Secretary of DOT is Ma. Esperanza Christina Garcia- Frasco The Department was first created in 1973, thru PD 189, reorganized thru EO 120 in 1986, reorganized again into the present setup in 2009, via Sec. 107, RA 9593 (Tourism Act) Powers and Functions of the DOT Formulate, coordinate, implement and supervise tourism policies, plans and projects for the development of tourism Support, advance and promote the protection, maintenance and preservations of historical, cultural and natural endowments Provide an integrated marketing program and represent the government in all tourism conferences, multilateral and bilateral tourism treaties, and agreements. Powers and Functions of the DOT Evaluate tourism development projects for the issuance of permits and grating incentives by the appropriate government agencies Provide technical assistance to the LGU in destination development, standards setting and regulatory enforcement, and monitor compliance to its standards Perform other public related services such as tourism research and studies, collection and integration of data, facilitation of obtaining travel documentation, and monitor conditions on destinations. TPB is an attached agency of the Department of Tourism that exists to market and promote the Philippines domestically and internationally as a world-class tourism and MICE destination, in strategic partnership with private and public stakeholders to deliver a unique high-value experience for visitors, significantly contributing to increased arrivals, receipts and investments to the country.  Former Philippine Conventions Bureau (PCB), it was created via PD 867 in 1976. Transformed into a non-profit corporation in June 1978 via PD 1448. With the reorganization in 1987, it was renamed as the Philippine Conventions and Visitor Corporation (PCVC), thru EO 120- A. Under RA 9593, it was changed to the present name.  Develop and implement a plan to market the country as a premier tourism destination and develop and promote the country as a center of international MICE, sports and wellness, medical tourism, etc. Direct and coordinate the resources and efforts of the government and the private sector in the tourism and allied fields in the full realization of the plans and programs; and engage in tourism business and Functions perform such acts Contract loans, indebtedness and credit, and issue of TPB commercial papers and bonds in convertible currency from foreign governments and financial institutions, and in local and foreign banks or similar institutions, execute any deed of guarantee, mortgage, trust and assignment of property for the purpose of financing the program Obtain the services of local and foreign consultants and enter into contracts locally and internationally in the performance of its functions. TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE AND ENTERPRISE ZONE AUTHORITY (TIEZA) TIEZA is a government corporation, was created by virtue of RA 9593 on May 12, 2009, replacing the Philippine Tourism Authority (PTA). Mandated to continue the functions previously exercised by PTA under Presidential Declaration 564, unless otherwise inconsistent with the provisions of RA 9593. Acts as Department of Tourism’s implementing arm in providing support infrastructures and facilitating investments in tourism enterprise zones (TEZ) nationwide.  Tourism Enterprise Zone is a tract of land with defined boundaries Tourism master planned to be developed into an integrated tourism Enterprise complex prescribed carrying capacities to host tourism Zones enterprise facilities and services (TEZ) within the property; and designated as such as by the TIEZA Board under R.A.9593. Classifications of Tourism Enterprise Zones (TEZ) Health and Cultural Heritage Wellness Tourism Eco-Tourism Zone Tourism Zone Zone General Leisure Mixed Use Tourism Zone Tourism Zone  TEZs are geographic area that conform to the following criteria: a.The area is capable of being defined into one Tourism contiguous territory; b.It has historical and cultural significance, Enterprise environmental beauty, or existing or potential integrated leisure facilities within its bounds or Zone within reasonable distances from it; c.It has, or it may have, strategic access through (TEZ) transportation infrastructure, and reasonable connection with utilities infrastructure systems; d.It must be at least five (5) hectares and sufficient in size, such that it may be further utilized for bringing in new investments in tourism establishments and services. e.It is in a strategic location such as to stimulate the sustainable socio-economic development of neighboring communities. f. The area must be situated where controls can easily be established to curtail illegal activities. Designated TEZ Flagship TEZ Projects Roles and Functions of TIEZA Infrastructure development Designation, regulation and supervision of TEZs Management of its existing assets or facilitation of their privatization Administration of the collection of the Philippine Travel Tax. WHAT IS TRAVEL TAX? The PH travel tax is a levy imposed by the Philippine government on individuals who are leaving the country irrespective of the place where the air ticket is issued and the form or place of payment, as provided for by Presidential Decree (PD) 1183, as amended. Under Section 73 of R.A. No. 9593, fifty percent (50%) of the proceeds from travel tax collections shall accrue to the TIEZA, forty percent (40%) shall accrue to the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) for tourism-related educational programs and courses, and ten percent (10%) shall accrue to the National Commission for Culture and Arts (NCCA). Duty Free Philippines Corporation The Tourism Act of 2009 or R.A. 9593 of 2009, reorganized DFP to become the Duty Free Philippines Corporation. As a body corporate, DFPC is tasked to operate the duty-and tax-free merchandising system in the Philippines aimed to augment the service facilities for tourists and to generate foreign exchange and revenue for the government as mandated by E.O. No. 46.  