Taiwan History PDF

Names Taiwan – corruption of mandarin “Dong Huan” (eastern savages) Pekan – southern Taiwan aborigines “haven gained after long wandering” Liu Qiu until 13th century A.D. – believed to be Okinawa. Changed to Xiao Liu Qiu by the Yuan administration 3rd century A.D. – Yizhou (barbarian land) Taoyuan -...

Names Taiwan – corruption of mandarin “Dong Huan” (eastern savages) Pekan – southern Taiwan aborigines “haven gained after long wandering” Liu Qiu until 13th century A.D. – believed to be Okinawa. Changed to Xiao Liu Qiu by the Yuan administration 3rd century A.D. – Yizhou (barbarian land) Taoyuan - 1624 by the Dutch colonists (Taoyuan/Taiyan – aboriginal name for “foreigners”) Takasago – Japanese Formosa – Portuguese Strategic Position “A leaf on the waves” 160 km from mainland china 100 km from yonaguni island (ryukyu) 160+ km northern Philippines (batan) Historical Milestones Evidence of prehistoric human habitation in Taiwan that dates back 12,000 to 15,000 years. The ancestors of today’s aboriginal groups arrived 4,000-10,000 years ago. Han Chinese began to settle in the nearby Pescadores islands in the 13th century, they were held back from Taiwan by the indigenous peoples until the 16th century. Historical Milestones 10000 years ago S-E Asia archipelago was land covered by ice glaciers. People arriving to Taiwan from all directions in the region. Austronesian tribes from Philippines and Indonesia (500 A.D.) arrive and mingle with older inhabitants. Japanese claims : original population migrated from Ryukyu. Chinese claims: original population migrated from mainland China. Conclusion: Taiwanese as a mix of multi-ethnic heritages and unable to be pinned to any specific origin. Historical Milestones Peter Bellwood: Taiwan both as target of immigration AND as a base for migrations to S-E Asia, Polynesia and the Pacific Islands. (proof: Maori in NZ similar to Yami aboriginals in Taiwan) Atayal peoples. Early arrivals. Believed to hail from Ryukyu (Japanese colonial propaganda?). Face tattoos, headhunters, spiritual rituals. Branch of Kuril islands migrants. Shared bloodlines with the Ainu of Hokkaido. “tales of the Cutting of the Sun” – journey to escape the cold of the North. Historical Milestones The Xia dynasty land rush. (2200 B.C.) Guizhou people (southern barbarians) vs Han (central plains) Moved to Sichuan and Yunnan and became skilled navigators. Made it to Taiwan, mingled culturally with the Atayal. (common customs: husband faking illness when wife is about to give birth) Pottery similar to Yangshao culture of the mainland. Historical Milestones New wave of immigration 1-3rd century A.D. Might of the roman empire and conquest of Egypt sparks a desire for eastern goods. Leads to contact with India and implicitly the Malay islands and Philippines. Push of migratory populations farther east Many Malay tribes land in Taiwan, on west coasts (Yami people). East coast split from west coast due to geography  relatively autonomous cultures developing simultaneously. Historical Milestones 230 A.D. - Eastern Wu expedition troops land on an island known as Yizhou (Taiwan) where most of them die but manage to bring back "several thousand" natives back to China. Natives learn mainland language and act as “diplomats” in further contact events. Historical Milestones 607 A.D. - The Sui dynasty sends expeditions to an island known as Liuqiu, which may or may not be Taiwan, but is probably Ryukyu. Follows approx. 500 years of relative neglect of Taiwan. Historical Milestones 1292 - The Yuan dynasty sends an expedition to Liuqiu, which may or may not be Taiwan. 1297 – Yuan administrations realizes the confusion between the Ryukyu islands (The original Liu Qiu) and renames Taiwan to Xiao Liu Qiu. Historical Milestones 1544 - Portuguese sailors passing Taiwan record in the ship's log the name Ilha Formosa (Beautiful Island). This name will be used by the West when referring to Taiwan even until nowadays. Historical Milestones 1590 - Chinese from Fujian start settling in southwestern Taiwan The first large scale migration occurred as a result of the Manchu invasion and conquest of China (1644). In 1624, the Dutch East India Company established an outpost in Tainan, in southern Taiwan. Due to the resulting labor shortage, the Dutch hired Han farmers from across the Taiwan Strait who fled the Manchu invasion of Ming dynasty China. Historical Milestones 1604 - Sino-Dutch conflicts: Dutch occupy Penghu in order to open trade with China. Dutch heavily sabotaged by local pirates and Imperial loyalists. Main export goods are sugar and rice. Only marginal Dutch hegemony of trade. Pirates dominate the Taiwan strait. Historical Milestones 1655 - Ming loyalist Zheng Chenggong (Koxinga) declares sovereignty over Chinese citizens in Taiwan. Koxinga brought along many more Chinese settlers and expelled the Dutch. In time, acculturation, intermarriage and assimilation of plains Aborigines with the Han led to Taiwanese Han being the ethnic majority. Historical Milestones 1684 – Koxinga submits to the Manchu. Taiwan is made a prefecture of Fujian. Remains relatively autonomous. Total population of Taiwan is around 100,000 1885 Taiwan is declared a province of the Qing Empire. Historical Milestones 1895 - Pescadores Campaign: Japan seizes Penghu. 17 April - Taiwan and Penghu are ceded by the Qing dynasty to Japan in the Treaty of Shimonoseki. (they forgot to tell the Taiwanese about the treaty  ) Two-way Migrations 1895 onwards - development of a collective Taiwanese identity in contrast to that of the colonizing Japanese. 