STS - Ancient Times Timeline PDF

STS C. Cuneiform Major contribution First writing Historical Antecedents: Pictographs -Different Timelines/ Era/ Invention...

STS C. Cuneiform Major contribution First writing Historical Antecedents: Pictographs -Different Timelines/ Era/ Inventions Transform human understanding in -Modern Times (Philippine Inventions) history. Abandonment: ANCIENT TIMES 100 BCE Ancient Times Timeline: Favor of alphabetic script 1. Sumerian Civilization (TIME: 4500 - D. Cumus 1900 BC) Wedge LOCATION: Southernmost tip of Ancient Owing to the wedge shaped style of Mesopotamia (now modern Kuwait and writing. Iraq) PERIOD: Neolithic & Bronze Age E. Uruk City (Warka, Iraq) SHORT BACKGROUND: High degree 4500 BCE, King Enmerkar of cooperation; desire for great things. Important contribution REASON: Not connected with basic First true city in the world things that life can offer. Origin of writing Build using mud or clay THEIR INVENTIONS: Maid with reed, produced sun-baked A. The Great Ziggurat of Ur brick. “Mountain of God” Abandonment: Another engineering/architectural feat. Buried and abandoned and excavated Sacred place of their Christ God in 1853 CE by William Loftus for the Priests were allowed to enter British Museum Showcase not only the elaborate and intricate Sumerian architecture but also F. Sailboats remarkable technology used to build it. Because of transportation Still existing in Iraq (historical Wheel was not yet invented landmark) Mode of transportation: Seas and Rivers B. Irrigation and Dikes Purpose: Because of population increase = Comy large quantities of products demand for food Increasing demand because of large Scarce water supply; flooding populations. Solution to that dilemma Trading, fostering culture, World’s most beneficial engineering information and technology Enjoy year-long farming and harvesting = increased food production. G. Wheel wide-reaching trade networks along the Special tool were available; bait Nile in the red sea and in the Near East. Because of farm work and food processes THEIR INVENTIONS: Not for transportation A. Hanging Garden of Babylon Benefit: Location: Babylon (located in To mill grains with less effort in time Mesopotamia between the Euphrates Mass production, easier and Tigris Rivers) Background: H. The Plow -Famous city under the Mesopotamia Food gathers to farm cultivations Region, Famous for mathematical and Reason for Inventing: to dig the astronomy inventions and researches ground where seeds would be -The Tower of Babel. planted. Reason why they invented it: Result: - The great Babylonian King Dig the earths in a faster pace Nebuchadnezzar II built the gardens for Drop the seed and done his wife, Queen Amytis. Cultivate large parcels Faster mass production 3. Egyptian Civilization (TIME: 3100 BC) I. Roads LOCATION: North Africa Reason for Inventing: PERIOD: Predynastic Period soft muddy roads Faster and easier travel THEIR INVENTIONS: Developed the first road Flow of traffic faster and organized A. Paper or Papyrus Made of sun-baked brick A plant that grew abundantly along the Poured bitumen, a black sticky Nile River in Egypt. substance (asphalt) to smoothen the Reason for Inventing: Before the roads Egyptian innovation, clay tablets were used; fragile, heavy and delicate. 2. Babylonia Civilization (TIME: 5000 - Major Problem: 3500 BCE) safe-keeping LOCATION: In modern day Iraq 59 miles transportation (94 kilometers) southwest of Baghdad SHORT BACKGROUND: They B. Ink developed along the Nile River in large Invented by Combining soot with part because the river’s annual flooding different chemicals to produce inks of ensured reliable, rich soil for growing different colors. crops; Ancient Egyptians developed Characteristics: PERIOD: Beginning of the early middle must withstand the elements of nature ages and the Byzantine era. tamper proof SHORT BACKGROUND: Known as the Reason for Inventing: to use for writing birthplace of western philosophy; papyrus focuses on philosophy and Usage: record history, culture and mathematics; contributed in the fields of codified laws. science and technology; they also have a lot of coliseums and olympics. C. Hieroglyphics Created by mixing soot or malachite THEIR INVENTIONS: with mineral galena A. Alarm Clock Reason for Inventing: One of the most utilized gadgets today For both health and aesthetic reasons that was invented by the ancient Greeks They believe that wearing it was To catch attention protecting them from evil and the beauty Signal was the sign of holiness. B. Water Mill D. Wig Considered as one of the most Reason for Inventing: important contributions of the Greek Worn for wealth and wellness civilizations to the world. Used to protect the shaved heads of the wealthy Egyptians from harmful rays 5. Roman Civilization (TIME: 30/27 BC of the sun. - 476 AD) LOCATION: City of Rome which was E. Water Clock/Clepsydra located in central Italy. Utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water from one vessel to the other. THEIR INVENTIONS: Reason for Inventing: - time keeping device A. News Paper (Acta Diurna) Characteristics: amount of water (or its Location: Roman Empire (753 BC to 27 height depending on the method used) BC) remaining in the device determines how Time: 131 B.C. much time has elapsed since it is full. Background: - Most powerful empire in Ancient 4. Greek Civilization (TIME: Emerge in history when it comes to economic, the 18th Century until 146 BC) cultural, political and military forces. LOCATION: Land of Greece and the Reason why they invented it: Island of the Aegean Sea plus west - To inform about the political and social coast of Asian Minor (modern Turkey) happenings in Ancient Rome - Easy access to government unraveled. She noticed that the cocoon information in the same way we benefit was actually made from a long thread from present-day newspapers. that was both strong and soft. B. Bound Books or Codex B. Tea Production Location: Roman Empire (753 BC to 27 Time: 141 BCE BC) Reason for Inventing: Time: 131 B.C. -It was developed when an unknown Background: Chinese inventor created a machine that -Most powerful empire in Ancient history was able to shred tea leaves into strips. when it comes to economic, cultural, political and military forces. C. Great Wall of China Reason why they invented it: Location: 13, 171 miles (21, 196 km) - For record-keeping to write down Jiayuguan Pass (in the west) to Hushan historical events that have happened in Mountains in Liaoning Province (in the their time. east), ending at the Bohai Gulf. Time: Qin Dynasty (221-206 BCE) first C. Roman Architecture construction up to (1644-1912 CE) Continuation of Greek architecture Reason for Inventing: Sturdier and stronger infrastructures - It was constructed to keep out foreign invaders and controlled the borders of D. Roman Numerals China. Standard counting Trade concerns D. Gunpower Time: Tang Dynasty (850 AD) 6. Chinese Civilization (TIME: 2000 Reason for Inventing: BCE) -It was developed by Chinese LOCATION: China alchemists who aimed to achieve SHORT BACKGROUND: It began when immortality. a literate, city based culture first emerged. MEDIEVAL TIMES THEIR INVENTIONS: MEDIEVAL TIMES’ CIVILIZATION A. Silk LOCATION: Location: Far East China - Europe: Roman Empire Time: 2696 BC -England: Unified Nation States Reason for Inventing: TIME: 500 AD - 1500 AD - The idea for silk first came to Leizu PERIOD: Middle or Dark Age while she was having tea in the imperial gardens. A cocoon fell into her tea and SHORT BACKGROUND: -Occurrence 2. Economic Systems: Manors of massive invasion and migration, thus - Lord’s estates high demand for technology of - Set of rights and obligations between weaponry, navigation, mass food and serfs and lords farm production, and health. But during - Self-sufficient community producing a the latter part there was a significant rise variety of goods in the population's degree of 3. Belief System: The Church cooperation; desire for great things. - Unifying force of Christian faith REASON: - Power over people’s everyday lives -not connected with basic things that life -Involvement in political affairs can offer. 4. Code of Behavior: Chivalry Medieval Times’s Timeline: - Displays of courage and valor in 1. Onset of Middle Age (500 AD) combat 2. Charlemagne was crowned ruler of - Devotion to a feudal lord and heavenly Holy Roman Empire (Romeo 800 AD) lord 3. William conquered and won England - Respect toward women (1066 AD England) 4. Kingdom of Jerusalem 1st Crusade, MEDIEVAL INVENTIONS: Council of Clermont (Jerusalem, 1096 A. Catapult - One of the most fearsome AD) weapons used in the middle ages. 5. 2nd Crusade (Jerusalem, 1147 AD) B. Crossbow 6. 3rd Crusade (Jerusalem, 1189 AD) C. Warrior and horse both with Plate 7. 