STS - Prelims Module 2 - Historical Antecedents in Science and Technology PDF

Science, Technology, & Society Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages P R E PA R E D B Y: J O H N A LV I N U. N I L L O , L P T  Objectives Science, Technology, & Society...

Science, Technology, & Society Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages P R E PA R E D B Y: J O H N A LV I N U. N I L L O , L P T  Objectives Science, Technology, & Society At the end of this lesson, you are expected to: A. trace the historical development of STS from ancient to the modern age; B. explain the different developments in Science and Technology; and C. demonstrate appreciation for the developments in Science and Technology in your daily life. Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages Science, Technology, & Society How Does Technology Affect You? Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  The Ancient Period Science, Technology, & Society Transportation was significant during that time because people were trying to go places and discover new horizons. Communication was also essential in their endeavors to discover and occupy new places. Weapons and armors were important as well in the discovery of new places or the establishment of new alliances with other tribes. A primary challenge the ancient people faced was the conservation of life. Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  The Ancient Period Science, Technology, & Society The development in Engineering allowed humans to build structures that would address their specific needs and wants. The development in engineering also ushered in the introduction of Architecture. With all these in mind, one can conclude that the developments in science and technology, aside from affecting the lives of the people, were the results of many prior antecedents. Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Sumerian Civilization Science, Technology, & Society Sumeria is located on the southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what became Babylonia. Sumerians are known for their high level of cooperation with one another and their desire for great things. They are dissatisfied with the basic things that life has to offer. This desire drove them to create many things related to science and technology. The Ancient Period Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Sumerian Civilization Science, Technology, & Society Sumerians are known for their high degree of cooperation with one another and their desired for great things Major contributions: Cuneiform Uruk City The Great Ziggurat of Ur Irrigation and Dikes Sailbots Wheel Plow Roads The Ancient Period Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Sumerian Civilization Science, Technology, & Society v Cuneiform The Sumerians made significant contributions to the development of the first writing system, known as cuneiform. It is a system that employs word pictures and triangular symbols that are carved on clay with wedge tools and then dried. Cuneiform enabled the Sumerians to keep records of historical significance as well as their daily lives. It is also one way for them to pass on their traditions, cultures, and legacy. The Ancient Period Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Sumerian Civilization Science, Technology, & Society v Uruk City The City of Uruk is another significant contribution of the Sumerians. It is a great wonder not only because it is thought to be the world's first true city, but also because of how it was built. There were no building stones in this city's location, and lumber was uncommon, making construction difficult. The Sumerians were able to build the city using only mud or clay from the river, which they mixed with reeds to produce sunbaked bricks—a true engineering feat. They used the bricks to build houses that protected them from the elements, as well as a wall around the city that kept wild animals and neighboring raiders out. The Ancient Period Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Sumerian Civilization Science, Technology, & Society v The Great Ziggurat of Ur The Great Ziggurat of Ur is another Sumerian engineering and architectural feat. The Ziggurat, also known as the Mountain of God, was built in the same way that the City of Uruk was. The structure was built with sunbaked bricks because there were few building materials available. The Ziggurat served as the sacred place of their chief god, and only priests were permitted to enter. The Ancient Period Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Sumerian Civilization Science, Technology, & Society v Irrigation and Dikes As the world's population grew, so did the demand for food. The Sumerians were challenged to mass produce items, but the environment appeared uncooperative. Because it was difficult to obtain water from the rivers, they were unable to maintain farmlands. Some groups faced a scarcity of water, while others faced flooding caused by the river. As a solution to this conundrum, the Sumerians built dikes and irrigation canals to bring water to farmlands while also controlling river flooding. This method was regarded as one of the most beneficial engineering works in the world. The Ancient Period Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Sumerian Civilization Science, Technology, & Society v Sailboats Another issue that the Sumerians faced was transportation. The wheel had not yet been invented at the time, so the primary mode of transportation was via waterways such as rivers and seas. Boats were used to transport large quantities of goods over long distances. They wanted to discover faraway lands to settle because the population was growing, and boats were not large enough to accommodate more people and products. They required a mode of transportation that did not necessitate the use of many human resources. Some sources attribute the invention of sailboats to the Sumerians in order to meet their increasing demands. Sailboats were critical for transportation and trade, as