1937 - Chinese language in newspapers is banned and Classical Chinese is removed from the school curriculum. Mild native repression by the Japanese. Japanese and Atayal people in Taroko Historical Milestones “My father repeatedly told us before he died that Japanese people did us two good things and two bad things, they helped us make our life better by introducing agriculture and taught us to be hardworking. On the other hand, their tight rein and forcing us to speak Japanese were bad.” – Account of surviving Atayal woman of the Japanese occupation Many people remember the Japanese occupation rather fondly, compared with what was to follow under the Kuomintang “White Terror” Historical Milestones 1945 25 October Retrocession Day: Japan "restores" Taiwan and Penghu to the Republic of China. Population of Taiwan grows to 6,560,000. Historical Milestones 1949 Approximately 5,000 refugees enter Taiwan each day because of the KMT retreat to Taiwan. 19 May White Terror: Chinese KMT begins imposing 38 years of Martial law in Taiwan. 10 December Chinese Civil War: The ROC relocates its government to Taipei. Beginning of the One China Policy. Historical Milestones 1954 - The ROC-U.S. Mutual Defense Treaty is signed in Washington. Partly as a result of the Korean war and ChineseSoviet involvement. 1964 - Taiwanese language is banned in schools and official settings. Ethnic minorities suffer stern repression in terms of language and customs. Historical Milestones 1966 - The first Export Processing Zone is established in Kaohsiung City, southern Taiwan. Economic BOOM! for Taiwan. 1979 – U.S. breaks diplomatic relations with Taiwan in favor of the PRC. 1987 - Martial law is lifted from Taiwan. KMT officially abandons its ambition to retake the mainland. Historical Milestones 1996 - The first direct presidential election. KMT Lee Teng-hui elected. Native Taiwanese and Aborigines are more vocal in their demands, calling to formally secede from the rest of China. 2000 - Chen Shui-bian wins elections for the DPP, ends more than half a century of Kuomintang rule. U MAD BRO ?? The Taiwanese Taiwanese people are people from Taiwan who share a common Taiwanese culture and speak Mandarin Chinese, Hokkien, Hakka, or Aboriginal languages as a mother tongue. 95% of Taiwan's population of 23.4 million consists of Han Chinese, while 2.3% are Austronesian Taiwanese aborigines. The category of Han Chinese consists of the three main groups: Hoklo, Hakka, and mainland Chinese. Acculturation, intermarriage and assimilation have resulted in mixing of the Han and Taiwanese aborigine blood lines.  Taiwanese The Taiwanese The word "Taiwanese people" has multiple meanings: All citizens of the Republic of China with household registration in the Taiwan Free Area. All people living in Taiwan (or originating from Taiwan) who identify with the "Taiwanese" nationality in some form or another, rather than with the "Chinese" nationality. All people living in Taiwan (of Han Chinese descent) whose ancestors endured life under Japanese colonial rule (in Taiwan). "Taiwanese Benshengren" vs "Taiwanese Waishengren" All people who have historically lived in Taiwan, including people of ethnic-Japanese, Dutch, or Spanish descent (or various other ethnic ancestries) who historically colonized Taiwan or settled in Taiwan. Only Taiwanese Aboriginal peoples, who have lived in Taiwan for up to 6000 years. The Taiwanese "New Taiwanese" created by Lee Teng-hui in 1995 as an apology for the February 28 Incident of 1947 (228 Incident). Any person who loves Taiwan and is committed to calling Taiwan home. Not so popular a term nowadays. The Taiwanese National Chengchi University polls: 1991 - only 13.6 percent of people identified themselves as Taiwanese 2014 - 60.2 percent Taiwanese, only 3.4 percent Chinese. &around 32.6 percent of people think of themselves as both Taiwanese and Chinese. 2019 – 56.9% identify as strictly Taiwanese. Hoklo Early Hoklo immigrants arrived from Fujian in large numbers starting in the 17th century. Speak Hokkien / Minnan Hua. The Hoklos make 70% of the total population today. The idiom, "has Tangshan father, no Tangshan mother" refers how the Han people crossing the Taiwan Strait were mostly male, whereas their offspring would be through marriage with female Taiwanese aborigines. Also called "Chinese Formosans“. The hostility between Taiwanese aborigines and Hoklo contribute to aboriginal skepticism against the DPP and the aboriginals tendency to vote for the KMT. The Hoklo Hakka 15% of the total population. Speak Hakka Chinese. Descendants from wandering Hakka who migrated from southern and northern Guangdong to Taiwan around the end of the Ming dynasty and the beginning of the Qing dynasty (1644). Hakka family trees are known for identifying the male ancestors by their ethnic Hakka heritage while leaving out information on the identity of the female ancestors. Mingling with aborigines happened by the time of Japanese colonization. Mainland Han subgroup Descends from the 2 million Nationalists who fled to Taiwan following the communist victory in mainland China in 1949. Seen as late-arrivals and colonialist masters. Reviled for the White Terror period post 1949. Aborigines The total population of recognized aborigines on Taiwan is approximately 533,600, or approximately 2.28% of Taiwan's population. The cities of Yilan, Hualien, and Taitung are known for their aboriginal communities. In the 1990s several groups of recognized indigenous peoples, which had traditionally viewed themselves as separate, united under the singular ethnonym.