Exclusive authority to operate and/or franchise out the operation of stores and shops that sell duty and tax-free items in airports, seaports and in Tourism Enterprise Zones At present, DFP operates the following off-airport stores: Fiestamall - Parañaque City and Luxe Duty Free - MOA, Pasay City; and international airport outlets: NAIA Terminals 1, 2 & 3; Kalibo, Davao, Mactan - Cebu, Iloilo, Silay - Bacolod and Clark - Pampanga.  The Local Government Units By the virtue of Local Government Code of 1991, in Sec. 447 (4) IV. For the municipalities and Sec. 457 (4)IV, for chartered cities which in pursuant to Sec. 16 and Sec. 22 of the Code, herein quoted in full stating: “Regulate the establishment, operation and maintenance of cafes, restaurants, beerhouses, hotels, motels, inns, pension houses, lodging houses, and other similar establishments, including tourist guides and transports”  Summary of Powers of the LGU in Tourism according to Local Government Code of 1991 MUNICIPALITY PROVINCE CITY Establishments of Tourism Facilities Development of Tourist Attractions Tourism development Acquisition of All municipalities and and promotion tourism equipment province powers programs and facilities Regulation of tourism concessions and security services THE PRIVATE SECTOR The private sector produces goods and provides service to consumers and earn profits. Most organizations in the area of tourism are owned and operated in the private sector. The private sector is defined as sole traders, limited companies, or partnerships. In the private sector, the six (6) principal industries involved in tourism are: HOSPITALITY FOOD AND TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY OR BEVERAGE LODGING ACTIVITIES AND ATTRACTIONS OR THE OTHER PRIVATE TRAVEL TRADE ENTERTAINMENT AND SECTOR ENTITIES RECREATION Transportation Industry The transportation industry (air, sea, land and railway modes) specifically passenger transportation or passenger plays the most important role in the industry, since without travel, there is no tourism This sector comprises all entities involved in the transportation of people, mail and parcels, and goods from a point of origin to destination point, or number of destination points, and back to the point of origin. Air Transportation It involves companies providing schedule air and charter services like Philippine Airlines, PAL Express, Cebu Pacific Air, Air Asia Philippines, Etc. Airports, air strips and fields form an integral part of this sub-industry. Sea Transportation It includes all water transportation operators, both fresh and salt water, and the land-based services for these, such as piers, ports, berths and wharves. This is divided into Shipping and Cruise.  Difference between Shipping and Cruise SHIPPING CRUISES Passenger and Cargo Passengers only Fixed Point-to-Point Routes Flexible Circle Routes Full Facilities Full Facilities Limited Amenities Full Amenities Limited Port Facilities Excellent Port Facilities Domestic in Nature International in Scope Opportunity Shore Excursions Land Transportation It includes all land transportation facilities – rail and road, from the smallest entity to the largest ones. It includes tricycle, jeepneys, buses, trains, bicycles, etc. CAR RENTALS It has been in close connection with airline and railway transportation since its early years and is considered a similar part of the travel service industry RAILWAY The railway is the most economical, convenient, and popular mode of travel, especially for long-distance travel all over the world. Most of the seasoned travellers prefer to travel by train because of its safety record and the convenience and satisfaction of viewing the scenery from a comfortable air-conditioned car.  The lodging Industry or Accommodation Sector is made up of hotels, resorts, motor hotels, pension houses, dormitories, and inns. These are establishments primarily engaged in providing lodging or lodging with meals to the general public. Lodging Industry Classification of Lodging Hotels – two or more floors with rooms located along common hallways. Services include housekeeping, room service, bell service, business center, recreation, restaurants and bars. Resorts – establishments with a leisure component and situated in semi-urban or suburban or countryside locations. Motels – offers parking next to lodging units. Services are limited only to pools and restaurants. Situated along motor ways and roads. Lodging Industry Classification of Lodging All-Suites – units have a bedroom, kitchenette, living space and parlor. Convention Hotels – provides meeting and banquet facilities for large groups Spa – resort with wellness and health component.  FOOD AND BEVERAGE INDUSTRY This industry involves all eating and drinking places Restaurants – a business where people sell food and drinks to customers in a public place in exchange for money Catering – plays an important role in the travel and tourism industry. Like restaurants and take-away outlets, caterers provide products and services to events, hotels and airlines. Bars and Coffee shops – provide a relaxing atmosphere for travellers to eat and drink. Bars tend to focus on serving alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages. Coffee shops tend to focus on service hot drinks, frappes, and light snacks. Activities and Attractions Industry It is the latest addition to the lineup of tourism industry. It is also called as the Entertainment, Leisure and Recreation Sector, which is best exemplified by theme parks, shopping centers, night clubs, wellness spas, museums, cultural villages, disco houses, events, etc. It is composed of all sites dedicated to offering attractions and provide entertainment to the travelers. Activities and Attractions Industry ATTRACTIONS ACTIVITIES Natural – botanical, zoological, mountain, Recreation – refreshment of seaside parks, are wonders that lure travelers to enjoy the natural beauty and strength and spirit after work and the inspiration they provide. mean of diversion. Man-made – historic sites, prehistory, Leisure – defines as freedom resulting archaeological sites, cultural, religious from the stoppage of work activities. It is sites, inspired to learn more of time that is free of duties. It can contemporary and long-vanished participatory or passive. civilizations. Entertainment  Travel Trade Made up of travel managers and tour operators, also called as travel intermediaries, or middlemen, and tour