well as for the advancement of culture, information, and technology. The Ancient Period Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Sumerian Civilization Science, Technology, & Society v Wheel The Sumerians were able to invent the wheel in the latter part of their history because the specialized tools required to create it were already available. The first wheels were designed for farm work and food processing rather than transportation. The use of the wheel and axel simplified mass production. Farmers could mill grains with less effort and in less time. The Ancient Period Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Sumerian Civilization Science, Technology, & Society v The Plow The plow was another farm technology invented by the Mesopotamians. The plow was invented to dig the earth faster. The farmer would simply drop the seeds as the plow breaks the ground, and the farm work would be completed. The Ancient Period Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Sumerian Civilization Science, Technology, & Society v Roads The Sumerians created the first roads to facilitate faster and easier travel. The flow of traffic became faster and more organized as a result of this work. They built the roads using the same technology that they used to lay down The Sumerians created the first roads to facilitate faster and easier travel. The flow of traffic became faster and more organized as a result of this work. They built the roads using the same technology that they used to lay down sunbaked bricks on the ground. The Sumerians did not have a degree in engineering or architecture, but they were able to build buildings, roads, infrastructure, and many other things that are still solid and stable today.on the ground. The Sumerians did not have a degree in engineering or architecture, but they were able to build buildings, roads, infrastructure, and many other things that are still solid and stable today. The Ancient Period Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Babylonian Civilization Science, Technology, & Society The Babylonian civilization arose near the rivers Tigris and Euphrates. The Babylonians were outstanding builders, engineers, and architects. Babylonia emerges near a river because water is one of their basic necessities. Water provides them with food, energy, and beauty, and it also allows them to travel from one location to another. They can use the river to exchange goods with other places, as well as to conquer and escape. The hanging garden of Babylon, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, is one of their major contributions. Today, people can only marvel at the beauty of Babylon's famous Hanging Gardens through the stories of historians and paintings depicting the location. It was said to be a structure made up of layers upon layers of gardens containing various plant, tree, and vine species. However, no physical evidence has been discovered to prove the existence of the Babylonian Hanging Gardens. Its precise location is unknown. The Ancient Period Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Egyptian Civilization Science, Technology, & Society The Egyptian civilization, which was in North Africa, is another early civilization known for its legacy. Many stories tell of the Egyptians' engineering feats, particularly the infrastructures built by the Pharaohs. Major contributions: Paper of Papyrus Ink Hieroglyphics Cosmetics and Wig Water Clock The Ancient Period Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Egyptian Civilization Science, Technology, & Society Paper of Papyrus Aside from the Sumerians, the Egyptians also developed a writing system, and they were able to make writing easier for the rest of the world. Previously, they used clay tablet tables, but they found them to be fragile, heavy, and delicate to handle. As a result, the invention of paper or papyrus by the Egyptians was a welcome development. They were able to process the plant in order to create thin sheets on which to write. The Ancient Period Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Egyptian Civilization Science, Technology, & Society Ink When the Egyptians invented papyrus or paper, engraving was no longer used in writing. As a result, the Egyptians invented ink by combining soot with various chemicals to produce various colored inks. The Ancient Period Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Egyptian Civilization Science, Technology, & Society Hieroglyphics Although some argue that hieroglyphics was adapted from the early writing system established in Mesopotamia as a result of trade between civilizations, the Egyptians believed that this writing system was provided to them by their gods. Their writing style is also the root cause of many scientists' confusion about their history. Hieroglyphics is more than just ordinary text writing; it also includes a variety of symbols and illustrations that can lead to misinterpretation of data or meaning by scientists. Hieroglyphics was the language used to communicate the history and culture of the ancient Egyptians to the modern world. Because they were carved on the walls of pyramids and other important Egyptian structures, their records were well preserved. The Ancient Period Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Egyptian Civilization Science, Technology, & Society Cosmetics and Wigs Cosmetics are now essential in boosting one's self-esteem, but did you know that the cosmetics we use today were invented by the Egyptians? Although cosmetics are used to enhance and highlight a person's facial features in modern times, their function in ancient Egypt was both health and aesthetic. Egyptians, for example, wore kohl around their eyes to prevent and even cure eye diseases. The wig is another ancient Egyptian cosmetic invention. Wigs are now used to enhance the appearance of people who are balding or who want to experiment with new hair styles. Meanwhile, they were used for health and wellness rather than for aesthetic purposes in ancient Egypt. They wore