Introduction to Psychology - FAMG 1023 PDF

SUBJECT : INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY SUBJECT CODE : FAMG 1023 LECTURER : ATIQAH JANI (K.B.,P.A.) FACULTY : CENTRE FOR FOUNDATION, LANGUAGES & GENERAL STUDIES  CHAPTER 3 Biological Psychology  COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME CHAPTER LEARNING OUTCOMES...

SUBJECT : INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY SUBJECT CODE : FAMG 1023 LECTURER : ATIQAH JANI (K.B.,P.A.) FACULTY : CENTRE FOR FOUNDATION, LANGUAGES & GENERAL STUDIES  CHAPTER 3 Biological Psychology  COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME CHAPTER LEARNING OUTCOMES describe physiological psychology describe the general features of a typical neuron classify the nervous system structurally: explain regarding the central nervous system central nervous system (CNS) explain regarding the peripheral nervous system peripheral nervous system (PNS) Biological Psychology Biological Psychology studies the connection between biological processes Definition and behaviors, emotions, and cognition. - Brain structures (e.g., amygdala, hippocampus) - Nervous system (CNS & PNS) Key Focus Areas - Endocrine system - Neurotransmitters and hormones - Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord; processes sensory information and coordinates responses. Key Components - Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Nerves outside the CNS; connects the CNS to the rest of the body (somatic and autonomic systems). Biological Psychology - Basic units of the nervous system Neurons - Transmit electrical and chemical signals - Composed of dendrites, axon, and cell body - Chemicals that transmit signals across synapses Neurotransmitters - Examples: dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine Synaptic - The process by which neurotransmitters are released by one neuron, cross Transmission the synapse, and bind to receptors on another neuron. - Amygdala: Regulates emotions and stress responses Brain Structures - Hippocampus: Involved in memory and learning - Lobes: Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital Nervous System - CNS: Brain and spinal cord Divisions - PNS: Somatic (voluntary control) and autonomic (involuntary functions) Biological Psychology Autonomic Nervous - Sympathetic Division: Prepares body for "fight or flight" System - Parasympathetic Division: Supports "rest and digest" functions - Glands that release hormones Endocrine System - Influences mood, metabolism, growth, and sexual development Importance of - Helps understand how biological factors influence behaviors Biological - Provides insights into mental health conditions (e.g., depression, anxiety) Psychology Biological Psychology vs Physiological Physiology Biological Psychology, also known as biopsychology or neuropsychology, examines how physiological processes (brain activity, neurotransmitter function, hormone secretion) relate to psychological phenomena (emotions, thoughts, behaviors) Physiological Physiology investigates how different brain regions (like the amygdala, hippocampus, and frontal cortex) control various behaviors and mental processes. Biological psychology uses this knowledge to understand how brain activity influences actions, decision-making, and emotional responses. Classify the nervous system structurally Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Cranial nerves Spinal nerves Divisions Nervous System Organization of the Nervous System Describe the general features of a typical neuron Neurons vary in size and shape. They may differ in length and size of their axons and dendrites. Neurons share certain features: o Dendrites o A cell body o An axon Structure of a Neuron Compare neuron with and without myelin sheath Functional Classification  Action potential/Impulse Electrical impulse travel along the axon and used to communicate information. Synapse and Synaptic Transmission A communication between a neuron with other cells such as : Neuron Glands Muscle Mostly chemical Rarely electrical Mostly present in lower animals Gap junctions Synapse and Synaptic Transmission Structure of Synapse Neurotransmitters Chemicals that facilitate signal transmission across a synapse Neurotransmitters are released on the presynaptic side and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic side Explain about central nervous system The central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. CNS receives input from sensory neurons, integrate, associate, process, plan a response and directs the activity of motor neurons that innervate muscles and glands. The Brain  Read about amygdala The Brain Lobes of the Brain Four (4) lobes bilaterally: 1. Frontal lobe 2. Parietal lobe 3. Temporal lobe 4. Occipital lobe Lobes of the Brain Four (4) lobes bilaterally: 1. Frontal lobe 2. Parietal lobe 3. Temporal lobe 4. Occipital lobe Cerebral Hemisphere The brain is symmetrical, or equal parts Although equal in size, these two sides are not the same, and do not carry out the same functions. The left side of the brain is responsible for controlling the right side of the body. On the other hand, the right hemisphere coordinates the left side of the body. Both hemispheres are connected by the corpus callosum and serve the body in different ways. Cerebral Hemisphere Cerebral Hemisphere Cerebral Hemisphere The Spinal