guides. Other Private Entities Publishing Companies – producers of print and electronic news, features, and advertising. ITC Service Providers – these includes Central Reservation Systems (CRS) and Global Distribution Systems (GDS) Marketing and Public Service Organizations – planning and publicity and sales campaigns, selecting target markets, selecting media, providing market researches, discovering new markets. Event Organizers – plans and executes MICE events, negotiates hotel rates for events, planning meetings, seminars planning, budgeting, coordination with stakeholders, promotions and public relations. Social Media Sites – valuable tool for costless marketing, thru Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Pinterest, Snapchat, etc. Miscellaneous Services – insurance, hospitals, clinics, police, sanitary companies, laundry, construction, engineering, security, drug stores, etc. Educational and Training Institutions These are sources of talents for the different industries on the supply side. Among these are vocational-technical schools, community colleges, universities, assessment centers, etc.  Domestic Tourism - refers to travel taken exclusively within the national boundaries of the traveler’s country. International Tourism - refers to travel across international boundaries. It is more difficult to travel outside one's own country because the country to be visited has requirements such as passports, visas, and other conditions to be met by tourists. TERMINOLOGIES FAM Tour - an abbreviation for familiarization tours usually offered to travel agents and tour operators as complimentary or at a reduced rate to familiarize them with a specific destination or attraction to stimulate sales. Package Tour, sometimes called "inclusive tour," is an arrangement in which tourism components such as transportation, accommodation, food and beverage, entertainment, etc. are bought by the tourist at an all-inclusive price. Group Inclusive Tour (GIT) is a tour in which the tourist travels with the company of other tourists. Independent Inclusive Tour (IIT) is a tour in which the tourist travels to his destination individually.  Independent Tour - a tour in which the tourist buys tourism components (transportation, accommodation, food and beverage, entertainment, etc.) separately. This can be done in advance through a travel agent. Tour Operator - organizes package tours and TERMINOLOGIES purchases other tourism services such as transport and accommodation in advance, usually at a lower price because he/she is buying it in bulk. Tour Package - a pre-arranged travel itinerary that includes transportation, accommodations, activities, and sometimes meals, bundled together at a fixed price. Travel Insurance is an insurance product designed for use by different types of travelers such as those who travel for business, are visiting relatives, and are students during their domestic and overseas travel  Claravall, B. (2013). Travel and tour operations in the Philippines, 3rd ed. Manila. Accumicro IT Solutions. Herrera, M., Ocampo F., & Tugade, L. (2021). Tour and Travel Management (2021 ed.) Manila. Rex Book Store. https://beta.tourism.gov.ph/mission-and-vision/ SOURCES: https://www.tpb.gov.ph/about/ https://tieza.gov.ph https://dutyfree.gov.ph/content/history https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/1991/1 0oct/19911010-RA-7160-CCA.pdf TRAVEL AND TOUR MANAGEMENT WORLD TOURISM GEOGRAPHY Week 3 Prepared by: Prof. Rhen S. Agustin LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Source and use information on tourism and travel technology 2. Recall and identify the basic world geography, the continents, regions and locations of countries and the Earth Hemisphere by using degrees of directions in the world map. 3. Master the different continents, countries and their description 4. To Identify the International Air Transportation Association (IATA) Areas of the World and cite its importance in flight planning and pricing. GEOGRAPHY Geography came from the Greek words “Geo” meaning “Earth” and “Graphy” that means “to write”. The study of the physical world, its inhabitants, the interaction between the two, and the patterns and the systems involved. GEOGRAPHY The study of human inter-acting their environment including the physical environment, the built environment and socially constructed spaces, and a spatial perspective of all human and physical phenomena. Literary means “Writing about the Earth” or “Description of the Earth”.  IMPORTANCE OF GEOGRAPHY The knowledge of geography is important for us to be able to know the exact location of each country, their cultures and traditions, physical features and many other information. Using maps and other printed sources is useful and helpful. However, you also need a basic working knowledge of place- name geography on order to plan trips and service your future clients in a professional manner (Mancini, 2009). ERATOSTHENES Eratosthenes of Kyrene (Cyrene) invented the discipline of geography as we understand it. He was the first to use the word Geography (Geographia) and was able to determine the circumference of the earth. Was born around 276 BCE at Greek colony in Cyrene, Libya. ERATOSTHENES Eratosthenes was a polymath who was appointed to run the Great Library at Alexandria in 240 BCE and tutor to the future King Ptolemy IV He is the father of geography  THE CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE EARTH THE CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE EARTH By around 500 B.C., most ancient Greeks believed that Earth was round, not flat. But they had no idea how big the planet is until about 240 B.C., when Eratosthenes devised a clever method of estimating its circumference. (Please watch: How Eratosthenes calculated the Earth's circumference using the link provided in your Canvas) THE WORLD’S CONTINENT THE CONTINENTS Continent is the major land masses of the earth. Continent is a part of the earth’s surface that forms one of the great dry-land masses of the world. It usually has extensive plains and plateaus and one or more mountain ranges and is surrounded or nearly surrounded by water. THE SEVEN (7) CONTINENTS OF THE WORLD ACCORDING TO THEIR SIZE ASIA 44,004,000 SQ. KM AFRICA 190,000 SQ. KM. NORTH AMERICA 24,210,000 SQ. KM. SOUTH AMERICA 17,833,000 SQ. KM. ANTARCTICA 14,000,000 SQ. KM. EUROPE 10,493,000 SQ. KM. AUSTRALIA 7,713,000 SQ. KM.  