4th Crusade (Jerusalem, 1202 AD) body, warriors holds a; 8. Fall of Crusade, lost to Turks (Jerusalem, 1295 AD) D. Chainmail 9. Black Plague spread throughout England & Europe (1348 AD England) E. Weapons and Shields 10. End of Middle Age (1500 AD) -A warrior on a horse wearing plate body and holding a lance (stick) OVERVIEW OF THE MEDIEVAL SOCIETY: F. Apart from Weaponry 1. Political System: Feudalism - Gutenberg's printing press spread -Form of government based on literature to the masses for the first time landholding in an efficient, durable way, shoving -Alliances between lords and vassals Europe headlong into the original -Oaths of loyalty in exchange for land information age, the Renaissance. and military service Gutenberg often gets credit as the father -Ranking of power and authority of printing. - Gutenberg's invention was profoundly B. Rudder important. It launched a revolution in - A rudder is a device used to steer a printing. It allowed manuscripts and ship or other watercraft. It is a flat sheet books to be mass-produced cheaply. It of material attached with hinges to the eventually helped increase literacy ship’s stern. A tiller - basically, a stick or throughout Europe because more pole that is attached to the top to allow it people had access to literature. to be turned in different directions. G. Microscope and Telescope: Great C. Oars help in addressing health issues and in - A galley is a type of ship that is exploration. propelled by rowing through the use of - The Middle Age was also known as the oars, seen on both sides of the ship. Age of Exploration, the need for nautical invention was high. Telescope, an Modern Times optical instrument invented, that helped in the observation of remote objects, Modern Times’ Timeline: such great help for navigators. 1. Beginning of the Modern Time (1600 -Adding one more lens to the telescope AD) to come up with a microscope, the key 2. Baroque (1600 - 1750) in new means of preventing and curing 3. Classical (1750 - 1820) various illnesses. 4. Romantic (1820 - 1900) Zacharias Janssen: 5. 20th Century & 21st Century (1900) - He was born in 1585 at The Hugh, 6. Future Continues (Present) Netherlands. The known inventor of Telescope and Microscope as one of the THEIR INVENTIONS: great inventions during the Middle Age. A. Electric Dynamo He died in 1638. - The word "dynamo" was coined,In 1831 by Michael Faraday, who utilized OTHER IMPORTANT NAUTICAL his invention toward making many INVENTIONS: discoveries in electricity, he discovered A. Compass electrical induction and magnetism. The - A compass is a navigational tool with a discovery of the dynamo principle made magnetic needle that points towards the industrial scale electric power magnetic north pole. Compasses were generation technically and economically first described in medieval Europe by feasible. the English theologian Alexander Neckam (1157–1217 AD). B. Babbage’s Computing Machine American Telephone and Telegraph - English mathematician and inventor Company in 1885. Charles Babbage is credited with having conceived the first automatic digital F. Plastic computer. During the mid- 1830s - 1869 Developed by John Wesley Babbage developed plans for the Hyatt. Hyatt was an American printer Analytical Engine. Although it was never and inventor. He was looking for a completed, the Analytical Engine would cheap substitute to ivory billiard balls. have had most of the basic elements of Hyatt combined cellulose nitrate and the present-day computer. camphor to produce a moldable versatile material – celluloid. Plastic has C.- Louis Pasteur was a French transformed the world and has become biologist, microbiologist, and chemist ubiquitous in packaging, homes and renowned for his discoveries of the even clothes. Its ubiquity is causing the principles of vaccination, microbial world to be more concerned about the fermentation and pasteurization. He is effects of plastic pollution because it remembered for his remarkable doesn’t biodegrade. breakthroughs in the causes and prevention of diseases, and his G. Phonograph discoveries have saved many lives ever - 1877 Thomas Edison found that sound since. could be captured and replayed using a rotating cylinder covered with paraffin D. - Petroleum refineries are marvels of paper and a stylus. In December 1888, modern engineering. Within them a Edison applied for a patent and over the maze of pipes, distillation columns, and next few years helped to develop the chemical reactors turn crude oil into modern gramophone based on the valuable products such as liquefied wax-cylinder model. petroleum gas, gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils. H. Light Bulb These refineries turn out the gasoline - 1879 Throughout the nineteenth and chemical feedstocks that keep the century, inventors produced simple country running. This is due to Samuel electric lights. For example, Joseph Kier. Swan produced a simple electric light, but he struggled to maintain a power E. Practical Telephone source and the filament soon burned out - Alexander Graham Bell was a when the vacuum was exhausted. It was Scottish-born inventor, scientist, and Thomas Edison who made the lightbulb engineer who is credited with inventing into a practical low current version. He and patenting the first practical used a filament based on a burned telephone. He also co-founded the sewing thread.  L. Pneumatic Tyre I. Bicycle - 1888 Invented by John Boyd Dunlop; it - 1885 Velocipedes were invented early was developed as a way to make in the nineteenth century. The most tricycle riding more comfortable. His first popular at the time was the Penny attempt involved using an old garden Farthing, with its huge big wheel. But, hose fitted with air. He later developed the big advancement in bike technology this idea using a rubber pneumatic tyre came with the introduction of a chain to and filed for a patent in 1888. It was link pedals to the back wheel. This later used on both bikes and motor cars. enabled a higher speed without relying on a huge wheel. The key model in the M. Camera (1888) chain bike was the Rover Safety bike - Louis Daguerre made a breakthrough developed by John Kemp Starley. with a camera which took imprints to be developed by chemicals. In 1888, J. Aluminum George Eastman developed the first - Aluminum 1886 Until the 1890s, small Kodak box camera which made Aluminum was considered a precious photography much more accessible to metal because it was so hard to isolate. the public. However, Ohio chemist Charles Martin Hall discovered how to isolate N. Transatlantic Telegram (1901) Aluminum, through a process of - G. Marconi developed the first electrolysis. This simple method long-range wireless communication. On enabled high quantities of aluminum to 12 December 1901, the first telegram be produced. Its price fell from $18 a was sent across the Atlantic in Morse pound to 18 cents. Aluminum has code. His invention was developed into become one of the most popular and the ‘wireless’ or the radio. The telegram versatile metals in industry. was very much the internet of its day. It revolutionized communication in a K. Motor Car similar way, bringing the world much - By 1898 the German closer. engineer Karl Benz produced the first modern automobile using a patented O. X-Ray Machines (1914) internal combustion engine. The car - The X-Ray was first discovered by W. used electrical ignition, a water- cooled Roentgen in 1895. Marie Curie internal combustion engine and different developed this discovery through her gears. Within a few decades, motor cars work by 1914 and was able to were within reach of many ordinary successfully create an X- ray machine people, transforming society, where we which could be used to take images of live and how we spent vacations. the human skeleton. P. Aeroplane (1903) processing. AI is being used in fields - The Wright Brothers piloted the first from medicine to self-driving cars. successful heavier than air aeroplane on Dec 17th, 1903. Within a few years, T. Automatic washing machine (1950s) aeroplanes were successfully navigating - Before indoor plumbing and automatic long distances and soon began to washing machines, cleaning clothes transform both wartime and global was a time consuming and laborious travel. process. The automatic washing machines saved housewives countless Q. Vacuum (1908) hours of unpaid labor and freed many - James Murray Spangler invented the women to consider other activities, such electric vacuum cleaner. The first model as work. Early washing machines were used a broomstick, pillow and a box developed in the late nineteenth century. containing an electric motor and fan. He But, post-war the electric automated applied for a patent in 1908. William washing machine made a huge Hoover helped finance its development difference. for the mass market. U. Email (1972) R. Radar (1924) – The first true email system was MIT’s - Edward Appleton developed a way of CTSS MAIL, in 1965. But, it only worked detecting aircraft using sonic radar. This for those logged into the system. Email proved useful in the Second World War networks included the first ARPANET for the British who pioneered the use of email sent in 1972 developed by Ray radar and was a key factor in the Battle Tomlinson. of Britain where radar was able to give warnings of approaching German V. Internet (1973) planes. – Early forms of networking computers developed in the late 1960s. In 1973, S. Artificial intelligence (AI) - 1955 Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn developed the - Artificial intelligence or machine Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet learning is defined as the situation Protocol (IP) which was an important where machines can learn by landmark in creating a global network of themselves and improve their method of interconnected computers which could working overtime. In 1955, Newell and share information. Simon pioneered AI by creating a programme which sought to solve a problem by choosing the branch which was most likely to solve it. Over time AI has evolved, especially with the use of mass data and improved computer W. GPS – Global Positioning System Vic Hayes established many protocols (1973) - GPS was developed by the US which made WiFi technology popular. military in 1973, it enables a user to know the precise location of an object or NG. The Smartphone (2007) person. In the 1980s, use was opened - The Smartphone combines