TAN - STS PRELIM PDF

Shaping cultural values Influencing policy decisions, and SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY...

Shaping cultural values Influencing policy decisions, and SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY Raising ethical question Understanding these interactions is crucial for making informed decisions about the development and use of technology in a societal SCIENCE context. Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. THE INTERRELATIONSHIP OF SCIENCE , TECHNOLOGY , It involves the use of empirical evidence obtained through AND SOCIETY observation, experimentations, and analysis to develop theories and models. TECHNOLOGICAL IMPACT O N SOCIETY Positive Impacts TECHNOLOGY Technology has the potential to improve the quality of life, enhance communication, increase productivity, and Technology refers to the application of scientific address societal challenges. knowledge and principles to create tools, devices, system, and processes that solve problems, meet human needs, Negative Impacts and enhance human capabilities. The rapid pace of technological change can lead to social disruptions, ethical dilemmas, and concerns about privacy, security, and inequality. SOCIETY Society refers to a group of individuals who share a common culture, norms, values, and institutions and who SOCIETAL INFLUENCE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY interact with one another, within a specific geographical area. Public Opinion and Funding It involves the complex web of relationships and interactions among individuals, communities, and Societal values, opinions, and priorities influence the institutions. direction of scientific research and technological development, often reflected in funding decisions. Ethical Considerations SCIENCE , TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIE TY Societal values and ethical norms shape the ethical Science, Technology, and Society (STS) is an guidelines and considerations in scientific research and interdisciplinary field that examines the interplay between technological applications. scientific and technological advancements and their impact on society, culture, politics, and the environment. It explores the: o Reciprocal relationships CULTURAL IMPACTS o Ethical implications, and Cultural Values and Technology Adoption o Social consequences of scientific and technological developments. Cultural factors play a role in the acceptance and adoption of new technologies. Societal values may affect how certain technologies are embraced or resisted. WHY IS STUDYING STS RE LEVANT? The study of STS recognizes that scientific and technological advancements have effects on society. MARA LEAN BETTINA TAN  BS Psychology 2C SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY 1 Cultural Shifts and Scientific Inquiry Cultural changes can influence the types of scientific IMPROVING HEALTHCARE questions that researchers pursue and the societal relevance of their work. Science: Medical research and scientific advancements lead to the discovery of new treatments, drugs, and medical procedures. Technology: Innovations in medical technology such as POLICY AND REGULATION diagnostic tools, medical Imaging, and Telemedicine, Improve healthcare delivery, diagnosis, and patient Government Policies outcomes Government policies and regulations, influenced by societal needs and concerns, play a crucial role in guiding scientific research priorities and the responsible ENHANCING COMMUNICATION: development and deployment of technologies. Science: Advances in physics and information theory Technology Governance contribute to the development of communication technologies. Societal concerns may lead to the establishment of Technology: Information technology, telecommunications, regulations and policies governing the use of specific and the internet facilitate global communication, technologies, such as in the areas of environmental connecting people around the world. protection, health, and safety. INCREASING PRODUCTIVITY AND EFFICIENCY EDUCATION AND AWARENESS Science: Research in various fields leads to the Science Education development of new materials, processes, and methods. The level of scientific literacy in society can Influence the Technology: Industrial and manufacturing technologies public's understanding and acceptance of scientific Improve production processes, leading to Increased findings and advancements. efficiency and economic growth. Technology Literacy Increasing technology literacy helps society navigate the ADDRESSING ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES challenges and opportunities presented by technological Science: Research in environmental science provides advancements. insights into climate change, pollution, and conservation. Technology: Sustainable technologies, renewable energy sources, and eco-friendly practices help address environmental challenges and promote sustainability. IMPORTANCE AND APPLICATION OF SC IENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOSTERING ECONOMIC GROWTH ADVANCING KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING Science: Advances in science drive innovation, which is a Science: Contributes to a deeper understanding of the key driver of economic growth. natural world, expanding human knowledge about the Technology: Technological advancements contribute to universe, living organisms, and fundamental principles the development of new industries. job creation, and Technology: Applies scientific knowledge to create tools, increased productivity. devices, and systems that enhance the efficiency of tasks, making life easier and more comfortable MARA LEAN BETTINA TAN  BS Psychology 2C SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY 2 EDUCATION AND ACCESS TO INFORMATION M1: INTRODUCTION: HOW DID WE END UP HERE? Science: Provides the foundation for educational curricula, Two hundred years ago fostering critical thinking and scientific literacy. Technology: Information and communication technologies The world looked so different. (ICTs) enhance educational access, providing online The majority of people’s lives were driven by the tangible. learning resources and tools for remote education. Science Considered mostly an academic notion and it was raising questions that bothered the minds of few. GLOBAL CONNECTIVITY AND COLLABORATION Technology Science: Collaborative international scientific efforts address global challenges. Used to be mainly in the hands of the governments and it Technology: Facilitates global connectivity, collaboration, was used to benefit the lives of people, in a way much and the sharing of Information across borders. different than it does today. And to a way lesser extent. Thirty years ago WHAT IS ETHICS AND WHY DOES IT NEED TO BE If anyone had seen a person holding a device with the CONSIDERED? features of today’s latest iPhone, they could easily be mistaken for a magician or… an alien. Ethics Today refers to the branch of philosophy that deals with the study of morality, distinguishing between right and wrong, We are so used to living with technology. Most of us are and providing a framework for evaluating human behavior. surrounded by smart devices, and travel in futuristic vehicles. We read every day about the latest breakthrough In the context of Science, Technology, and Society (STS), ethics is in science and share our opinions over social media. crucial for: We rarely stop to think about how we became this way. Guiding responsible, inclusive, and sustainable advancements Ensures the well-being of individuals, Do we affect science and technology or do they affect us? How do Ensures responsible research conduct we keep the balance? Is there a place for morals when science and Ensures equitable distribution of benefits, technology show us the “right” way? Ensures informed decision-making, and Ensures protection of privacy and security. Science, Technology, and Society (STS) as an interdisciplinary program of study focuses on understanding the relationship between scientific Ethical considerations in STS encompass: developments and the everyday lives of people. It is also an interdisciplinary investigation of the Human impact, relationship between scientific progress and societal Social justice forces, and the role of technological innovations in both. Public trust It attempts to explain the reasons why certain scientific privacy and security programs and projects are funded instead of others, the Environmental sustainability response of the non-scientific community to certain Cultural sensitivity scientific discoveries, and the role of technology in Legal compliance, and people's day-to-day lives. Anticipation of long-term consequences. It also considers how social, political, and cultural values They guide responsible decision-making and promote positive affect scientific research and technological innovation, and societal outcomes. how these, in turn, affect society, politics, and culture. MARA LEAN BETTINA TAN  BS Psychology 2C SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY 3 M2_LESSON 1: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF 3. Invention of the Wheel (circa 3500 BCE): TECHNOLOGY IN THE WORLD The wheel emerged as a fundamental invention, GOING BACK TO THE CORNER WHERE I FIRST "STONE revolutionizing transportation and machinery. TOOL": EXPLORING TECHNOLOGY FROM PRIMITIVE TOOLS The Invention of the Wheel, around 3500 BCE, stands as a TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE seminal technological achievement. Originating in Mesopotamia, the wheel brought about a revolutionary Technology, far from being a mere collection of physical tools, is a transformation in transportation and machinery. Initially complex collection of human innovation, practices, and techniques. utilized for pottery, its application expanded to wheeled From the primitive stone tools wielded by our earliest ancestors to vehicles, significantly enhancing trade, agriculture, and the intricacies of artificial intelligence in the present day, the journey travel efficiency. of technology spans centuries, weaving together the threads of creativity, intellect, and adaptability. In this lesson, we are going to look back and realize how far technology has gone, and how the development progressed and prospered. 4. Development of Writing (around 3200 BCE): Writing systems, such as cuneiform in Mesopotamia and hieroglyphics in Egypt, allowed for record-keeping and communication. ANCIENT AND PRE -MODERN PERIODS: The Development of Writing around 3200 BCE marked a 1. Stone Tools (2.5 million years ago): crucial milestone in human communication. Writing systems, including cuneiform in Mesopotamia and Early humans began using simple stone tools for hunting, hieroglyphics in Egypt, emerged, facilitating record- defense, and other daily tasks. keeping and communication. The tools created around 3.3 million years ago at Lake These systems enabled societies to document information, Turkana in Kenya, associated with early hominins like ranging from administrative records to cultural and Australopithecus, played a vital role in survival and religious texts. adaptation. Writing became an indispensable tool for preserving These tools, including sharp stone flakes and larger knowledge, fostering cultural identity, and enhancing the unshaped stones, offered benefits such as improved food efficiency of administrative tasks, laying the groundwork processing, potential defense against predators, for the evolution of written languages and the diversified resource extraction, and likely contributed to transmission of information across generations. cognitive development. Additionally, the act of tool-making and use fostered social interaction within early human groups. Tools facilitated environmental adaptation, increasing MIDDLE AGES AND RENAISSANCE: efficiency in resource processing and potentially expanding habitat exploration. 1. Printing Press (1440): Johannes Gutenberg's invention of the printing press revolutionized the production of books, making 2. Agricultural Revolution (10,000 BCE): information more widely accessible The invention of the Printing Press in 1440 by Johannes During the Neolithic Revolution, the transition from Gutenberg revolutionized the dissemination of hunting and gathering to agriculture marked a significant information. Gutenberg's innovation allowed for the mass technological shift, leading to settled societies. production of books, newspapers, and other printed The transition from a nomadic lifestyle to settled materials, drastically reducing the cost and time required agricultural communities marked a profound shift, with for copying texts by hand. humans cultivating crops, domesticating animals, and This development played a pivotal role in the spread of ensuring a more consistent food supply. knowledge, enabling literacy on a broader scale and Concurrently, the advent of pottery and brick-making, facilitating the exchange of ideas. along with the utilization of clay, enhanced storage and The Printing Press catalyzed the Renaissance and construction capabilities. Reformation, shaping the course of intellectual and Textile production emerged as people began weaving cultural history by making literature more accessible and fabrics for clothing, surpassing the use of animal hides. fostering a more informed and interconnected society. MARA LEAN BETTINA TAN  BS Psychology 2C SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY 4 2. The Scientific Revolution in the 16th and 17th centuries marked 2. Textile Machinery (1764-1769): a transformative era in the history of science. Pioneered by figures such as Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton, significant advances in The inventions of the spinning jenny, water frame, and science and mathematics laid the foundation for modern scientific power loom transformed the textile industry; automating inquiry. and accelerating various stages of cloth production. Copernicus's heliocentric model challenged traditional views of the cosmos Galileo's observational work provided 3. Photography (1826): empirical evidence to support this heliocentric theory. Copernicus's heliocentric model, introduced in the 16th In the early 1820s, Nicéphore Niépce explored the use of a century, revolutionized cosmic understanding by placing light-sensitive solution for reproducing lithographs onto the Sun, not Earth, at the center of the universe. This various surfaces. Taking a leap, he applied this solution to departure from the traditional geocentric view laid the capture an image in a camera obscura, resulting in the first groundwork for modern astronomy, challenging religious known photograph