it to protect their heads from the sun's harmful rays. The Ancient Period Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Egyptian Civilization Science, Technology, & Society Water Clock The water clock is another significant contribution of the ancient Egyptians. This device makes use of gravity to influence the flow of water from one vessel to another. Through a series of advancements made by succeeding civilizations, this invention also leads to our modern-day clock. The Ancient Period Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Greek Civilization Science, Technology, & Society Many students are enthralled by Greek civilization because they imagine the Greek Gods and Goddesses, but they are all myths. Greece is an archipelago in southeastern Europe. Because their country is an archipelago, they can hide or ambush the enemy from various islands, making it difficult to conquer. Europe is known as the birthplace of Western philosophy, and among the Greeks' major achievements are in-depth works on philosophy and mathematics. The Greek civilization has made significant contributions to the world, particularly in the fields of science and technology. In the field of science, the first proponents of an atomic theory were the Greek philosophers Leucippus and Democritus, while in mathematics, Pythagoras was perhaps the first to realize that a complete system of mathematics could be constructed, which became known as the Pythagorean Theorem. The Ancient Period Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Greek Civilization Science, Technology, & Society Alarm Clock The alarm clock is one of the most commonly used devices today, and it was invented by ancient Greeks. Although the alarm clock at the time did not resemble modern clocks, the purpose was the same - to tell an individual when to stop or start. According to the scientist, this invention is similar to that of the Egyptians, but it is more complex and accurate. The Ancient Period Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Greek Civilization Science, Technology, & Society Water Mill Watermills were also regarded as one of the Greek civilization's most significant contributions to the world. They were commonly used in agricultural processes such as grain milling, which was a necessary form of food processing at the time. With the help of watermills, mass production of rice, cereals, flours, and other foods became common. Modern watermills also aid in the conversion of mechanical energy into electricity, which leads to the development of the windmill and turbine. The Ancient Period Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Roman Civilization Science, Technology, & Society The Roman Empire was regarded as the most powerful political and social entity in the Western world. Politically, due to its large population and territory, and socially, due to religion. During the time period, it was regarded as the cradle of politics and governance. Because of the Roman Empire's size, other civilizations looked to it as a model for legislation and codified law. Because of its existing laws, which make it more complex and stable than other civilizations or empires, the Roman Empire conquered many other civilizations. The Ancient Period Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Roman Civilization Science, Technology, & Society The Roman Empire was regarded as the most powerful political and social entity in the Western world. Politically, due to its large population and territory, and socially, due to religion. During the time period, it was regarded as the cradle of Newspaper Bound Books or Codex politics and governance. Because of the Roman Empire's size, other civilizations looked to it as a model for legislation and codified law. Because of its existing laws, which make it more complex and stable than other civilizations or empires, the Roman Empire conquered many other civilizations. Roman Numerals Roman Architecture The Ancient Period Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Roman Civilization Science, Technology, & Society Newspaper gazette was the term of the Roman’s first newspaper. It contains announcements to be shared to their community or people. Made and engraved in metal/stones tablets. The Ancient Period Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Roman Civilization Science, Technology, & Society Bound Books it can be called as codex. The first material was made of wax but replaced by animal skin. The Ancient Period Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Roman Civilization Science, Technology, & Society Architecture Proofs and products of roman civilization that are still existing until today. The Ancient Period Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Roman Civilization Science, Technology, & Society Roman Numerals expressing the school classes and often they are used for writing the numbers on clock dials. The Ancient Period Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Chinese Civilization Science, Technology, & Society The Chinese civilization is thought to be the oldest in Asia, if not the world. China, also known as the Middle Kingdom, is located in Asia's far east. It was well-known among other ancient civilizations for its silk trade. Silk Industry Gun Powder China even until know controls the production of almost everything. Most of the things like gadget, furniture, weapon, medicine, basic necessities, any many other are made in China. That is why Chinese economy is getting bigger and its control over the international politics is indeed very impressive. Great Wall Tea Production The Ancient Period Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Medieval/Middle Ages Science, Technology, & Society Massive invasions and migrations marred the beginning of the Middle Ages. During this period, wars were common. As a result, great technological advances were required in the fields of weaponry, navigation, mass food and farm production, and health care. The most creative minds emerged during this time period to