many to civilians and has led to effective technologies in one. The modern sat-nav systems and combined with the smartphone has enabled calls, texts, internet has led to very precise Apps, internet access, camera and a variety of like Google Maps. apps. Steve Jobs played a key role in developing the first smartphones. X. The Mobile Phone (1980s) – The mobile phone enabled people to PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS take calls on the move, rather than be -Filipino Inventors and Inventions that tied to a landline. Mobile phones also are addressed to solve the country’s enabled text messages to be sent. problems. Y. The Personal computer (1980s) – In the 1980s, the microchip enabled A. Salamander Amphibious/ Tricycle households to have their own personal -A Filipino-made amphibious tricycle computer. This enabled people to print was introduced to the market last week letters, use for relaxation and multiple in answer to the needs of thousands of other uses, such as working from home. Filipino residents living in perennially flooded areas as well as low-lying Z. World Wide Web (1990) communities near bodies of water. The – Tim Berners Lee wrote software for floating trike, fittingly called the the World Wide Web (WWW) in 1990. “Salamander” was launched by H2O This helped to revolutionize the internet Technologies recently at the Capitol and provide a permanent store for Commons Center in Pasig City. The information on webpages which were Salamander, which is the brainchild of easily accessible. Berners-Lee also Filipino custom car master, Atoy Llave of wished to make his invention freely A-Toy Body Kits, came into fruition after available to the world. he shared his ideas with the well-known boat maker Dominic Chung. After the NYE. WiFi (1990s) exchange of ideas, a partnership – Wifi or wireless fidelity is a technology between Llave and Chung was which allows users to access the established, and H2O Technologies was internet without a cable. It is also known formed. as WLAN – wireless local area network. It involves a router connected to the internet by cable and then an adapter to pick up a signal from the router. In 1997, B. SALt Lamp by scientists in the Department of - MANILA – “To light up the rest of the Science and Technology. Philippines sustainably” was the vision of Filipina scientist Aisa Mijeno when D. E-Jeepney she made the Sustainable Alternative - To address problems related to air Lighting (SALt) lamp. The SALt Lamp is pollution, traffic congestion, dependence an environment-friendly and sustainable on fuel imports, and carbon emissions, alternative light source that runs on The Electric Jeepney (E-Jeepney) is a saltwater, making it suitable for those recent development in the Philippines who live in coastal areas. It can also that provides a sustainable, clean form function well in remote barrios. With just of public transportation. The Philippines two tablespoons of salt and one glass of is moving towards a more sustainable tap water, this ecologically designed public transport system by introducing a lamp can run for eight hours. “It is made public utility vehicle (PUV) of tediously experimented and improved modernization program with electric chemical compounds, catalysts, and jeepney. metal alloys that when submerged in electrolytes will generate electricity,” E. Medical Incubators Mijeno shared in an interview with ABS - Dr. Fe Del Mundo revolutionized CBN. Because of its inspiring vision and Philippine medicine, making major ground-breaking innovation, the SALt breakthroughs in immunization and in lamp has received various awards and the treatment of jaundice, and providing recognition from organizations in the healthcare to thousands of poor Philippines, Singapore, Japan, and families. She is credited with studies South Korea. that led to the invention of the incubator and a jaundice relieving device. C. Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap According to a biographical report on Dr. System Del Mundo by the Philippine Center for - The stick, moistened by the solution Investigative Journalism, the physician's through capillary action, is highly makeshift incubator was composed of attractive for mosquitoes to lay eggs on. two native laundry baskets made of Instead, its ovicidal and larvicidal effect bamboo. She was known to be “A prevent the next generation of woman of many firsts”. mosquitoes from reaching adulthood, thus curbing the Aedes mosquitoes population. This species of mosquito is responsible for the alarming prevalence of Dengue in the country that caused a soaring number of deaths across ages prior to the invention of this trap system  Intellectual Revolution medicine at the University of Padua. His first theory was the theory of the 1. Nicolaus Copernicus heliocentric system; but many - Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) was questioned this theory. Second, a Renaissance polymath responsible for published the theory which was the what some have called the “Copernican revolutions of heavenly bodies and was Revolution.” One of the most important dedicated to Pope Paul III. After the contributions of Copernicus was to the death of Copernicus, he became known field of astronomy. Copernicus placed throughout Europe for his theory of the sun at the center of the universe, Heliocentric Systems. Yet, in the 17th rather than the earth. century the Copernican Heliocentric - Galileo used more advanced Theory was accepted by all people. technology to find stronger observational evidence than Copernicus THE ANTAGONISTS: was ever able to provide. -The Church (Catholic/ Christian Faith) -Nicolaus Copernicus was a - Martin Luther (Religious Leader) Renaissance-era mathematician and astronomer who invented a model of the 2. Charles Darwin universe with the Sun instead of the Earth at the center of the universe. WHAT WAS THE PARADIGM SHIFT DEVELOPED BY THE SCIENTIST? WHAT WAS THE PARADIGM SHIFT -The publication of Charles Darwins’s INSTILLED, GIVEN, & DEVELOPED BY “On The Origin of Species” in 1859 THE SCIENTIST? created a paradigm shift from creation to -Paradigm Shift: A change from one way evolution. In this book, Darwin of thinking to another. introduced the Theory of Evolution, -Geocentric (“Geo” means Earth) vs which posited that populations pass Heliocentric (“Helio means Sun) through a process of natural selection in which only the fittest would survive. SHORT NARRATIVE ABOUT HIS - He also stated that organisms have the TIME/HISTORICAL EVENTS DURING ability to adapt to their environment and HIS TIME: would gradually change into something -Nicolaus Copernicus was one of the that would be more competitive to great astronomers of the 16th century. survive (process of evolution). Born in Feb 19, 1473; in 1491 he went to the university of Cracow. In 1496 he went to University of Bologna to study law. By then Copernicus had become interested in astronomy. Copernicus left Bologna in 1501. He then studied WHAT WAS THE KNOWLEDGE OF were like living species while some were THE TIME REPLACED BY THE very different. He learned that even PARADIGM SHIFT? though some countries had the same - Showed that humans are part of geography they had different animals nature, not above it, and that all animal there and realized that earth changes life, including human, is related by slowly over time. descent from a common ancestor. - His mechanism of evolution via natural THE ANTAGONIST TO THE selection is a powerful creative force SCIENTIST: that provides an explanation for the -Darwin’s theory became very diversity of life. controversial as people perceived it to - This dramatic change in world view be contradictory to the church’s from super naturalism to methodological teachings that the source of life is the naturalism has allowed staggering powerful creator. scientific advances in the past 150 years - Because of the conflict, the people that transcend science and made impact were divided, some believed that the on the human psyche. theory explained the origin of life but the religious and the faithful strongly refuted THE PROTAGONIST TO THE it. SCIENTIST: 3. Sigmund Freud A. Thomas Malthus - He studied -He was born on May 6, 1856 in numbers and patterns. He said, “the Freiberg, Moravia, which is now Pribor, size of the human population is directly in the Czech Republic. limited by resources such as food”. He - He died in London on September 3, also said, “population sizes would 1939. increase exponentially if all individuals - He is an Austrian neurologist and the born and lived to be able to reproduce”. founder of Psychoanalysis. - One of the first psychologists to study B. Alfred Russell Wallace - He wrote a human motivation. letter to Darwin and in it, he proposed - The basic premise of the the exact same idea of natural selection. psychoanalytic approach is that human Wallace had independently come to the personality expressed in the present is same theory from his observations of the result of unconscious motives nature. formed by childhood experiences. C. Charles Lyell - Darwin took Lyell’s book “Principles of Geology” with him on the beagle. It helped Darwin because he studied fossils and found that some 2 BASIC FACTORS WHICH DRIVE AN 4. Erik Erikson (1902 - 1994) INDIVIDUAL & HELP IN SHAPING - He is a German-American HIS/HER PERSONALITY: developmental psychologist and A. Love (Eros) – intimate and psychoanalyst known for his theory on passionate love between two partners; psychological development of human B. Aggression (Thanatos) – symbolizes beings. death - Erikson contended that cognitive development was independent