in 1826 or 1827—an eight-hour and philosophical beliefs while providing a more accurate exposure of his house courtyard. explanation for celestial movements. Copernicus's heliocentric model set the stage for a scientific revolution, altering humanity's perception of its cosmic position. Newton's laws of motion and universal gravitation brought 4. Telegraph (1844): together disparate aspects of physics, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of the natural world. Samuel Morse, a painter turned inventor, envisioned an The Scientific Revolution not only reshaped scientific electric telegraph in the 1830s, patenting a prototype in thinking but also laid the groundwork for the empirical and 1837. His groundbreaking moment came in 1844 when he experimental approaches that continue to define transmitted the inaugural long-distance telegraph contemporary scientific methodologies. message from Washington, D.C., to Baltimore, with the historic words, "What hath God wrought." INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (18TH -19TH CENTURIES): 5. Telephone (1876): 1. Steam Engine (1712): Following Morse's success, Alexander Graham Bell Thomas Newcomen's steam engine was a key invention, pioneered voice communication over wires. On March 10, but it was improved by James Watt, leading to the 1876, Bell made history with the first telephone call, widespread use of steam power. A steam engine is a summoning his assistant Tom Watson with the famous machine that converts heat energy from steam into words, “Mr Watson—come here—I want to see you.” mechanical work. Thomas Newcomen's steam engine, initially designed to pump water out of mines, significantly enhanced mining 6. Electric light (1879): efficiency, enabling deeper resource extraction. Evolving beyond its original purpose, the steam engine found After countless experiments, Thomas Edison achieved a applications in various industrial processes, powering 13½-hour burn with a carbon-filament light bulb in 1879. factories and mills, thereby boosting production Concurrently, his lab worked on an electrical power capacities. distribution system, leading to the opening of the first Additionally, advancements by figures like James Watt power plant by the Edison Electric Illuminating Company in facilitated the adaptation of steam power to 1882. transportation, revolutionizing the movement of goods The carbon-filament light bulb invented by Thomas Edison and people with the introduction of steam-powered in 1879 lights up using electricity. Inside the bulb, there is locomotives and ships. a thin filament made of carbon. When electricity flows Its invention sparked the Industrial Revolution by through the filament, it heats up and becomes so hot that powering factories, locomotives, and ships, leading to it starts to glow and emit light. This glowing filament advancements in transportation, manufacturing, and produces the light that we see when the bulb is turned on. industry. MARA LEAN BETTINA TAN  BS Psychology 2C SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY 5  So, essentially, the source of light in this type of light bulb 2. Airplane (1903): is the heated carbon filament. The light bulbs we use today last much longer than the On December 17, Orville Wright achieved the inaugural carbon-filament bulbs from Edison's time because of airplane flight, covering a distance of 120 feet near Kitty advancements in technology and materials. Modern light Hawk, North Carolina. On that historic day, both Orville bulbs typically use different types of filaments or and his brother Wilbur completed a total of four flights, technologies such as LED (light-emitting diode) or CFL with Wilbur concluding the series by flying an impressive (compact fluorescent lamp). 852 feet. LED bulbs, for example, last significantly longer than traditional incandescent bulbs because they don't rely on heating a filament to produce light. Instead, they generate 3. Television (1927): light through the movement of electrons in a semiconductor material. This makes them much more Following the advent of radio, the natural progression was efficient and durable, with lifespans ranging from tens of the transmission of visual images. Philo T. Farnsworth, a thousands to even over a hundred thousand hours of use. teenager from Utah, concluded that a mechanical disk system would be insufficient for scanning and assembling images rapidly. In 1922, at the age of 16, Farnsworth devised a plan for an electronic system. However, it wasn't 7. Automobile (1885): until 1927 that he accomplished the first electronic With advancements in internal-combustion engines, Karl television transmission, depicting a horizontal line. Benz introduced the first modern automobile in 1885—a three-wheeled car powered by a one-cylinder engine. The automobile's commercial breakthrough occurred in 1888 4. Computer (1937): when Benz's wife, Bertha, took an unauthorized 64-mile trip, showcasing the vehicle's practicality and marking a John Atanasoff, a mathematician and physicist from Iowa turning point in automotive history. State, designed the initial electronic digital computer in 1937. Utilizing binary numbers (base 2) and capacitors for data storage, Atanasoff and his student Clifford Berry commenced the construction of the Atanasoff-Berry 8. Railways (early 19th century): Computer (ABC) in 1939. The development of steam-powered locomotives and railways revolutionized transportation and trade. The introduction of railways in the early 19th century INFORMATION AGE (LATE 20TH CENTURY TO PRESENT): revolutionized transportation, employing steam-powered locomotives and connecting distant regions. 1. Internet (1969): This technological breakthrough accelerated the movement of goods and people, fostering economic The establishment of ARPANET in 1969, initiated by the growth, reducing travel time, and lowering transportation U.S. Department of Defense, marked a pivotal moment in costs. history, laying the foundation for the internet. This Railways played a crucial role in the expansion of trade, interconnected network of computers revolutionized urbanization, and the overall industrialization of the time, global communication and information exchange, shaping leaving an enduring impact on the history of technology. the way societies interact and access information. 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES: 2. Personal Computers (1970s-1980s): 1. Radio (1901): The advent and widespread adoption of personal computers, exemplified by the IBM PC in the 1980s, Guglielmo Marconi conducted radio experiments starting democratized computing. No longer confined to large in 1894, progressively extending the range of his corporations or research institutions, individuals and transmissions. In 1901, his reported success in sending the businesses gained direct access to computing power, Morse code letter S across the Atlantic from Cornwall to Newfoundland captured global excitement. MARA LEAN BETTINA TAN  BS Psychology 2C SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY 6  transforming the way work, education, and entertainment porcelain. Soon they learned to produce copper, bronze, were conducted. iron, and gold metal tools and ornaments. 