Cord The Spinal Cord Slender column of nervous tissue continuous with brain and brainstem Extends downward through vertebral canal Begins at the foramen magnum and terminates at the first and second lumbar vertebrae (L1/L2) interspace Explain about peripheral nervous system Consist of nerve and ganglia that are outside from brain and spinal cord. Brain contains 12 pairs of cranial nerve Spinal cord contains 31 pairs of peripheral nerves Autonomic Nervous System Functions without conscious effort Controls visceral activities Regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands Two autonomic divisions regulate: Sympathetic division (speeds up) Prepares body for ‘fight or flight’ situations Parasympathetic division (slows down) Prepares body for ‘resting and digesting’ activities Conclusion Behavior is complicated. You might describe some action in just a few words (“I ate a meal” or “I argued with my roommate”), but that short description corresponds to an immensely complicated sequence of coordinated and well-timed movements. Each of complex behavior emerges from synapse and you experience results from dozens types of neurotransmitters, billions neurons, and trillion of synapses, each contributing in small ways. No one neuron or synapse does much by itself. How would you use this knowledge? Many mental health disorders may be associated with imbalances in neurotransmitters which are the chemicals that influence the activity of brain cells that regulate mood, pleasure, and rational thought (Kandal, 1998). The amygdala plays a key role integrating overt behavior, autonomic responses, and hormonal response during stress and emotion. Activity in the amygdala is elevated among patients/clients with depression or anxiety disorders. How would you use this knowledge? (cont.) The hippocampus processes memories of the environmental content in which an emotion occurs. If there is damage to the hippocampus the emotion will still be experiences oftentimes at inappropriate times and places. The goal is to remove the environmental anxiety or imbalance thus enabling the creation of a truly therapeutic environment. Concept Check Which of the following structures is part of the central nervous system (CNS)? A. Cranial nerves B. Spinal cord C. Spinal nerves D. Ganglia What is the function of the myelin sheath in neurons? A. To store neurotransmitters B. To increase the speed of electrical impulse transmission C. To connect neurons to muscles D. To produce hormones Concept Check Which of the following structures is part of the central nervous system (CNS)? A. Cranial nerves B. Spinal cord C. Spinal nerves D. Ganglia What is the function of the myelin sheath in neurons? A. To store neurotransmitters B. To increase the speed of electrical impulse transmission C. To connect neurons to muscles D. To produce hormones Concept Check Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for processing visual information? A. Frontal lobe B. Parietal lobe C. Temporal lobe D. Occipital lobe What is the primary role of neurotransmitters in the nervous system? A. To store energy B. To facilitate signal transmission across synapses C. To protect neurons from damage D. To create new neurons Concept Check Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for processing visual information? A. Frontal lobe B. Parietal lobe C. Temporal lobe D. Occipital lobe What is the primary role of neurotransmitters in the nervous system? A. To store energy B. To facilitate signal transmission across synapses C. To protect neurons from damage D. To create new neurons Concept Check The amygdala is known for its role in which of the following functions? A. Memory storage B. Regulating movement C. Processing emotions and stress responses D. Producing hormones What is the main difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system? A. Sympathetic speeds up processes, while parasympathetic slows them down B. Sympathetic controls voluntary actions, parasympathetic controls involuntary actions C. Sympathetic regulates smooth muscles, parasympathetic controls skeletal muscles D. Sympathetic is part of the CNS, parasympathetic is part of the PNS Concept Check The amygdala is known for its role in which of the following functions? A. Memory storage B. Regulating movement C. Processing emotions and stress responses D. Producing hormones What is the main difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system? A. Sympathetic speeds up processes, while parasympathetic slows them down B. Sympathetic controls voluntary actions, parasympathetic controls involuntary actions C. Sympathetic regulates smooth muscles, parasympathetic controls skeletal muscles D. Sympathetic is part of the CNS, parasympathetic is part of the PNS Concept Check Which part of the neuron receives signals from other neurons? A. Axon B. Dendrites C. Synapse D. Myelin sheath How are the two cerebral hemispheres of the brain connected? A. By the spinal cord B. By cranial nerves C. By the corpus callosum D. By the brainstem Concept Check Which part of the neuron receives signals from other neurons? A. Axon B. Dendrites C. Synapse D. Myelin sheath How are the two cerebral hemispheres of the brain connected? A. By the spinal cord B. By cranial nerves C. By the corpus callosum D. By the brainstem COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME THANK YOU