NORTH ASIA EUROPE AMERICA AFRICA SOUTH AMERICA AUSTRALIA THE SEVEN (7) CONTINENTS OF THE WORLD ACCORDING TO THEIR SIZE ANTARCTICA  MAP A map is a symbolic representation of selected characteristics of a place, usually drawn on a flat surface. There are various types of maps you can use.  TYPES OF MAPS Flat Map - Standard flat maps are those we’re most familiar with.  TYPES OF MAPS Route Map - a map that each airline often distribute that shows all the routes that it flies.  TYPES OF MAPS Locator Maps - Indicate places through a grid of numbers and letters rather than with the degrees of conventional map.  TYPES OF MAPS Mental Maps It represents the way you picture geography in your mind. A mix of objective knowledge and subjective perceptions  TYPES OF MAPS Physical Map - It usually includes labels for features such as mountain ranges and bodies of water identified.  TYPES OF MAPS Political Map - Focuses on the boundary of a certain nation. It usually includes labels for features such as cities and major towns, units such as states or provinces, and bodies of water. TYPES OF MAPS Climate Map - presents information pertaining to the climate of a particular area  TYPES OF MAPS Road Map - It shows main roads access to points of interest such as city, landmarks and parks  TYPES OF MAPS Globes - is a three- dimensional scale model of the Earth or other round body. It is the most accurate map around.  THE HEMISPHERE Half of the earth is called the hemisphere. Any circle drawn around Earth divides it into two equal halves called hemispheres. There are generally considered to be four hemispheres: northern, southern, eastern, and western.  THE HEMISPHERE The northern and southern hemispheres are separated by Equator Latitude (shown as a horizontal line) is the angular distance, in degrees, minutes, and seconds of a point north or south of the Equator. Lines of latitude are often referred to as parallels.  THE HEMISPHERE The eastern and western hemispheres are separated by Prime Meridian Longitude (shown as a vertical line) is the angular distance, in degrees, minutes, and seconds, of a point east or west of the Prime (Greenwich) Meridian. Lines of longitude are often referred to as meridians.  A line of longitude is also called a meridian, derived from the latin, from meri, a variation of “medius” which denotes “middle”, and diem, meaning “day”  1. The four (4) directions are arranged as follows using the acronym “NEWS” Permanent 2. To determine the actual North, we need to use a Directional Compass and follow the arrow that Directions points to the north. of the 3. Using a MAP, you need to place it in a flat area and follow the arrow of the compass that World corresponds to the arrow that can be found in a MAP which is usually with the letter “N” 4. The NORTH is pointing to the SKY and SOUTH pointing DOWNWARDS. 5. One way of determining the direction is to face the sun in the morning, that is the EAST, and facing the sunset, that is WEST.  N W ALWAYS THINK OF “UP, RIGHT, LEFT, DOWN” E S  CARDINAL POINTS - the four cardinal points in a compass - North, East, South and West. DEGREE - is the unit that measures distances between Latitudes and PRINCIPLES Longitudes. ZONE - is the areas between two OF longitudes. A time zone is the area between 0 degrees and +15 degrees and so forth GEOGRAPHY until +180 degrees. And 0 degrees and -15 degrees and so forth. AND BASIC PRIME MERIDIAN - is the first meridian or the first Longitude (0 degrees). It is also referred to as Greenwich Meridian Time TERMS (GMT). INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE - is the point where the easternmost (+180°) and westernmost (-180°) meridians meet, and it serves as a time zone boundary.  GMT IDL IDL - GMT + GMT  EQUATOR- is the imaginary line that encircles the middle (waist) of the earth. PRINCIPLES LONGITUDES- are imaginary lines that OF stretching from the North Pole to the South Pole. GEOGRAPHY LATITUDES- are imaginary lines stretching AND BASIC from the Prime Meridian East up to the International Date Line: the East and from TERMS the Prime Meridian West up to the International Date Line. WORLD TOURISM GEOGRAPHY IATA started forming its world geography to manage and solve the commercial matters of air transport such as rates, routes and schedules, and many other commercial matters, International Air Transport Association (IATA) has divided the world into three (3) main AREAS: Area 1, Area 2, and Area 3. They are regularly used in the interpretation of tariff rates and the calculation of international airfares. Airlines sometimes refer to these areas as TC1 (for area 1), TC2 (for area 2), and TC3 (for area 3).  Under each area, there are smaller “sub-areas” or “sub- regions” which, in the IATA World context, may have a different meaning from what is generally Tourism implied by the geographical term. Geography Sub-areas may in turn be sub-divided into sub-regions or groups of countries. For instance, Africa may be sub divided further into Eastern Africa, Western Africa, Southern Africa, etc. Moreover, Europe has subdivisions such as Scandinavia, European Economic Monetary Union and the ECAA (European Common Aviation Area) member states.  IATA TRAFFIC CONFERENCE AREAS Note: Ural Mountain of Russia and Tehran in the Middle East divides TC2 with TC3. TC1 is Known as the Western Hemisphere. TC2 and TC3 are together known as Eastern Hemisphere.  