3. World Wide Web (1990): Iron Age In 1990, Tim Berners-Lee's creation of the World Wide During this period Filipinos were engaged in extraction, Web added a user-friendly interface to the internet. This smelting, and refining of iron from ores until the breakthrough allowed seamless navigation and importation of cast iron from Sarawak and later from information sharing, making the internet accessible to a China. broader audience. The WWW became a catalyst for the They learned to weave cotton, make glass ornaments, and digital era, influencing how we communicate, work, and cultivate lowland rice and dike fields of terraced fields obtain knowledge. utilizing spring water in mountain regions. They also learned to build boats for trading purposes. o The people of Ma-I and San- Hsu [Palawan] traded bee wax, cotton, pearls, coconut heart 4. Mobile Technology (2000s): mats, tortoise shell and medicinal betel nuts, panie cloth for porcelain, leads, fishnets sinker, The 21st century witnessed an explosion in mobile colored glass beads, iron, pots, iron needles and technology, with smartphones becoming ubiquitous. This fin. revolution not only changed the way we communicate but Spanish chronicles noted refined plank built warships also brought computing power, internet access, and a called caracoa suited for interisland trade raids. myriad of applications to our fingertips. Mobile devices have profoundly impacted daily life, altering how we consume information, connect with others, and engage in entertainment. Pre-Colonial Period Even before the Spaniards came to the Philippine islands, o Early Filipino settlers were already using certain 5. Artificial Intelligence (21st Century): plants and herbs as medicines. o Systems of farming and animal- raising were also The 21st century has seen remarkable progress in artificial implemented. intelligence (AI), machine learning, and deep learning. o Developed different modes of transportation, These technologies have transformed various industries, whether terrestrial or maritime. automating tasks, enhancing decision-making processes, o System of writing and enabling new possibilities in fields such as healthcare, Banaue Rice Terraces finance, and beyond. AI's impact continues to grow, o engineering shaping the future landscape of technology and innovation. Colonial Period-Spanish Period ________________________________________________________ Colonization by the Spaniards provided the Philippines with modern means of construction. HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE PHILIPPINES Development of health and education system – schools, hospital, scientific research. PRE-COLONIAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Stone Age For about 40,000 years, Filipinos made simple tools or Colonial Period- American Period weapons of stone flakes but eventually developed Adequate, secularized, and free public-school system to techniques for sawing, drilling and polishing hard stones. all. By around 3,000 B.C. they were producing adzes On 21 January 1901, the Philippine Commission, which ornaments of seashells and pottery. Pottery flourished for acted as the executive and legislative body for the the next 2,000 years until they imported Chinese MARA LEAN BETTINA TAN  BS Psychology 2C SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY 7  Philippines until 1907, promulgated Act No. 74 creating a ERYTHROMYCIN BY ABELARDO AGUILAR Department of Public Instruction in the Philippines. Secondary schools were opened after a further enactment A Filipino doctor from Iloilo, Philippines who worked as a of the Philippine in Commission in 1902. researcher in Eli Lilly and Company (pharmaceutical The Philippine Medical School was established in 1905 and company in Indiana, USA). was followed by other professional and technical schools. In 1949, Aguilar was testing soil samples from his backyard In 1947, the Bureau of Science was recognized into an and had discovered a method to formulate Erythromycin. Institute of Science. In the same year, an Institute of Nutrition. In 1952, the Science Foundation of the Philippines [SFP] ALCO-DIESEL, LAN-GAS, AND SUPERBUNKER Formula BY RUDY were created and placed [along with the Institute of LANTANO SR. Science] under the Office of the President. Developed Super Bunker Formula-L, a revolutionary fuel half-composed of water. The mix burns faster and emits pollutants, 95 percent less than those released to the air by traditional fuel products. DIFFERENT FILIPINO INVENTORS AND SCIENTISTS INCUBATOR BY DR. FE DEL MUNDO FEMININE HYGIENE BY DR. VIRGILIO MALANG Dr. Fe Villanueva del Mundo was a Filipina pediatrician. Dr. Virgilio “Billy” Malang is one of the renowned Filipino She founded the first pediatric hospital in the Philippines inventors. One of his famous inventions was the Feminine and is known for shaping the modern child healthcare Hygiene or The External Vaginal Cleanser. system in the Philippines. Doctor Fe Del Mundo is credited with studies leading to the invention of an improved incubator and a jaundice relieving device. SINGLE-CHIP GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE ACCELERATOR BY DIOSDADO BANATAO Introduced the first single-chip graphical user interface KARAOKE BY ROBERTO DEL ROSARIO accelerator that made computers work a lot faster and for helping develop the Ethernet controller chip that made He developed a sing along system in 1975 and patented in the Internet possible. the 1980s called his singalong system “Minus-one”, now holds the patent for the device now commonly known as the “karaoke machine”. QUINK INK INVENTED BY FRANCISCO QUISUMBING An innovative ink at that time and was further developed LUNAR ROVER BY EDUARDO SAN JUAN to work with Parker Pens.  Aside from being quick-drying, it was also water-resistant, did not clog the pen opening, Mechanical engineer Eduardo San Juan (aka The Space does not blot, and will not fade. It is considered one of the Junkman) worked on the team that invented the Lunar bestselling inks for fountain pens of the millennium. Rover, or Moon Buggy. San Juan is considered the primary designer of the Lunar Rover. DR. EDGARDO GOMEZ He led the world's first national-scale assessment of VIDEOPHONE BY GREGORIO ZARA damage to coral reefs leading to international conservation initiatives such as the replanting of corals. A Filipino engineer and physicist best remembered for He also pioneered giant clam (Tridacna gigas) breeding inventing the first two-way video telephone. stationed in Bolinao and other protective areas for coastal communities of the Philippines. MARA LEAN BETTINA TAN  BS Psychology 2C SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY 8 DR. ANGEL ALCALA THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Angel Alcala is behind the invention of artificial coral reefs SCIENCE AS A COMPLEX CONCEPT used for fisheries in Southeast Asia. Dr. Alcala played a key role in the development of the first Science is as old as the world itself. successful coral transplantation technique. This innovation No individual can exactly identify when and where science has been crucial for the restoration of coral reefs, which began. From the genesis of time, science has existed. It is are essential for marine ecosystems. always interwoven with the society. So, how can science be defined? Science as an idea. It includes ideas, theories, and all available systematic explanations and observations about the natural and RAMON BARBA physical world. Horticulturist Ramon Barba is known for inventing techniques to promote crop flowering. His work, which has helped develop the local mango 1. Science as an intellectual activity. industry, is the only invention in Southeast that the World Intellectual Property Organization recognizes. It encompasses a systematic and practical study of the natural and physical world. This process of study involves systematic observation and experimentation. ________________________________________________________ HOW DO YOU DEFINE A REVOLUTION? 