of -ID (irrational needs and demands, gratification needs. something which has nothing to do with - Freud’s developmental stages are the reality of the situation.) based on sexuality. Erikson’s are based - EGO (develops when individuals start on a series of social conflicts one must interacting with people around. Ego master. helps in the fulfillment of id, taking into consideration the reality of the situation.) ERIKSONS’S STAGES OF - SUPEREGO (includes the moral PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: constraints imposed on an individual by his parents or family.) A. ORAL (0 to 2) - Infant achieves gratification through oral activities such as feeding, thumb sucking, and babbling. B. ANAL (2 to 3) - The child learns to respond to some of the demands of society such as bowel and bladder control. CONTRIBUTORS TO THE C. PHALLIC (3 to 7) - The child learns to INNOVATION: realize the differences between males and females and become aware of A. Alfred Adler (1870 - 1937) sexuality. - He was a physician, psychotherapist, D. LATENCY (7 to 11) - The child and the founder of Adlerian psychology, continues his or her development but sometimes called individual psychology. sexual urges are relatively quiet. E. GENITAL (11 to Adult) - The growing adolescent shakes off old dependencies and learns to deal maturely with the opposite sex. - In 1907 Adler was invited to meet with C. Harry Stack Sullivan (1892 - 1949) Sigmund Freud. Adler and Freud, along - American psychiatrist who developed with Rudolf Reitler and Wilhelm Stekel, a theory of psychiatry based on began meeting weekly during interpersonal relationships. He believed “Wednesday Night Meetings” that that anxiety and other psychiatric eventually grew to begin the symptoms arise in fundamental conflicts psychoanalytic movement. Together, between individuals and their human they formed the Vienna Psychoanalytic environments and that personality Society, of which Adler was the first development also takes place by a president. series of interactions with other people. B. Carl Gustav Jung (1875 - 1961) - He was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who founded analytical psychology. - Freud’s work was continued, although in altered form, by his student Carl Jung, whose brand of psychology is known as analytical psychology. Jung’s work formed the basis for most modern psychological theories and concepts. NEO-FREUDIANS: A. Erich Fromm (1900 - 1980) - German-born American psychoanalyst and social philosopher who explored the interaction between psychology and society. By applying psychoanalytic principles to the remedy of cultural ills, Fromm believed, mankind could develop a psychologically balanced “sane society.” B. Karen Horney (1885 - 1952) - German-born American psychoanalyst who, departing from some of the basic principles of Sigmund Freud, suggested an environmental and social basis for the personality and its disorders.  MACRO - The trip should be to a place other than that of their usual environment - (Origin Destination) INTRODUCTION TO TOURISM - The stay in the place visited should not Tourism is defined as: last more than 12 consecutive months. - -“The sum of phenomena and (Duration) relationships arising from the travel and - The main purpose of the trip should be stay of non-residents, in so far they do other. than the exercise of activity not lead to permanent residence and remunerated from within places visitors. are not connected in earning activity”- - (Purpose of Travel) Prof-Hunziker and Krapf of Berne University, Switzerland Types of Visitors -Tourism is a temporary short- term -Overnight Visitor (Tourist): refers to a movement of people to destination visitor who spends his/her night away outside the places where normally live from home. Stay at the destination for and work and their activities during their more than 24 hrs. stay at these destinations” — Tourism -Same-day Visitor (Excursionist): Society in Britain refers to any visitor who does not spend the night in a collective or private -“Tourism may be defined in terms of accommodation in the place visited. particular activities selected by choice Stay at the destination for less than 24 and undertaken outside the home hrs. environment” - Tourism Society in -International Visitor: Refers to any Cardiff person who travels to a country outside his/her usual environment and other -“Tourism is comprised of activities of than the one in which he/she has his/her persons traveling to and staying in usual residence, but for less than 12 places outside their usual environment consecutive months and whose main for not more than one consecutive year purpose is other than the exercise of an for leisure, business and other activity remunerated from within the Purposes” — World Tourism place visited. Organization, 1993 -Domestic Visitor: Refers to any person who travels to a place other than Tourism Terminologies: that of his/her usual environment but still -Travelers: are people on a trip within his/her country of residence for between two or more places. less than 12 consecutive months and -Visitors: Are people who engage in whose main purpose of trip is other than tourism. Visitors are different from other the exercise of an activity remunerated travelers because of the following from within the place visited. criteria.  The Nature of a Tour Elements of Travel (Ex. MNL-BSO, MNL-CEB, PPS - CEB, 1. Distance CEB-CGY) -Excludes commuting to and from work and change in resident Domestic Tourism -A measure that has been used to -Refers to travel taken exclusively within distinguish travel away from home is the the national boundaries of the traveler's distance traveled on a trip country. -A Trip is when a person goes to a place -People find it easy to do so because at least 100 miles away from home and there are no language, currency, nor returns to his/her place of residence ”. documentation barriers. 2. Length of Stay at the Destination International Tourism -The definition of a tourist and -Involves the movement of people excursionist as proposed by the WTO is across international boundaries of a largely based on the length of stay. traveler's country. -Tourists are temporary visitors who -It is more difficult to travel outside one’s make at least one overnight stay, while country because the country visited has excursionists are temporary visitors who a different language, currency, and do not stay overnight in the place they documentation requirements, such as visit. passports, visas, and other conditions of entry to be met by the tourists. 3. Residence of the Traveler -For business and research purposes, it is important to know where people live. Package Tour 4. Purpose of Travel -Sometimes called inclusive tour -Visiting friends and relatives -It is an arrangement in which transport -Conventions, seminars, & meetings and accommodation is bought by the -Business tourist at an all-inclusive price. -Outdoor recreation - hunting, fishing, -The price of an individual element boating, & camping cannot be determined by the purchaser -Entertainment - sightseeing, theater, himself. sports -Personal — family, medical, funeral, Independent Tour wedding -is an arrangement in which the tourist buys the facilities separately, either making reservations in advance through a travel agent.  Tourist Product -Thus, great efforts are made to fill hotel 1. Service rooms and 4 aircraft by discounting the -It is an intangible item. prices of these products at the last -It cannot be inspected by prospective minute. purchasers before they buy as they can with washing machines, gadgets, and Characteristics of Tourism: other consumer goods. -In tourism the product is not brought to -The purchase of package tour involves the consumer; rather, the consumer has a high degree of trust on the part of the to travel to the product to purchase it. buyer -The products of tourism are not used 2. Largely Psychological in its up; thus, they do not exhaust the Attraction country’s natural resources. -It is more than collection of services such as an aircraft seat and a hotel -Tourism is a labor-intensive industry. room -It is the temporary use of a strange -Tourism is people oriented. environment plus the culture and heritage of the region and other -Tourism is a multi-dimensional intangible benefits such as atmosphere phenomenon. and hospitality. -The tourist industry is seasonal. 3. Standard and Quality Overtime -A package cannot be consistently of -The industry is dynamic. equal standard. -A bumpy flight can change an enjoyable experience into nightmare; Different Perspectives of Tourism -A good room in hotel maybe spoiled by -The Tourist poor food; -Business People -A holiday can be destroyed by -Government prolonged rainy spells -Host Community 4. Fixed -The number of hotel rooms available at a particular resort cannot be varied to meet changing demands of tourists during a particular season. -The unsold hotel room or aircraft seat cannot be stored for rarer sale as is the case of tangible products.  