control the expansion of trade and commerce among nations. Medieval/Middle Ages Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Printing Press Science, Technology, & Society Johann Gutenberg invented the printing press, a more reliable method of printing with a cast type. This general invention soon evolved into the mechanical printing press, which was eventually used all over the world. The printing press was invented to address the need for publishing books that could reach a large number of people quickly. Medieval/Middle Ages Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Microscope Science, Technology, & Society During this time, the growing population has resulted in massive migration and urbanization. As more people are transferred to polluted and densely populated urban areas, more people become ill and require medical attention. To develop appropriate medicines for the illness, experts must first understand the illness through investigation, which is why this device was invented to magnify small things that are invisible to the naked eye. Medieval/Middle Ages Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Telescope Science, Technology, & Society Because the Middle Ages were also known as the Age of Exploration, there was a high demand for nautical inventions. Given the vast and empty oceans that separated lands, ship captains needed to be able to see far and wide in order to navigate or avoid dangers at sea. Medieval/Middle Ages Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  War Weapon Science, Technology, & Society Because wars were so common during the Middle Ages, there was a lot of advancement in weaponry technology. Well-crafted bows, spears, and even armors are used in close range hand-to-hand combat and open-area battles during this time period. Medieval/Middle Ages Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Modern Times Science, Technology, & Society During the nineteenth century and beyond, the world's burgeoning population demanded that more goods be produced at a faster rate. People required efficient modes of transportation in order to trade more goods and travel a greater distance. Machines that rely on animals must thus be upgraded. To establish connections between and among nations, faster and easier means of communication and computation should be developed. As a result of these, a variety of industries emerge. However, as a result of massive industrialization, modern times faced more complicated problems. Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Pasteurization Science, Technology, & Society Food preservation and food safety became an issue as people were able to develop better means of production to meet the needs of the population. The challenge of keeping manufactured goods from deteriorating was greater for dairy products, particularly milk, because they spoiled faster. Food poisoning, diphtheria, and typhoid fever can occur if this food is not consumed immediately after it is produced. Louise Pasture, a French biologist, microbiologist, and chemist, discovered a solution. He invented pasteurization, which is the process of heating dairy products to kill harmful bacteria that cause the milk to spoil faster. Milk could be stored and consumed for a longer period of time using this method. Modern Times Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Petroleum Refinery Science, Technology, & Society By refining petroleum, Samuel M. Kier was able to create kerosene. Kerosene was later dubbed the "illuminating oil" because it was originally used to light homes. After a while, it was used to heat the house. Kerosene is still used by many people today to power automobiles, factories, and power plants, among other things. Modern Times Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Telephone Science, Technology, & Society What do you believe was the first word ever spoken over the phone? It's "Mr." Watson, please come here. "I'd like to see you." Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone, which was one of the most significant inventions of the time. However, the connection was previously very limited, commoners could not afford to buy one, and it was not very reliable in terms of stability and consistency. Telephones are now considered a necessity in today's fast-paced world. According to Time magazine, millennials can no longer live without it. Modern Times Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Calculator Science, Technology, & Society Despite the fact that an earlier version of the calculator had already been developed, modern circumstances demanded a faster way to compute more complicated equations. The invention of the modern calculator not only paved the way for easier arithmetic calculations, but also resulted in the development of more complex process i n g m a c h i n e s s u c h a s t h e computer. Modern Times Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Philippine Inventions Science, Technology, & Society Videoke/Karaoke E-Jeep Salamander Medical Amphibious Incubator Tricycle Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Philippine Inventions Science, Technology, & Society Despite its status as a developing country, t he Philippines c o n t r i b u t e s t o wo r l d science and technology advancement. The Filipino Innovators Society is a group of inventors whose goal is to remedy the needs of the consumers by inventing useful machines. Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Philippine Inventions Science, Technology, & Society “we may lack of resources, but our minds are filled with knowledge” -Filipino Inventors Society Secretary Fortunato de la Pena Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Let Me Ask You! Science, Technology, & Society If you are to invent, what would be your invention? Why? Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages  Let Me Ask You! Science, Technology, & Society How will this invention make the world a better place to live in? Historical Development of STS: Ancient, Middle, & Modern Ages