2. Science as a body of knowledge. Different sciences undergo “revolutions” when scientists gather enough data that they can’t explain using their It is a subject or a discipline, a field of study, or a body of current paradigm, or unstated, world-organizing theory knowledge that deals with the process of learning about about how the universe works. the natural and physical world. This is what we refer to as school science. PARADIGM SHI FT 3. Science as a personal and social activity. This explains that science is both knowledge and activities done by human beings to develop better understanding of the world around them. It is a means to improve life and to survive in life. It is interwoven with people's lives The idea of scientific revolution is claimed to have started in the early 16th century up to the 18th century in Europe. Why in Europe? Probably, the invention of the printing machine and the blooming intellectual activities done in various places of learning, and the growing number of scholars in various fields of human interests. This does not mean, however, that science is a foreign idea transported from other areas of the globe. Anyone who can examine the history of science, technology, medicine, and mathematics is aware that all great civilizations of the ancient world had their own sophisticated traditions and activities related to these disciplines. MARA LEAN BETTINA TAN  BS Psychology 2C SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY 9  Scientific revolution was the period of enlightenment VARIABLES INFLUENCING SCIENCE IDEAS, DISCOVERIES, when the developments in the fields of mathematics, AND TECHNOLOGY physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature. It explained the emergence or birth of modern science as a result of these developments from the disciplines mentioned. The ideas generated during this period enabled the people to reflect, rethink, and reexamine their beliefs and their way of life. There is no doubt that it ignited vast human interests to rethink how they do science and view scientific processes SCIENCE VS. RELIGION THE SAD PAST OF SCIENTISTS Scientific revolution was the golden age for people committed to scholarly life in science but it was also a Scientists are not driven by clamor for honor and publicity. deeply trying moment to some scientific individuals that They are ordinary people doing extraordinary things. led to their painful death or condemnation from the Some were never appreciated during their times, some religious institutions who tried to preserve their faith, were sentenced to death, while others were condemned religion, and theological views. by the Church in their time. Some rulers and religious leaders did not accept many of Despite all the predicaments and challenges they the early works of scientists. But this did not stop people experienced, they never stopped experimenting, especially scientists from satisfying their curiosity of the theorizing, and discovering new knowledge and ideas. natural and physical world. THE THREE INTELLEC TUAL REVOLUTIONS IMPACTS OF SCIENCE REVOLUTION TO SOCIETY It significantly improved the conduct of scientific investigations, experiments, and observations. FRE- FREUDIAN REVOLUTION → SIGMUND FREUD The scientific revolution also led to the creation of new CO- COPERNICAN REVOLUTION → NICOLAS COPERNICUS research fields in science and prompted the establishment of a strong foundation for modern science. D- DARWIN REVOLUTION → CHARLES DARWIN In many ways, scientific revolution transformed the natural world and the world of ideas. BEFORE COPERNICUS, THERE W AS PTOLEMY INFLUENCES TO SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION FOR CONTEXT: A famous philosopher and astronomer, Claudius Ptolemy, stated that the planets, as well as the sun and the moon, moved in a circular motion around the Earth. The sun and moon’s revolution explained the existence of days and nights. He believed that the Earth was at the center-a concept known as geocentrism. Ptolemy’s geocentric model was widely accepted by the people and was one of the greatest discoveries of that time. MARA LEAN BETTINA TAN  BS Psychology 2C SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY 10 COPERNICUS MODEL: A THOUGHT EXPERIMENT Mathematical Accuracy: Knowledge about the nature of the universe had been Copernicus's model allowed for more accurate predictions essentially unchanged since the great days of Ancient of the positions of planets in the night sky compared to Greece, some 1,500 years before Copernicus came on the the Ptolemaic system. scene (Gribbin, 2003). Although Copernicus's model still involved circular orbits, This continued up to the Renaissance period. In one it set the stage for later developments by astronomers like important way, Copernicus resembled the Greek ancient Johannes Kepler, who introduced elliptical orbits and philosophers or thinkers-he did not do anything extensive formulated the laws of planetary motion. such as observing heavenly bodies or inviting people to test his ideas. His ideas were an example of what is presently called as a Scientific Method: thought experiment. By the time he finished his doctorate degree, Copernicus Copernicus' work exemplified the use of observation, had been appointed as canon at Frombork Cathedral in mathematics, and systematic inquiry in understanding the Poland. natural world. Despite his duty as a canon, he had plenty of time to His heliocentric model was not only a conceptual sustain his interest in astronomy. breakthrough but also emphasized the importance of Copernicus was strongly influenced by a book entitled empirical evidence and mathematical rigor in scientific Epitome published in 1496 by a German author, Johannes inquiry. Müeller. This book contains Müeller's observations of the heavens and some commentary on earlier works especially that of Ptolemy. INFLUENCE OF HELIOCENTRISM Galileo's Observations: THE HELIOCENTRIC MODEL Galileo Galilei, building on Copernicus's work, used the newly invented telescope to make groundbreaking In his model, there are two kinds of planetary motion: observations. 