Classification of Travelers 3. Operating Sectors (Industry) (1) Tourists in international technical -Accommodation, transportation, food definitions service, etc. (2) Excursionists in international technical definitions 4. Spirit of hospitality & cultural (3) Travelers whose trips are shorter resources(traditions, language, food than those that qualify for travel and etc.) tourism; e.g., under 50 miles (80 km) -Include customs and traditions of a from home. destination. Folk dance, classical dance, (4) Students traveling between home music, handicrafts, fairs and festivals and school only - other travel of etc. are other man made attractions students is within scope of travel and tourism. (5) All persons moving to a new place of IMPACTS TO ECONOMY: Benefits of residence including all one-way Tourism travelers, such as emigrants, immigrants, refugees, domestic -Provides employment opportunities migrants, and nomads. -Generates foreign exchange -Increases Incomes -Develops an infrastructure that will also Tourism Supply Components help stimulate local commerce and Can be classified into four main industry categories: -Can be developed with local products and resources 1. Natural Resources (Nature, -Diversifies the economy Environment) -Tends to be compatible with other -It can be found all over the world like economic activities beaches, islands, mountains, hills, -Spreads development desert, wildlife (flora and fauna), caves, -High multiplier impact glaciers, lakes, waterfalls, rivers. -Increases government revenues 2. Built Environment (Human-Made Surroundings) -These are purposely built for tourists. They can be museums, casinos, theme parks. There are man made attractions which are not originally designed to attract tourists like forts, palaces, temples etc.  IMPACTS TO SOCIAL: Benefits of Tourism SCOPE OF TOURISM AND -Broadens educational and cultural HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY horizons -Improves quality of life - higher incomes Travel and improved standards of living -Air -Justifies environmental protection and -Cruise Ships improvement -Rail -Provides tourist and recreational -Coach facilities that may be used by a local -Automobile population -Ecotourism IMPACTS TO CULTURAL: Benefits of Lodging Tourism -Hotels -Reinforces preservation of heritage and -Motels tradition -Resorts -Visitor interest in local culture provides employment for artists, musicians and Assembly and Event Management other performing artists enhancing -Meetings cultural heritage –Conventions -Breaks down language barriers, -Expositions sociocultural barriers, class barriers, racial barriers, political barriers, and Restaurant and Managed Services religious barriers -Restaurants -Creates a favorable worldwide image -Managed Services for a destination -Promotes a global community Recreation -Promotes international understanding -Attractions and peace -Gaming -Parks IMPACTS TO ECONOMY: Drawbacks -Recreation of Tourism -Develops excess demand Sectors of the Hospitality Industry: -Results in high leakage -Creates difficulties of seasonality 1. Food and Beverage Industry - also -Causes inflation known as the foodservice industry. It -Can result in unbalanced economic consists of businesses that prepare food development for customers. -Increases vulnerability to economic and political changes 2. Lodging - also known as INTERRELATED NATURE OF accommodation, is a place to sleep for HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM one or more nights. It can be one of many sleeping places such as a fancy hotel, a youth hostel, an elder hostel, a campground, or a high wayside motel. 3. Travel - the business of moving people from place to place while the tourism industry provides those people with services that promote travel and vacations. INTRODUCTION TO HOSPITALITY -Buses, planes, cabs, boats, and Hospitality is… passenger trains are all part of the travel - The act of kindness in welcoming and industry while travel agencies, tour looking after the basic needs of guests operators, cruise companies, convention or strangers; planners, and _ visitors, bureaus are all - Mainly concerning food, drink, and part of the tourism industry. accommodation; - The relationship process between a 4. Recreation guest and a host; - Recreation is any activity that people - The reception and entertainment of do for rest, relaxation, and enjoyment. guests, visitors, or strangers with The goal of recreation is to refresh a liberality and goodwill (Oxford English person’s body and mind. Dictionary); -It is any business that provides an - Derived from the Latin word “hospitare” activity for rest, relaxation, and meaning to “receive as a guest’ enjoyment, to refresh a person’s body and mind, is in the recreation business. The Pineapple Tradition There are four general types of Since its introduction, the pineapple has recreation businesses: been internationally recognized as a symbol of hospitality and a sign of: a. Entertainment b. Attractions, - Friendliness, c. Spectator sports, and - Warmth, d. Participatory sports. - Cheer, - Graciousness, and - Conviviality. Trivia on Pineapple and Hospitality: Characteristic of Hospitality Industry - Pineapple enjoys a rich and romantic - Open 365 days a year and 24 hours a heritage as a symbol of welcome, day friendship, and hospitality. - Depends heavily on shift work (am shift, mid-shift, pm shift, and night shift) - In the 17th century, it was brought back - Products are intangible from the West Indies by the early - Products are perishable European explorers and was cultivated in Europe and became the favored fruit to serve royalty and elite. EVOLUTION AND GROWTH OF TOURISM - Later, it was introduced to North America and became part of North 1. The Empire Era American Hospitality. The point at which simple travel evolved into the more complex activities of - Pineapples were displayed at doors or tourism is hard to identify. However, on gateposts announcing to friends and tourism as an industry probably began acquaintances: “The ship is in! Come to develop during the Empire Era, which and join us.” - Food and Drink for All! stretched from the time of the Egyptians to the Greeks and finally came to an end Concepts of Hospitality with the fall of the Roman Empire. During this time, people began traveling - Comes from the word “hospice”, an in large numbers for governmental, old French word meaning “to provide commercial, educational, and religious care/shelter for travelers” purposes out of both necessity and pleasure. The Egyptian Kingdoms - The hospitality industry, a service (4850-715 b.c.) were the first known industry, comprises a wide range of civilization to have consolidated businesses, each of which, dedicated to governmental functions at centralized the service of people away from home. locations. Travel to these locations by - It includes companies or organizations boat was particularly easy because providing food and/or drink and and/or travelers could use the Nile River, which accommodation to people away from flowed northward but was constantly home. brushed by southward breezes. Because oars were not needed, travel in either direction was relatively effortless. Boats could go north with the current or south with sails. -As travel became commonplace, basic frequent relay stations. With effort, necessities such as food and lodging people could travel 125 miles a day on had to be provided. Several factors horseback, knowing they would have a combined to encourage travel during the place to eat and sleep at the end of the height of the Egyptian, Greek, and day. These roads, which connected Roman Empires. Large numbers of Rome with such places as Gaul, Britain, travelers began to seek out enjoyable Spain, and Greece, eventually extended experiences in new locations. The most into a 50,000-mile system. The most notable group of these travelers, famous road was the Appian Way, because of their numbers, was the joining Rome with the “heel” of Italy. Greeks. The Greek Empire (900-200 b.c.) promoted the use of a common -Many of the hassles of travel to distant language throughout much of the places were removed because Roman Mediterranean region, and the money of currency was universally accepted and some Greek city states became Greek and Latin were common accepted as a common currency of languages. In addition, a common legal exchange. As centers of governmental system provided protection and peace activities, these city-states became of mind, allowing people to travel farther attractions in themselves. They offered away from home for commerce, visitors a wide variety of opportunities to adventure, and pleasure. Just like the enjoy themselves while away from Greek city-states, cities in the Roman home. Shopping, eating, drinking, Empire became destination attractions gaming, and watching spectator sports or wayside stops along the way toa and theatrical performances are just a traveler's final destination. Has this brief few of the many activities that grew out glimpse into ancient history taught us of travel and evolved into the more anything of use today? The answer is encompassing aspects of tourism. yes. Even today, tourism activities continue to flourish where individuals -The growth of the Roman Empire (500 have free time; travel is easy and safe; b.c.