IATA TRAFFIC CONFERENCE AREAS Area 1 — Encompassing all of the North and South American continents and the islands adjacent thereto, Greenland, Bermuda, the West Indies and islands of the Caribbean Sea, the Hawaiian Islands (including Midway and Palmyra). Area 2 — Encompassing all of Europe (including that part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in Europe) and the islands adjacent thereto, Iceland, the Azores, all of Africa and the islands adjacent thereto, Ascension Island, that part of Asia lying west of and including Iran. Area 3 — Encompassing all of Asia and the islands adjacent thereto except the portion included in Area 2, all of the East Indies, Australia, New Zealand and the islands adjacent thereto, the islands of the Pacific Ocean except those included in Area 1. Area 1 In general, TC1 is composed of the whole of the Western Hemisphere. However, its composition may vary depending on the rule being interpreted. The first classification according to sub- areas: 1. North America Canada (CA), Mexico (MX), St. Pierre & Miquelon (PM), United States of America including Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands (US) 2. Central America Belize (BZ), Costa Rica (CR), El Salvador (SV), Guatemala (GT), Honduras (HN), Nicaragua (NI) Area 1 3. Caribbean Sub-Area Bahamas (BS), Bermuda (BM), Guyana (GY), French Guyana (GF), Suriname (SR), Caribbean Islands* Caribbean Islands include: Anguilla (AI), Antigua and Barbuda (AG), Aruba (AW), Barbados (BB), Cayman Islands (KY), Cuba (CU), Dominica (DM), Dominican Republic (DO), Grenada (GD), Guadeloupe (GP), Haiti (HT), Jamaica (JM), Martinique (MQ), Montserrat (MS), Netherlands Antilles (AN), St. Kitts and Nevis (KN), St. Lucia (LC), St. Vincent and Grenadines (VC), Trinidad and Tobago (TT), Turks and Caicos (TC), British Virgin Islands (VG) Area 1 4. South America Argentina (AR), Bolivia (BO), Brazil (BR), Chile (CL), Colombia (CO) Ecuador (EC), French Guyana (GF)*, Guyana (GY)*, Panama (PA), Paraguay (PY), Peru (PE), Suriname (SR)*, Uruguay (UY), Venezuela (VE) *For travel wholly within the South American area TC1 may also be subdivided into Atlantic sub-areas namely: North Atlantic (NATL) sub-area Mid Atlantic (MATL) sub-area South Atlantic (SATL) sub-area Area 2 Comprises of Europe, Africa and its Ascension Island and parts of Asia west of the Ural mountains including Iran and countries of the Middle East. Europe Albania (AL), Algeria (DZ), Andorra (AD), Armenia (AM), Austria (AT), Azerbaijan (AZ), Belarus (BY), Belgium (BE), Bosnia (BA), Bulgaria (BG), Croatia (HR), Cyprus (CY), Czech Republic (CZ), Denmark (DK), Estonia (EE), Faroe Islands (FO), Finland (FI), France (FR), Georgia (GE), Germany (DE), Gibraltar (GI), Greece (GR), Hungary (HU), Iceland (IS), Ireland (IE), Italy (IT), Latvia (LV), Liechtenstein (LI), Lithuania (LT), Luxembourg (LU), Macedonia (MK), Malta (MT), Moldova (MD), Monaco (MC), Morocco (MA), Netherlands (NL), Norway (NO), Poland (PL), Portugal (PL), Romania (RO), Russia (RU), San Marino (SM), Serbia (CS), Slovakia (SK), Slovenia (SI), Spain (ES), Sweden (SE), Switzerland (CH), Tunisia (TN), Turkey (TR), Ukraine (UA), United Kingdom (GB) Area 2 Africa Angola (AO), Benin (BJ), Botswana (BW), Burkina Faso (BF), Burundi (BI), Cameroon (CM), Cape Verde (CV), Central African Republic (CF), Chad (TD), Comoros (KM), Congo (Brazzaville (CG), Congo (Kinshasa) (CD), Cote d’Ivoire (CI), Djibouti (DJ), Equatorial Guinea (GQ), Eritrea (ER), Ethiopia (ET), Gabon (GA), Gambia (GM), Ghana (GH), Guinea (GN), Guinea-Bissau (GW), Kenya (KE), Lesotho (LS), Liberia (LR), Libya (LY), Madagascar (MG), Malawi (MW), Mali (ML), Mauritania (MR), Mauritius (MU), Mayotte (YT), Mozambique (MZ), Namibia (NA), Niger (NE), Nigeria (NG), Reunion (RE), Rwanda (RW), Sao Tome and Principe (ST), Senegal (SN), Seychelles (SC), Sierra Leone (SL), Somalia (SO), South Africa (SA), Swaziland (SZ), Tanzania (TZ), Togo (TG), Uganda (UG), Zambia (ZM), Zimbabwe (ZW) Area 2 Africa Sub-groups: Central Africa: Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe Eastern Africa: Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, Tanzania, Uganda Southern Africa: Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, South Africa, Namibia, Swaziland - Libya Indian Ocean Islands: Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mayotte, Reunion, Seychelles Western Africa: Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (Kinshasa), Cote d’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo Area 2 Middle East Bahrain (BH), Egypt (EG)*, Iran (IR), Iraq (IQ), Israel (IL), Jordan (JO), Kuwait (KW), Lebanon (LB), Oman (OM), Qatar (QA), Saudi Arabia (SA), Sudan (SD)*, Syria (SY), United Arab Emirates (AE), Yemen (YE) *Although geographically Egypt and Sudan are situated on the African continent, they are included in IATA’s version of the Middle East area. Area 3 TC3 is composed of the whole of Asia and the neighboring islands (with the exception of the past included in TC2), Australia, New Zealand, and neighboring islands and also the Pacific Islands (except those included in TC1). Area 3 1. Southeast Asia Brunei Darussalam (BN), Cambodia (KH), China (excluding Hong Kong and Macau) (CN), Chinese Taipei (TW), Christmas Island (CX), Cocos Islands (CC), Guam (GU), Hong Kong (HK), Indonesia (ID), Kazakhstan (KZ), Kyrgyzstan (KG), Laos (LA), Macau( MO), Malaysia (MY), Marshall Islands (MH), Micronesia (FM), Mongolia (MN), Myanmar (BU), Northern Mariana Islands (MP), Palau (PW), Philippines (PH), Russia in Asia (XU), Singapore (SG), Tajikistan (TJ), Thailand (TH), Timor Leste (TL), Turkmenistan (TM), Uzbekistan (UZ), Vietnam (VN) Area 3 Southeast Asia Sub-regions: Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam Micronesia: (includes Caroline islands except Palau Islands Group), Kwajalein, Majuro, Ponape, Rota, Saipan, Tinian, Truk, Yap Area 3 2. South Asian Sub-continent (SASC) Afghanistan (AF), Bangladesh (BD), Bhutan (BT), India (IN), Nepal (NP), Pakistan (PK), Sri Lanka (LK), Maldives (MV) Area 3 3. Japan/Korea (JAPKOR) Japan (JP), North Korea (KP), South Korea (KR) Area 3 4. Southwest Pacific (SWP) American Samoa (AS), Australia (AU), Cook Islands (CK), Fiji (FJ), French Polynesia (PF), Kiribati (KI), Nauru (NR), New Caledonia (NC), New Zealand (NZ), Niule (NU), Norfolk Islands (NF), Papua New Guinea (PG), Samoa (WS), Solomon Islands (SB), Tonga (TO), Tuvalu (TV), Vanuatu (VU), Wallis and Futuna Islands (WF) SOURCES: Donesa, L. & Aragon, L. (2020). Global Culture and Tourism Geography. Manila. Rex Bookstore https://education.nationalgeographic.org/reso urce/geography-article/ https://www.qantas.com/content/dam/qac/poli cies-and-guidelines/iata-traffic-conference- map.pdf https://www.iata.org/contentassets/01e197ea6 6384f27a9e763d151ae2d7d/provisions-traffic- conferences.pdf TRAVEL AND TOUR MANAGEMENT WORLD TOURISM F U L GEOGRAPHY PART 2 O Week 4 Prepared by: Prof. Rhen S. Agustin LEARNING OBJECTIVES F U L 1. Source and use information on tourism and travel technology 2. Recall and identify the basic world geography, the continents, regions and locations of countries and the Earth Hemisphere by using degrees of directions in the world map. O 3. Master the different continents, countries and their description 4. To Identify the International Air Transportation Association (IATA) Areas of the World and cite its importance in flight planning and pricing.  