1. the orbits of Venus and Mercury lay inside the orbit He discovered moons orbiting Jupiter, observed phases of of the Earth, thus, closer to the Sun; and Venus, and documented sunspots—all of which supported 2. the orbits of Mers, Saturn, and Jupiter lay outside the the heliocentric model. Earth's orbit, thus, farther from the Sun. Galileo's work contributed to the acceptance of From this model, he would work on the length of time it Copernican ideas but also led to conflict with the Catholic will take for each planet to orbit once around the Sun. Church. The result would form a sequence from Mercury, with the shortest year, through Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn with the longest year. He placed the planets in Kepler and Newton: order of increasing distance from the Sun. Johannes Kepler further refined the heliocentric model by introducing the concept of elliptical orbits, which better matched observational data. INFLUENCE OF HELIOCENTRISM: SO, WHAT NOW? Isaac Newton's laws of motion and universal gravitation Shift in Cosmological Perspective: provided a comprehensive theoretical framework that explained the motion of celestial bodies within a The geocentric model, based on Ptolemy's ideas, had Earth heliocentric solar system. at the center of the universe, with celestial bodies moving in complex orbits around it. This shift in perspective simplified the explanation of planetary motions, providing a more elegant and mathematically consistent framework. MARA LEAN BETTINA TAN  BS Psychology 2C SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY 11 THE MAIN POINT consider consequences; it just seeks pleasure and avoids pain. Copernicus's heliocentric model was a catalyst for subsequent Example: scientific advancements, influencing generations of astronomers and o You come across a delicious-looking chocolate scientists. cake at a party, and your id immediately craves the pleasure of indulging in it. It doesn't care The scientific revolution that followed involved not only a change in about the diet or the consequences; it just wants our understanding of the cosmos but also a transformation in the the immediate gratification of tasting that cake. way knowledge was sought and validated, leading to the establishment of modern scientific methodologies. Ego: FREUDIAN REVOLUTION The rational and realistic part of the mind, mediating between the id and the external world. It operates on the Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, on reality principle, balancing desires with practicality. the field of psychology and broader intellectual and Analogy: The ego is like the adult in the room. It takes into cultural landscapes. account the constraints of reality and tries to find a Freud's work revolutionized the way people understand compromise between the immediate desires of the id and the human mind, behavior, and the nature of mental the external demands of the world. disorders. Example: o Your ego steps in and considers the reality of your diet plan and weight loss goals. It acknowledges the desire for the cake but starts PSYCHOANALYSIS: evaluating the practical aspects. How will Freud introduced psychoanalysis as a method for indulging in the cake affect your progress? Can understanding and treating mental disorders. This you find a compromise, perhaps having a small therapeutic approach involved exploring the unconscious piece without completely derailing your diet? mind, where repressed thoughts and memories were believed to reside. The concept of the unconscious was groundbreaking, Superego: challenging the prevailing view that all mental processes were conscious and accessible to introspection. Represents internalized societal and parental values, acting as a moral compass. It strives for perfection and imposes a sense of right and wrong. Analogy: Imagine the superego as a strict and moralistic STRUCTURAL MODEL OF THE MIND: authority figure, like a wise and ethical grandparent. It Freud proposed a structural model of the mind consisting guides behavior based on societal norms and ethical of three components: principles. 1. Id – the primal instincts and desires Example: 2. Ego – the reality o Your superego adds another layer to the 3. Superego – the societal norms and moral values. decision-making process. It reminds you of the This model helped explain conflicts within the psyche and importance of sticking to your goals and the dynamics of human behavior. maintaining discipline. It emphasizes the societal value of health and self-control. It might suggest that resisting the temptation is the morally right thing to do for your long-term well-being. Id: The primitive and instinctual part of the mind, operating on the pleasure principle. It seeks immediate gratification of basic needs and desires. Analogy: Think of the id as the impulsive child within you. It wants what it wants, and it wants it now. It doesn't MARA LEAN BETTINA TAN  BS Psychology 2C SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY 12 DEFENSE MECHANISMS: COMMON DESCENT: Freud introduced the concept of defense mechanisms, Darwin argued for the concept of common descent, which are psychological strategies the mind uses to cope suggesting that all living organisms share a common with anxiety and protect the individual from distressing ancestry. thoughts and emotions. This idea challenged the prevailing view that species were Examples include repression, denial, and projection. independently created and immutable. SEXUALITY AS A CENTRAL FORCE: VARIATION AND ADAPTATION: Freud emphasized the role of sexuality as a fundamental Darwin emphasized the importance of variation within and driving force in human behavior. populations. Individuals within a species exhibit He argued that sexual energy (libido) plays a crucial role in differences in traits, and those traits that provide a survival shaping personality and driving motivation. advantage are more likely to be passed on to the next generation. CRITICISM AND LEGACY: FOSSIL EVIDENCE: Freud's theories have faced criticism over the years, particularly for their lack of empirical evidence and the Darwin supported his theory with evidence from the fossil subjective nature of psychoanalysis. record, demonstrating a pattern of gradual changes in However, his work laid the foundation for the species over time. Transitional fossils provided support for development of various psychological theories and the idea of common ancestry. therapeutic approaches. Despite the criticisms, Freud's legacy endures, and his ideas continue to influence psychology, psychiatry, and cultural discourse. IMPACT ON RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY: The Darwinian revolution had profound implications for religious and philosophical thought. The idea of evolution challenged traditional religious views of the origin and DARWINIAN REVOLUTION diversity of life. The Darwinian revolution refers to the profound impact of The Darwinian revolution fundamentally transformed Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection scientific thinking, challenging established beliefs and on the fields of biology, science, and the broader providing a unifying framework for understanding the understanding of life on Earth. diversity and complexity of life. It remains one of the most Charles Darwin, an English naturalist, presented his influential scientific revolutions in history. revolutionary ideas in his seminal work, "On the Origin of Species," published in 1859. The Darwinian revolution laid the groundwork for the integration of genetics with evolutionary theory in the early 20th century, resulting EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION: in the modern synthesis. Darwin proposed that species evolve over time through a This synthesis combined Darwinian natural selection with Mendelian process called natural selection. genetics, providing a more comprehensive understanding of how This mechanism involves the differential survival and traits are inherited and evolve. reproduction of organisms with traits that are better