-a.d. 300) fostered expanded there are easily exchangeable tourism opportunities for both currencies; common languages are middle-class and wealthy citizens. Good spoken; and established legal systems roads (many of which were built to create a perception of personal safety. connect the city of Rome to outlying The absence of any of these factors can areas in case of revolt) and water routes dampen people's desire to travel and made travel easy. As these roads were enjoy tourism-related activities, as can developed, so were inns, which were be seen in the demise of travel during located approximately 30 miles apart, the Middle Ages. making for a day's journey. Fresh horses could be hired at the inns and at more 2. The Middle Ages and the into China continued to heighten interest Renaissance Era (Marco Polo's travel in travel and trade. The rebirth in travel route from his home in Venice, Italy, to emerged slowly during the Renaissance China during the 13th century.) (14th-16th centuries). Merchants began to venture farther from their villages as -Travel almost disappeared during the the Church and kings and queens Middle Ages (5th - 14th centuries a.d.). brought larger geographic areas under As the dominance of the Roman Empire their control. Trade routes slowly began crumbled, travel became dangerous and to reopen as commercial activities grew sporadic. The feudal system that and merchants ventured into new eventually replaced Roman rule resulted territories. in many different autonomous domains. This breakdown in a previously -The idea of traveling for the sake of organized and controlled society experiences and learning can probably resulted in the fragmentation of be attributed to the first recorded transportation systems, currencies, and “tourist,” Cyriacus of Ancona. His languages, making travel a difficult and journeys took him around the sometimes dangerous experience. Mediterranean Sea in a quest to learn more about and experience Greek and -As the Roman Catholic Church gained Roman History. The desire to learn from power and influence, people began to and experience other cultures talk of Crusades to retake the Holy heightened awareness of the Land. There were nine of these educational benefits to be gained from Crusades (a.d. 1096-1291), but each travel and led to the Grand Tour Era. failed. In 1291, Acre, the last Christian stronghold, was retaken by the Muslims, bringing the Crusades to an end. Although conquest and war were the driving forces behind the Crusades, the eventual result was the desire of people to venture away from their homes to see new places and experience different civilizations. -After the Crusades, merchants such as Marco Polo traveled to places well beyond the territories visited by the Crusaders (see Figure 1.3). Reports of Polo's travels and adventures (1275-1295) across the Middle East and  well as a leisure activity, and tourism 3. The Grand Tour Era suppliers rapidly developed to serve the -The Grand Tour Era (1613-1785), growing needs of travelers. The days of which marked the height of luxurious leisurely travel over extended periods of travel and tourism activities, originated time to gain cultural experiences faded with the wealthy English and soon away as fewer and fewer people were spread and became fashionable among able to take advantage of these time other individuals who had time and consuming opportunities. money. Travel, and the knowledge provided by these travels, became a 4. The Mobility Era status symbol representing the ultimate -Growing economic prosperity and the in social and educational experiences. advent of leisure time as well as the Grand Tour participants traveled availability of affordable travel ushered throughout Europe, seeking to in a new era in the history of tourism. experience the cultures of the “civilized People who were no longer tied to the world” and acquire knowledge through daily chores of farm life began to search the arts and sciences of the countries for new ways to spend their precious they visited. Their travels took them to a leisure time away from their jobs in variety of locations in France, offices, stores, and factories. Switzerland, Italy, and Germany for extended periods of time, often -The Mobility Era (1800-1944) was stretching over many years. characterized by increased travel to new and familiar locations, both near and far. -Although the desire to participate in the Tourism industry activities began to Grand Tour continued, the Industrial increase as new roads, stagecoaches, Revolution, which began c. 1750, passenger trains, and sailing ships forever changed economic and social became common sights in the early structures. Whole nations moved from 1800s. Great Britain and France an agricultural and commercial focus to developed extensive road and railroad modern industrialism. People became systems well before Canada and the tied to the regimented structures and United States. The growth and demands of factory life and the development of roads and railroads management of business enterprises. helped to increase the availability of Economic growth and technological transportation alternatives and reduced advances led to more efficient forms of their costs, attracting more and more transportation, the integration of markets people to the idea of travel. across geographic and international boundaries, and higher personal incomes for larger numbers of people. Travel became a business necessity as -Thomas Cook (1808-1892) can be 5. The Modern Era credited with finally bringing travel to the -But the means of mobility and an general public by introducing the tour interest in seeing new places were not package. In 1841, he organized the first enough. The seeds of mass tourism tour for a group of 570 people to attend were planted during the first half of the a temperance rally in Leicester, 20th century when industrialists such as England. For the price of a shilling (12 George Westinghouse created the paid pence), his customers boarded a vacation, believing that annual breaks chartered train for the trip from from work for employees would increase Loughborough, complete with a picnic productivity. The working and middle lunch and brass band. The immediate classes in industrialized countries thus success of his first venture and the were given the financial means and the demand for more assistance in making time to satisfy their newfound travel arrangements led Cook into the wanderlust. Indeed, at the dawn of the full-time business of providing travel 21st century, most workers in virtually all services. industrialized nations have several weeks of vacation time that they may -The next major steps in the Mobility Era choose to spend traveling. were the introduction of automobiles and air travel. Although automobile -Mass tourism received an additional technology was pioneered in Britain, boost after World War Il (which ended in France, and Germany, it was Henry 1945). During this war, millions of Ford's mass production of the Model T people throughout the world, including in 1914 that brought individual freedom over 17 million Canadian and U.S. to travel, opening new horizons for citizens, were exposed to many new, millions of people. Winged travel was different, and even exotic locations as not far behind, and the time required to they served in a variety of military reach faraway places began to shrink. assignments. Military service forced Orville and Wilbur Wright ushered in the many people who had never traveled era of flight with their successful test of before to do so, and they were eager to the airplane in Kitty Hawk, North share their positive experiences with Carolina, in 1903. family and friends when they returned home. -Following the end of World War Il, classified as individual mass tourists. several additional factors helped These travelers visit popular attractions encourage the growth of tourism. Cars independently but use tourism services were again being produced in large that are promoted through the mass numbers; gas was no longer rationed; media. In addition, many travelers are and prosperity began to return to now seeking more than just going to a industrialized countries. As American destination to be able to say “been families traveled around the country in there, done that.” They have a desire to cars, the motel business began to become truly immersed in all the boom. Also in the 1950s, hotels and destination has to offer and when able motels expanded quickly through the to, give back through educational and newly adopted franchising development volunteer programs. model. The introduction of jet travel in the 1950s and its growing popularity in -Well into the 21st century, the tourism the 1960s further accelerated growth in industry has proven to be full of both domestic and international travel. opportunities and challenges. To grease the gears of the tourism Widespread Internet access, opening of industry even further, in 1950, the credit previously closed international borders, card was born in the form of the Diners and increased wealth and mobility of Club card. Credit cards provided citizens in increasingly industrialized travelers with purchasing power countries such as China and India are anywhere in the world without the risk of opening new venues for travelers and carrying cash and the hassle of currency providing millions more potential exchange. In fact, credit cards are now tourists. Even countries such as the preferred form of international Vietnam and Cuba that were once off buying power because travelers can limits to U.S. travelers are experiencing charge their purchases in the local explosive tourism growth. However, the currency. Time, money, safety, and the future is not completely rosy for tourism. desire to travel combined to usher in an Terrorism, political and economic unparalleled period of tourism growth instability, and health scares have that continues today. discouraged travel. Increased security efforts have also meant increased -The 20th-century phenomenon that hassles and time constraints for came to be known as mass tourism now travelers at airports, borders, and includes two different groups of attractions. Only time will tell what the travelers. These groups are classified as future holds for us, as tourism industry organization mass tourists who buy members and as consumers of tourism packaged tours and follow an itinerary services. prepared and organized by tour operators. The second group is  THE TOURIST: Understanding The or simply to escape from the routine of Tourist everyday life. Travel Motivators 4. Status or Prestige Motivators: which are identified with the needs of Why do tourists travel? personal esteem and personal - This is the most fundamental question development. These are related to travel among the study of tourists’ behavior. or business or professional interest, for the purpose of education and the pursuit - The Needs and Wants of tourists are of hobbies. seen as the driving force that causes an individual to travel (Cook, 1999), simply Tourist Motivations: explained travel motivation as the drive to travel. 