U IATA GEOGRAPHY F IATA divides the world into three areas for fare calculation purposes. The most basic L definition of the areas is as follows: Area 1 is all of North America and South America. O Area 2 is Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia west of the Ural Mountains. Area 3 is Asia (except where included in Area 2), Australia, and New Zealand.  The Global Indicators U IATA has also developed Global F Indicators (GIs) to describe different directions for traveling on international journeys. Global L Indicators represent the direction of the route taken between the origin and destination cities on the O passenger itinerary. Global indicators are linked to IATA areas. These indicate the direction in which the routing takes you.  The Global Indicators U A Global Indicator is represented by a two- letter code. It generally shows which TC Areas F are being traveled through and which oceans are being crossed. Common IATA Global Indicators: L WH (Western Hemisphere) EH (Eastern Hemisphere) PA (Pacific) O AP (Atlantic Pacific) AT (Atlantic) PN (Pacific North) SA (South Atlantic) 1. Western Hemisphere (WH) F U - When all travel is within Area 1. L Examples: Los Angeles - Mexico O San Francisco - Buenos Aires  F U L O 2. Eastern Hemisphere (EH) U - When all travel is within TC Area 3 or Area 2 / Between Area 2 and Area 3 via the Eastern Hemisphere (other than TS/RU/FE) F Examples: L Singapore to Kuala Lumpur to Bangkok Madrid to Milan to Berlin O Bangkok to Dubai to London Note: There are some exceptions in travel between Area 2 and Area 3 via the Eastern Hemisphere, if travel is to Russia or if travel is via Japan or South Korea.  F U L O *Trans-Siberian (TS) F U Travel between Area 3 and Area 2, including a sector having nonstop service between Europe and JAPKOR. L Examples: Bangkok to Tokyo to London to Dublin O Singapore to Seoul to Paris *Russian Route (RU) U - Travel between Russia (in Europe) and Area 3 with nonstop F service between Russia (in Europe) and JAPKOR; not via another country(ies) in Europe. Examples: SIN - SEL - MOW L O MOW - TYO - MNL *Far Eastern (FE) U - Travel between Russia (in Europe)/Ukraine and Area 3 with nonstop service between Russia (in Europe)/Ukraine and Area 3 F other than JAPKOR Example: MOW - SIN - HKG L O MNL - SGN - IEV 3. Pacific (PA) Examples: F U - Travel between Area 3 and Area 1 via the Pacific Ocean Manila - Toronto L O Hanoi to Taipei to Los Angeles Auckland to Las Vegas  F U PACIFIC OCEAN L O 4. Atlantic Pacific (AP) F U - Travel between Area 3 and Area 2 via the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans (via Area 1) L Examples: Sydney to Los Angeles to London O Wellington to San Diego to Barcelo  U ATLANTIC OCEAN F PACIFIC OCEAN L O 5. ATLANTIC (AT) F U -Travel between Area 1 and (Area 2 or Area 3) via the Atlantic (other than South America) Example: L Vancouver to Lisbon O New York to Istanbul  F U L O 6.Pacific North (PN) F U Travel from South Atlantic Sub-Area (ABCPU countries) to South West Pacific (SWP) via North America by crossing the Pacific Ocean. L Example: O Santiago - Los Angeles – Sydney  U South Atlantic Sub-Area or the ABCPU Countries F consist of: Argentina Brazil L Chile Paraguay Uruguay O  F U PACIFIC OCEAN L O SWP South Atlantic Sub-Area 7. South Atlantic (SA) U -A journey from South Atlantic Sub-Area to South East Asia by crossing the Atlantic Ocean, may or may not have a point in South F Africa, Central Africa, or Indian Ocean Island. Examples: L São Paulo to Singapore (via Atlantic Ocean) O Rio de Janeiro to Antananarivo to Manila  F U L O  How Routings Affect U Fares F Your journey’s direction and type of routing affects L the fare that you pay. Some fares include specific carriers and O booking classes applicable to that fare FARE CONSTRUCTION U Aside from the routing of a flight, fare construction may also depend on: CLASS OF L TYPE OF F TIME OF SEASON O SERVICE CARRIER FLIGHT (PEAK OR LEAN) CLASS OF SERVICE F U L First Class - The highest and most expensive level of service offered with the most inclusions and the least O restrictions.  F U L CLASS OF SERVICE O B U S IN E S S - T r a v e l b y a c l a s s s up e r i o r t o e co n o m y b ut l o w e r th a n f i r s t cl a s s s e r v i ce.  CLASS OF U SERVICE F Economy - The least expensive class of L service offered by airlines with the least frills and inclusions and the most O restrictions.  Feature FIRST CLASS BUSINESS CLASS ECONOMY CLASS U Spacious, fully reclining Wider seats, reclining Standard seats, limited Seating seats, often convert to capabilities, more recline, less legroom beds legroom than economy Exclusive lounges, Dedicated lounges, Basic amenities, limited gourmet dining, F Amenities enhanced dining, priority food and beverage personalized service, boarding options priority boarding More expensive than Price Most expensive economy, but less than Most affordable L first Highest priority for Higher priority than Priority check-in, boarding, and Standard priority economy baggage Generous baggage Higher baggage O Baggage allowance, often allowance than economy, Standard baggage Allowance including priority often including priority allowance baggage handling baggage handling Baggage Typically, higher than Typically higher, often Varies, usually around Allowance economy, often around around 40-50kg 20-30kg (Kilos) 30-40kg TYPE OF CARRIER F U There are two main business models in the airline industry: traditional Full-service carriers (FSCs) and Low-cost carriers (LCCs). L The Full-Service Carriers operate with more traditional or old-school strategies. They offer an all-inclusive range of services and a more luxurious travel experience and often come with higher ticket prices. They are also known as Legacy Airlines O The Low-cost carriers are airlines that minimize operations costs to offer the cheapest tickets possible. The LCCs previously earned the nickname “no-frills” for only offering common FSC services like seat allocation or onboard meals at an additional fee.  