adapted to their environment, leading to the gradual accumulation of advantageous traits in populations. MARA LEAN BETTINA TAN  BS Psychology 2C SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY 13 SCIENCE IN BUILDING NATIONS: THE PHILIPPINE SETTING 4. Architecture: They constructed durable and functional structures, including houses, granaries, and The development of science and technology in the Philippines has fortifications. already come a long way. Many significant inventions and discoveries have been accomplished by or attributed to Filipinos. This chapter tackles how the development of science and A complex engineering feat was achieved by the natives of the technology affects the development of the Philippines as a nation. Cordilleras when they built rice terraces by hand. Through there terraces, the people were able to cultivate crops on the mountainsides in cold temperatures. PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD They incorporated an irrigation system that uses water from the forests and mountain tops to achieve an elaborate farming system. The islands’ precolonial period, during which indigenous The rice terraces of the Cordilleras, which are still functional, show peoples engaged in healthy trade with various cultures the innovative and indigenous way of the natives to survive in an and economies in the region. otherwise unfriendly environment. The majority of the political system in the early Philippines was led by leaders called “Datus”, responsible for ruling autonomous groups called “barangay” or “dulohan”. The social structure was as follows: COLONIAL PERIOD o Datu (ruling class, chief) o Maginoo (noble people/families) The Spanish colonial era in the Philippines commenced o Maharlika (Warriors) when explorer Ferdinand Magellan arrived in 1521, o Timawa (freemen, tribes people) claiming the islands for the Spanish Empire. This period o Alipin (slave – dependent class), which can be endured until the Philippine Revolution in 1898. aliping namamahay (serfs) or aliping saguiguilid Subsequently, the United States, having defeated Spain in (slaves) the Spanish-American War, assumed control of the Philippines, which ignited the Philippine-American War from 1899 to 1902 Scientific and Technological development in the Philippines began in the pre-colonial period. Even before the Spaniards came to the Philippine islands, early Filipino settlers were already using certain Philippines during the Spanish Era plants and herbs as medicines. When the Spaniards colonized the country, they brought Systems of farming and animal-raising were also implemented. with them their own culture and practices. Moreover, early Filipinos had also developed different modes of They established schools for boys and girls and introduced transportation, whether terrestrial or maritime. the concept of subjects and disciplines. Beginning of formal science and technology in the country, known now as school of science and technology. o Science - understanding human body, plants, Before Spaniards: animals, and heavenly bodies. o Technology -using and developing house tools Beyond these specific areas, pre-colonial Filipinos also used in everyday life. made significant strides in other fields, such as: One of the most remarkable contributions of the Spanish 1. Systems of farming and animal raising were also colonization was the establishment of a university where implemented (cows, carabao, chicken, and bow and philosophy, theology and the humanities are studied — arrow) the University of Santo Tomas (then, College of Santo 2. Metallurgy: They developed techniques for extracting Tomas). and working metals, creating tools, weapons, and It is a university run by Dominicans and was established by ornaments. Fray Miguel de Benavides. Eventually, the university 3. Textiles: Weaving and dyeing of fabrics were opened courses for jurisprudence, canonical law, medicine practiced, producing intricate textiles for clothing and and pharmacy household items. MARA LEAN BETTINA TAN  BS Psychology 2C SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY 14  Manila Observatory Established School during Spanish Era It was founded on October 24, 1865, by the Jesuit scientists and missionaries who were present in the Colegio de Santa Potenciana - Founded in 1597 in Philippines under Spanish rule. Intramuros, Manila, by the Dominican friars, it was one of The observatory's primary purpose was to study and the earliest schools for girls. record meteorological and seismic data, as well as Colegio de Santa Isabel – 1632, in Intramuros, Manila, by astronomical observations, for scientific and practical the Daughters of Charity, it is one of the oldest schools for purposes girls in the PH. Colegio de San Juan de Letran – 1620, in Manila, by Don Juan Geromino Guerrero, one of the oldest educational institutions in the PH. Father Federico Faura University of San Carlos (USC) – 1595, as Colegio de San Issuing one of the earliest documented typhoon warnings Ildefonso, it was later given university status in 1867. in the Philippines. University of San Agustin (USA) – 1604, in Intramuros, In 1882, Father Faura and the Manila Observatory Manila, making it one of the oldest universities in the successfully predicted the arrival of a typhoon, allowing Philippines. residents and authorities to take precautions and make Ateneo de Manila University (AdMU) – 1859, founded by necessary preparations. the Jesuits, started as Escuela Municipal de Manila and became Ateneo in 1901. San Carlos Seminary - 1702, it is a major seminary for the training of priests for the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Spaniard’s Influence on Philippine Technology Manila Architecture: Influenced local architecture with the construction of churches, forts, and government buildings. Philippines during the Spanish Era Culinary Techniques: Introduced new cooking methods, ingredients, and dishes to Filipino cuisine. Life during the Spanish era slowly became modernized, adapting some Western technology and their ways of life. Ironworking: Brought iron tools and implements, improving The Filipinos developed ways to replicate the technology agriculture and crafts. brought by the Spaniards using indigenous materials. Medicine and advanced science were introduced in formal Wine and Distillation: Cultivated grapevines and introduced colleges and universities established by the Catholic distillation techniques for spirits. orders. The galleon trade has brought additional technology and Printing Press: Introduced the printing press, with the first book development in the Philippines. printed in 1593. Although it is only beneficial for the Spaniards, these Linguistics: Introduced the Latin alphabet and the Spanish language, trades allowed other ideas, crops, tools, cultural practices, influencing Filipino languages. technology, and Western practices to reach the country. Transportation: Introduced horses, carriages, and organized town planning 333 Years of Spanish Reign The Philippines was colonized by Spain in 1565. The Philippines, being one of the centers of global trade in Southeast During this time, the Philippines underwent significant Asia during that time, was considered to be one of the most changes, including the introduction of Christianity, the developed places in the region. establishment of Spanish administrative structures, and the integration of Philippine society into the global trade Although the country is blessed with these developments, the network through the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade. superstitious beliefs of the people and the Catholic doctrines and practices during the Spanish era halted the growth of science in the country. MARA LEAN BETTINA TAN  BS Psychology 2C SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY 15  Established School during American Era PHILIPPINES DUR ING THE AMERICAN ERA 1. Philippine Normal University (PNU): Founded in 1901, it started as the Philippine Normal School, aiming to train The Americans have more influence in the S&T Filipino teachers in the American education system. development compared to the Spaniards. 