1. The Need for Change or Escape - Motivation: The greatest reason for travel can be -It is something that stimulates interest summed up in one word “escape”. or causes a person to act in a certain way. 2. Travel for Health - Development in the field of medicine has influenced Basic Travel Motivators: travel for centuries, giving rise to the concept of health tourism. 1. Physical Motivators: which are related to physical relaxation and rest, 3. Sports - Interest in sports, either as sporting activities, and specific medical participant or a spectator is attracting a treatment. All are connected with the large segment of the population. individual's bodily health and well-being. 4. Social Contact - According to 2. Cultural Motivators: which are Charles Metelka, travel increases the connected with the individual's desire to “sociability resources” of individuals. It travel in order to learn about other makes them more interesting to countries and their people and their themselves and to others. cultural heritage expressed in arts, music, literature, folklore, etc. 5. Status and Prestige - Travel provides means for ego or 3. Interpersonal Motivators: which are self-enhancement. related to a desire to visit relatives, friends, to escape from one’s family, 6. Travel for Education - The search workmates and neighbors, or to meet for knowledge and truth is inherent in new people and forge new friendships, every individual. Travel offers an opportunity to satisfy the urge to learn.  - Self-esteem: Self-respect, and esteem 7. Personal Values - Many people are from others urged to travel to satisfy personal values such as the search for spiritual -Self-actualization:Personal experience. self-fulfillment 8. Cultural Experience - Cross cultural exchanges, experiencing how other people live and fostering international Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and understanding. Tourist Needs 9. Shopping and Bargain Hunting - To many people, the joys derived from Physiological buying certain goods may be the major - Tour packages that offer frequent rest reason for travel. stops - Easily accessible food outlets in theme 10. Professional and Business parks Motives - A great number of people - Sleeping shelters strategically located travel for professional and business motives. More than one-half of all airline Safety travel is done by business travelers. - Reservation service provided at government-approved agencies or 11. Search for Natural Beauty - Travel locations can satisfy one’s search for beauty in - Cruise ship lines providing medical the environment and scenery. facilities and doctors - Tour guide services provided in exotic or unfamiliar locations Motivation Models Belonging Maslow’s Theory of Motivation and - Group tours with people having similar Travel Motivations: interests and/or backgrounds - Group recognition gained by - Physiological Needs: hunger, thirst, membership in frequent-user programs rest, activity. provided by airline - Trips to explore one’s ancestral roots - Safety Needs: Safety and security, freedom from fear and anxiety. - Social Needs: love, affection, giving, and receiving. Esteem of self, enhancement of kinship - Elite status in frequent-user programs relationships such as gold, silver or bronze Escape - Incentive travel awards for superior Self-Discovery company performance Rest, Relaxation - Flowers, champagne and other tokens Prestige provided to guests in recognition of Challenge occasions. Adventure Excitement Self-Actualization Family Togetherness - Educational tours and cruises Health & Fitness - Theme parks providing educational opportunities and glimpses of other -The ‘PULL’ factors are perceived cultures positive factors of a potential or real - Learning the language and culture destination. (Aroused by the destination) before traveling to another country. -Pull factors emerge due to the attractiveness of a destination, including Crompton’s Push-and-Pull Model: beaches, recreation facilities and cultural attractions (Uysal and Jurowski, - This model emphasizes that the choice 1994). of destination of a tourist is driven by -Ex. Ease of access, scenic beauty, two forces: push and pull budget Scenic Beauty - The first force, push, pushes a tourist Historical Areas away (from home) and the second one, Cultural Attractions & Events pull, is a region-specific lure that pulls a Sporting Events tourist towards a destination. Beaches Parks Motivations for Travel Recreation Facilities (Push and Pull Factor) Shopping - The ‘PUSH’ factors are a number of perceived negative factors about the context in which the potential tourist currently finds himself or herself. (Internal to an individual) -Ex. Desire for escape, rest and relaxation, prestige, adventure, social interaction, exploration and _ evaluation Tourist Generating Region (TGR): - Related to Maslow’s Hierarchy Model - The places where trips begin, where people (tourists) start their journey. - It is assumed that as the tourists (Origin) become more experienced, they also - TGR represents the generating market become more proficient and effective. for tourism and, in a sense, provides the ‘push’ to stimulate and motivate - It is somehow comparable to Maslow travel. Hierarchy of Needs because the model - It is from here that the tourist searches also explains that tourists ascend only to for information, makes the booking and higher needs once lower needs for a departs. tourist experience are fulfilled. Transit Route Region (TRR): Relaxation and Bodily Needs - An intermediate zone where the - Need for basic services (food, space, principal travel activity of tourism occurs, toilet) for restoration and personal distinct from visit activity in destinations. maintenance and repair - It includes intermediate places which may be visited ‘en route’. Stimulation - Need for excitement and safety (fun Tourist Destination Region (TDR) and thrill of rides, experience of unusual, - At the destination, the full impact of out-of- the-ordinary settings and tourism is felt and planning and different foods and people) management strategies are implemented. Relationship - The “pull” to visit destinations - Need to build and extend personal energizes the whole tourism system and relationships (tenderness, affection, joint creates demand for travel in the fun, joint activities, altruism and being generating region. directly involved) Self-Esteem and Development PHILIP PEARCE: LEISURE LADDER - Need to develop skills, knowledge and MODEL abilities (how: others see a person and one’s desire to be competent, in control, - It attempts to explain individual respected and productive) behaviors based on the stages in a tourist life cycle which is said to be Fulfillment similar to an individual's experience of - Need to feel peace, profound work. happiness (magical as if transported to - Tourists move through a hierarchy another world, spiritual and totally involved in the setting)  HANSAL AND EISELT MODEL highly curious and thrive on stimulation - Hansal and Eislt (2004) provided a and change. simple explanation of the decision-making process of tourists. -Generally, allocentrics seek adventure This process is divided into two phases while psychocentrics seek the comfort which are described as: of familiar surroundings in their tourism experiences. (A) Planning Phase - In this phase, travelers decide on the STANLEY PLOG’S STUDY basic parameters concerning their trip. - Decisions in this phase are made at home, usually over a significant amount of time prior to the trip. - Sometimes initial decisions are subjected to modification or completely revamped. (B) Modification Phase - The phase during which details are COHEN’S TOURIST TYPOLOGY decided. Erik Cohen categorized tourist into: - This phase covers modifications made 1. Organized mass tourist during the trip. 2. Individual Mass Tourist - Examples are choices of specific sites 3. Explorer that were advertised in brochures that 4. Drifter travelers obtained from tourist information centers or decision to stay at -This is similar to Plog’s model wherein a hotel whose services are announced psychocentrics are further divided into on a billboard. organized and individualized and the allocentrics into explorers and drifters. CLASSIFICATION OF TRAVELERS COHEN’S TOURIST CATEGORIES The Organized Mass Tourist: Based on Personality - Package tour fixed itineraries, planned -Stanley C. Plog a biological researcher stops, guided organizers making the classified travelers based on their decisions different personalities as: - Familiarity at a maximum and novelty 1. Psychocentrics - People centered at a minimum on self are inhibited and unadventurous. 