U FULL-SERVICE LOW-COST FULL-SERVICE LOW-COST CARRIERS CARRIERS CARRIERS CARRIERS L F O  TIME OF FIGHT U Most airlines operate 24 hours but a F distinguished schedule for a late flight is called a red-eye flight which is a flight that departs late at night (Tiwari, 2014). L A red-eye flight is a flight that departs at night and arrives at the destination airport in the morning. O Red-eye flights typically depart late at night, often between the hours of 9:00 PM and 1:00 AM, and arrive at their destination in the early hours of the morning, usually between 4:00 AM and 7:00 AM (Traveloka)  SEASON F U Seasonality does not only refer to the seasons of the L year, or the weather conditions. It also refers to behavioral patterns of O travel market (Badilla, 2021)  Key Concepts U In the travel industry, the world is divided into categories of different sizes. F Continents Countries (represented with a two-letter L code, e.g., US for United States) States, provinces, or territories (represented with a two-letter code, e.g., FL for Florida) O Cities (represented with a three-letter code, e.g., LON for London) Airports (represented with a three-letter code, e.g., LHR for London Heathrow)  Key Concepts U Most of the City and Airport IATA F codes are the same (Ex. BKK, SIN, HKG). If a city has several airports, each airport will have its L unique code to distinguish it from the others. For example, London has several O airports, including Heathrow (LHR), Gatwick (LGW), and Stansted (STN) but the city code of London is LON.  Key Concepts U Tokyo uses TYO as their city code, NRT is their airport code for Narita F Airport, and HND is the airport code for Haneda Airport. Both NRT and L HND are considered airports in the city of Tokyo. There are still cities with only one airport but have both a city and an O airport code like Jakarta. It has a city code of JKT and the assigned airport code of CGK (Soekarno-Hatta Intl Airport.  Key Concepts U Fares are established not only by F class of service or fare type but, by routing type. For example, an economy class (Y) fare from LAX to L HKG via the Atlantic Ocean would be higher than the fare paid if the passenger travelled via the Pacific O (PA).  Key Concepts U Types of Global Indicators (Direction F Routing) TC1 - WH L TC2 - EH TC3- EH TC12- AT, PA (via TC3) O TC123- SA, AT TC31 -PN, PA SOURCES: Store. F U Badilla, M. (2021). Tourism and Hospitality Marketing. Manila. Manila. Rex Book Donesa, L., Aragon, L., Asuncion, M., and Sacueza, A. (2022). Transportation L Management. Manila. Manila. Rex Book Store. Tiwari, P. (2014). Air Travel Ticketing and Fare Construction. India. Centrum Press https://phlconnect.ched.gov.ph/admin/uploads/add217938e07bb1fd8796e0315 b88c10/TMConstructticket-.pdf https://images.travelport.com/images/kb/1G_FaresLevel2_v1_0.pdf O https://elearning.alberts.edu.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Global-indicator- orgnl.pptx https://www.traveloka.com/en-ph/explore/destination/red-eye-flight-trp/360506  Travel and Tour Management HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF TRAVELS AND TOURS WEEK 5 Prepared by: Ms. Rhen S. Agustin  Travel and Tour Management Learning Objectives Discuss the development of the travel agency business in the world Discuss the involvement of Thomas Cook in As a future frontline professional, this the growth of the travel agency business chapter will broaden your ' perspective for you will be able to: Explain the various stages and turning points in the history of the global travel agency business Cite different milestones in the history of the global travel agency business  Travel and Tour Management Introduction A travel agency is a company or business that does arrangement, packaging and costing of travel-related services for traveling clients. The services usually include flight, accommodation, transfers service, travel insurance, documentation and tours that can be availed separately or good as one known as a travel package.  Travel and Tour Management A travel agent is a person whose job is to arrange and book for services that are needs by a traveling client. Their roles are to act as personified intermediaries between the supplier and travelers for a simplified and more convenient process of transactions and to provide consultation services and extensive information.  Travel and Tour Management Travel Agents vs Tour Operators A travel agents is someone who acts as the direct contact of traveler who is seeking assistance and planning to visit certain destination through travelagency A tour operator is an organization, firm, or company that buys travek components individually and combines them into package tour to be sold to their direct customers or through a tourism channel  Travel and Tour Management Historical Background of Travel Agency and Tour Operation The travel industry already existed way back in the early years of the 19th century, but it was not the same as what we have to date as we now have a system through travel agencies and tour operations businesses. Throughout history, people traveled from one place to another for different purposes  Travel and Tour Management The Early Days of Travel Agencies Cox and Kings and Thomas Cook play a vital role in the evolution of the travel agency and tour operations business  Travel and Tour Management 19th Century Travel agencies began appearing in the mid-19th century. Early agents worked primarily as ticket sellers for steamship lines and railroads. Their services included organizing itineraries and booking accommodations for wealthy clients.  Travel and Tour Management 1930s: Growth of Tour Wholesaling Travel agencies started selling package tours to groups of travelers. Tour wholesaling began to grow, offering pre- arranged trips that included transportation, accommodations, and activities. However, the growth was slowed due to high travel costs and a lack of transportation infrastructure during the economic downturn.  