2. University of San Carlos (USC): Originally established by They established the public education system, improved Spanish Jesuits, the Americans re established the the engineering works and the health conditions of the university in Cebu in 1948, taking over from the Spanish people. administration. They established a modern research university, the 3. Silliman University: Founded in 1901 by American University of the Philippines, and created more public Presbyterian missionaries, Silliman University in hospitals than the former colonial master. Dumaguete became one of the earliest American- The mineral resources of the country were also explored established universities in the Philippines. and exploited during the American times. 4. Central Philippine University (CPU): Established in 1905 by Transportation and communication systems were American Baptist missionaries in Iloilo, Central Philippine improved, though not accessible throughout the country. University is one of the oldest American-founded The Americans did everything to "Americanize" the institutions in the country. Philippines. 5. Adamson University: Founded in 1932 by the Vincentian They reorganized the learning of science and introduced it Fathers, it began as a school for boys and later evolved in public and private schools. into a university o Basic education - focuses on nature studies and science and sanitation, until it became a subject formally known as "Science." o Higher education has also greatly improved and American Influence on Philippine Technology modernized. Transportation Infrastructure: Improved roads, bridges, Researches were done to control malaria, cholera, and and ports for easier movement of goods and people. tuberculosis and other tropical diseases. Railroads: Americans established the Manila Railroad Company in 1902, which played crucial role in developing and expanding the railway network in Luzon. It aimed to In 1901, Act №. 74 of the Philippine Commission created the connect Manila with major provinces, facilitating the Department of Public Instruction. transportation of goods and people. Telecommunications: Introduced modern telegraph and This act included provisions that established schools that provide telephone services for efficient communication. free primary education for Filipinos. The commission also Electricity: Initiated electrification of cities, providing established the Philippine Normal School in Manila (now, Philippine electricity for street lighting and homes. Normal University) to train Filipino teachers (Tegon-Geron et al., Irrigation Systems: Introduced improved systems to 2018). enhance agricultural productivity. Americans primarily aimed to develop human resources in the Philippines and brought great impact to the country FACTORS INFLUENCING PH S&T The Protestant church missions in different places in the country also brought hospitals and schools to far-flung areas. Little by little, these efforts built a stronger foundation for science and technology in the country MARA LEAN BETTINA TAN  BS Psychology 2C SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY 16 THE STATE OF PHILIPPINE S&T TODAY 4. Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry The Philippine government introduced and implemented Protecting and conserving biodiversity by full several programs, projects, and policies to boost the area implementation of existing laws of science and technology. The goal is to prepare the Use of biosafety and standard model by ASEAN countries whole country and its people to meet the demands of a Promoting indigenous knowledge systems and indigenous technologically driven world and capacitate the people to people's conservation live in a world driven by science. Formulation of common food and safety standards Padilla-Concepcion (2015) reported that in 2015, in response to the ASEAN 2015 Agenda, the government, particularly the Department of Science and Technology (DOST), sought the expertise of the National Research EXISTING PROGRAMS IN PH S&T Council of the Philippines (NCRP) to consult various sectors There are also other existing programs supported by the Philippine in the society to study how the Philippines can prepare government through the DOST. itself in meeting the ASEAN 2015 Goals. Providing funds for basic research and patents related to science and technology. The government funds basic and applied researches. GOVERNMENT POLICIES IN PH S&T Providing scholarships for undergraduate and graduate The NCRP clustered these policies into four, namely: studies of students in the field of science and technology. Saloma (2015) pointed out that the country needs to 1. Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International Policies produce more doctoral graduates in the field of science and Governance and technology, and produce more research in these fields, including engineering. Emphasizing teaching in the mother tongue Developing school infrastructure and providing for technological tools or means for internet access Local food security Establishing more branches of the Philippine Science High School System for training young Filipinos in the field of science and technology. 2. Physics, Engineering and Industrial Research, Earth and Space Creating science and technology parks to encourage academe Sciences, and Mathematics and industry partnerships. Emphasizing degrees, licenses, and employment Balik Scientist Program to encourage Filipino scientists abroad opportunities to come home and work in the Philippines or conduct research Outright grants for peer monitoring and projects in collaboration with Philippine-based scientists. Harnessing science and technology as an independent mover of development The establishment of the National Science Complex and National Engineering Complex within the University of the Philippines campus 3. Medical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences in Diliman. Ensuring compliance of drug-manufacturing firms with These aimed to develop more science and technology and ASEAN-harmonized standards by full implementation of engineering manpower resources needed by the country. the Food and Drug Administration They also aimed to produce more research in these fields. Creating an education council dedicated to standardization of pharmaceutical services and care Empowering food and drug agencies to conduct evidence- based research as a pool of information Legislating a law supporting human genome projects MARA LEAN BETTINA TAN  BS Psychology 2C SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY 17 STEM