2. Allocentrics - People having interest and attention on other persons are The Individual Mass Tourist: Pleasure/Personal Travelers - Tour not entirely planned by others - Resort Travelers - The Elderly - Tourist having some control over - Family pleasure travelers his/her itinerary and time allocations - Single/Solo Travelers - Couple Travelers - Major arrangements made through travel intermediary Family Pleasure Travelers - Tourist remaining largely within the environmental bubble of home country - Junior Family - parents’ ages, 20-34, ways and mixing little with locals with preschool/grade school children. - Dominant familiarity - Mid-Range Family - parents’ ages, 35-44, with grade school/HS children. The Explorer - Tourists usually planning his/her own - Mature Family - parents’ ages, 45 or trips and trying to avoid developed over, with children who are HS or older. tourist attractions - Desire to mix with locals but still TRAVEL CONSTRAINTS: protected within the environmental - Lack of Money bubble. - Lack of Time – Dominant novelty, tourist not fully - Lack of Safety & Security integrating with locals - Family Commitments - Physical Disability The Drifter - Lack of Interest in Travel - Tourists plan their trip alone - Fears of Travel - Tourists avoid tourist attractions and live with the locals TYPES OF TOURISM: - Almost entirely immersed in the host Types based on Nature: culture, sharing its shelter, food and Botanical Tourism habits Farm Tourism - Novelty is dominant and familiarity Mountain Tourism disappears. Nature Tourism Air Sports Tourism Based on Purpose of Travel: Winter / Ski Tourism Business Travelers Village Tourism - Business Travelers attending Bird Watching meetings, conventions, and congresses Water sports Tourism - Regular business travelers Agricultural Tourism - Incentive travelers Highland Tourism Types based on Culture: Why Market is Segmented? Dark Tourism - Travel market is too large to reach Ethnic Tourism efficiently Festival Tourist - Travel market is too diverse to Silk Road Tourism communicate Faith Tourism - Breaking up the market will market it Cultural Tourism easier to manage Third Age Tourism Cultural Heritage Tourism Identifying Market Segmentation WHO: Who are in the market segment Types based on Education: that we would like to have? Educational Tourism Youth Tourism WHAT: What are their requirements? Congress tourism WHERE: Where do we promote the Types based on Hobbies: product? Through which distribution Shopping Tourism channel? Hunting Tourism Golf Tourism HOW: How do we develop marketing Gambling Tourism strategies to reach the market? Adventure Tourism Cave Tourism Benefits of Market Segmentation: Rafting Tourism - Understanding the needs and wants of Wine Tourism customers Yacht Tourism - Allocate marketing expenses efficiently - Further develop products or services TOURISM MARKET SEGMENTATION - Develop marketing strategies more What is Market Segmentation? precisely - Identifying tourism customers and deciding on how to meet their wants and needs - Learn more about the customers - Making the heterogeneous market into a homogenous market - The process through which potential customers with similar needs and characteristics are grouped together so that a tourism organization can apply marketing strategies for the selected market segment efficiently  TYPES OF TOURIST MARKET - The benefits of people seek in the SEGMENTATION goods or services Geographic Segmentation: - The amount of goods or services used - Grouping potential customers based on their location - The degree of company loyalty shown by the consumer in relation to the - Oldest and simplest basis for market specific goods or services segmentation - Commonly used geographic SEGMENTATION PROCESS segmentation variables include nations, Market Segmentation Decision regions, states/provinces, countries, Process: cities, and even neighborhoods. 1. Select segmentation approach Psychographic Segmentation 2. Create detailed profile of segment - Grouping on how they live, their 3. Forecast market potential of each priorities, their opinions, their attitudes, segment and their interests. 4. Estimate likely market share of each - Personality: psychocentrics, segment midcentrics, allocentrics. 5. Decide which segment to target and - Lifestyle dimension: activities, design appropriate marketing mix interest, opinions. Demographic Segmentation Specialized Tourist Segments: - Gender, age, ethnicity, occupation, educational level, income, household 1. Business and Professional size, and family situation. Travelers - backbone/bread and butter - Classified according to gender, age, 2. Incentive Travelers ethnicity, occupation, educational level, income, and household size. 3. SMERF Groups - social, military education, religion, and fraternal Product-Related Segmentation (Behavioral) 4. Mature Travelers - Benefits people seek in the goods or services, the amount of goods or 5. Special-Interest Travelers services used and degree of company loyalty MEASURES FOR TOURISTS SATISFACTION  TCW Silk Road Contributions: - The Silk Road was an ancient network of trade routes that connected the East What is globalization? and West, facilitating the exchange of goods, ideas, culture, and technology. - Globalization means the speedup of movements and exchanges of: Age of Exploration: WHAT? - Globalization accelerated during the human beings, Age of Exploration, with European goods, explorers discovering new sea routes and services, and connecting the Old World with the capital, Americas. technologies, or cultural practices Trade and Cultural Exchange: WHERE? all over the planet. - Maritime trade routes extended globalization, bringing not only goods - Globalization is the word used to but also Christian missionaries and new describe the growing interdependence ideas to previously unconnected of: regions. WHAT? the world's economies, THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONS cultures, 1830-1848 and populations, - Globalization spread further during the HOW? brought about by cross-border Age of Revolution, with ideas about trade in goods and services, technology, liberty and equality spreading from and flows of investment, people, and America to France, Latin America, and information. beyond. INFORMATION AGE HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION - The Information Age marked a dramatic increase in globalization, Pre-Columbian Exchanges: driven by advances in computer and - It refers to the interactions, trade, and communications technology. cultural exchanges that occurred among indigenous peoples across the Global Economic Interdependence: Americas, and between these peoples - The digital revolution has created a and others in the Old World, before the globally interconnected economy where arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492. economic successes or failures in one region can impact economies worldwide.  DIMENSIONS OF GLOBALIZATION THEORIES OF GLOBALIZATION ECONOMICS: World Systems Theory (Immanuel - Economic globalization means that the Wallerstein, 1974): monetary and fiscal policies of national - Categorizes countries based on governments are dominated by economic power into core, peripheral, movements in the international financial semi-peripheral, or external. markets reducing the economic - The global economy is structured with autonomy of nation-states dominant core countries exploiting - Globalization takes the entire world as less-developed peripheral countries, a single economic unit and the market maintaining economic inequalities. as its instrument. - Developed in response to modernization theory, which assumes all 1. open, liberal, free market, and free countries follow a linear path to trade with fewer regulatory barriers development. It built upon dependency theory, which highlighted the exploitation 2. national economies exceed economic of developing countries by wealthier borders, through instant computer nations. link-up World Polity Theory: (World Society 3. speed and extent of foreign direct Theory) investment and instant capital flows - Analyzes global relations, structures, and practices through a cultural 4. multinational companies move into framework. various locations where the labor is - The world operates as an integrated cheap. People from different national social system where cultural norms and boundaries shift their place of work and identities shape the behaviors and goals residence exposing themselves to of individuals, organizations, diverse cultural worlds. governments, and other actors. - World polity theory (also known as - The global financial organizations world society theory) sees actors as appropriate the maximum surplus embedded in a cultural context that leading to an intense disparity between influences their identity and actions, the rich and the poor - globalization also integrating them into a global society produces new understandings of with shared norms and models of social culture. action. SOCIETY and CULTURE: ENVIRONMENT: - Globalization implies an increased - Multifaceted phenomena that have a cultural interconnectedness across the domino-like effect on the environment globe: Mass media, Migration, Tourism. - Increased consumption leads to an increase in the production of goods, - Globalization opens the local culture to which in turn puts stress on the other ways of living and gives environment alternatives. - Led to an increase in the transportation of raw materials and food from one - Local cultures are exposed to ideas place to another such as human rights, democracy, and a - Industrial waste that is generated as a market economy, as well as new result of production has been laden on methods of production, new products for ships and dumped in ocean consumption, and new leisure habits. The Benefits of Globalization POLITICS: The Engine of Globalization - An - Unjust laws in some nation-states have Econo