Travel and Tour Management Post-World War II (Late 1940s–1950s): Industry Boom 1940s–1950s: Turning Point for Travel Industry The industry experienced a major boom after World War II. The development of long-range commercial aircraft and the interstate highway system made travel more comfortable and affordable. Middle-class travelers were now encouraged to travel more, boosting demand for travel services.  Travel and Tour Management Post-World War II (Late 1940s–1950s): Industry Boom Growth of Low-Cost Airlines A rise in the number of low-cost airlines and easy access to airport terminals allowed more people to travel internationally. Travel agencies benefited from increased interest in travel, bolstered by media promotion.  Travel and Tour Management 1970s: Rise of Modern Tour Operators Tour operators emerged as companies that cater to travelers by organizing both group tours and independent travel packages. Many tour operators began operating as wholesalers, selling their travel packages through travel agents or directly to clients.  Travel and Tour Management 1990s–Present: Digital Transformation 1990s: Internet Revolution The rise of the internet allowed travelers to create their own itineraries and book trips independently. Despite this shift, travel agencies and tour operators remained relevant, offering personalized services and curated travel experiences.  Travel and Tour Management 1990s–Present: Digital Transformation Present: Online Sales and Wholesalers Most tour operators sell packages through the internet today, making travel planning more convenient for customers. Although travelers can now organize trips online, agencies and tour operators continue to play a crucial role in ensuring a smooth and well-organized travel experience. Cox and Kings: The Oldest Travel Company Founded on May 25, 1758. Established by Richard Cox, appointed regimental agent to the Foot Guards by Lord Ligonier. Became a reputable agent for British regiments. Travel and Tour Management Cox and Kings: Early Growth Initially focused on services for British military regiments. Developed into a successful business due to Cox’s dedication. 1923: Sold to Lloyds Bank, transforming into Cox and Kings. Travel and Tour Management Cox and Kings: Expanding to Global Markets 1980s: Expansion of tours to Latin America, the Middle East, Africa, and Europe. Focused on offering diverse cultural travel experiences around the world. Travel and Tour Management Cox and Kings: Today Continued growth as a major player in global tourism. Offers modernized travel packages across various continents. Remains a well-established name in the travel and tour industry. Cox and Kings: The Legacy Over 260 years of history in the travel industry. Evolved from military service to a global tourism leader. Continues to adapt to modern travel demands. Thomas Cook The Father of Travel Agency Established the first travel agency in the world in 1845. Started organizing tours and trips in England, setting the foundation for modern travel. Travel and Tour Management Thomas Cook The first organized trip In 1841, Cook organized a train trip for 570 people over a 22-mile distance from Leicester to Loughborough in England. He bought railway tickets in bulk and sold them to travelers. Though it was a no-profit trip, it inspired him to enter the travel business. Thomas Cook The first travel agency Cook established the “world’s first travel agency” in 1845 to organize excursions. He became known as the "Father of the Travel Agency Business." Organized railway and steamship excursions across England, Scotland, and Europe. Travel and Tour Management Thomas Cook Expansion into tour operations In 1855, Cook launched the first international package tour from England to Paris. His travel business gained popularity, offering mass tours across England. Travel and Tour Management Thomas Cook Great exhibition success Sir Joseph Paxton convinced Cook in 1851 to organize package tours for workers from Yorkshire and the Midlands to visit the Great Exhibition in London. This was a major milestone in his business, leading to increased success Travel and Tour Management Thomas Cook Innovation from travel services Introduced hotel coupons in 1868 for hassle- free hotel check-ins. Created the Circular Note (1874), a precursor to the traveler’s cheque for safe travel payments. Travel and Tour Management Thomas Cook Catering to the middle class With rising middle-class incomes, Cook designed affordable package tours. Negotiated with hoteliers to offer affordable rooms and meals. Travel and Tour Management Thomas Cook The journey across the Atlantic In 1869, Cook and his company succeeded in traveling across the Atlantic Ocean by steamship. First major international travel: From England to Egypt, following the opening of the Suez Canal. Organized his first trip up the River Nile in 1869. Travel and Tour Management Thomas Cook Round-the-world tour At age 63, he planned for a Round-the-World Tour from Leicester in 1872. Cook undertook a 222-day world tour. Visited destinations in the U.S., Japan, China, Singapore, India, and Egypt. This journey provided him with valuable knowledge for future tours. Travel and Tour Management Thomas Cook The company today The company evolved from Thomas Cook & Son to Thomas Cook AG in the early 2000s. In 2007, it became Thomas Cook Group, following the merger with MyTravel Group. Thomas Cook entered the aviation industry with Thomas Cook Airlines, which became part of its travel services, operating flights for its package tours. Thomas Cook The fall of the great Thomas Cook Group declared bankruptcy on September 23, 2019. The company’s sudden collapse marked the end of a significant chapter in the history of travel and tourism Travel and Tour Management Thomas Cook The fall of the great Thomas Cook Group declared bankruptcy on September 23, 2019. The company’s sudden collapse marked the end of a significant chapter in the history of travel and tourism Travel and Tour Management Thank You Source: Apid, A. (2021). Travel and Tour Management. Manila. Mindshapers Co., Inc Herrera, M., Ocampo F., & Tugade, L. (2021). Tour and Travel Management. Manila. Rex Book Store.https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/sep/23/thomas-cook-as-the-world-turned-the-sun-ceased-to-shine-on-venerable- tour-operator