Social Work Concepts and Practice

**BASIC CONCEPTS OF SOCIAL WORK** **Social work-** is a practice-based profession and an academic discipline that promotes social change and development, social cohesion, and the empowerment and liberation of people. - The profession which is concerned with man's adjustment to his environmen...

**BASIC CONCEPTS OF SOCIAL WORK** **Social work-** is a practice-based profession and an academic discipline that promotes social change and development, social cohesion, and the empowerment and liberation of people. - The profession which is concerned with man's adjustment to his environment; ***a person (or groups) in relation to a person's (or their) social situation. (Mendoza, 2008)*** - The profession which promotes social change, problem- solving in human relationships and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-being. - Defined by ***International Federation of Social Workers*** **THE FOCUS OF SOCIAL WORK** **Social functioning** or how a person performs his/her social roles in his social situation or social environment. - ***Social Roles*** are the socially recognized patterns of behavior and activities expected from an individual occupying a certain position in society. (Mendoza, 2008) **WHAT IS PERSON-IN-SITUATION OR PERSON-IN- ENVIRONMENT?** -A perspective which arose from the experiences and observations of the pioneers that person and environment affect each other in a ***cause-and-effect manner.*** **PERSON-IN-ENVIRONMENT (SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT) --** includes larger social system and structure **PERSON-IN-SITUATION (SOCIAL SITUATION) -** An impinging segment of the social environment, of the person. Environment more closer and more intimate like friends family **CAUSES AND RESPONSES TO SOCIAL FUNCTIONING PROBLEMS** **Social Functioning problems may be caused by:** 1. Factors inherent to the person 2. Factors in the situation or environment 3. Factors in both the person and the situation and the environment **THE PERSON-** A human being human, individual sometimes used in combination especially by those who prefer to avoid man in compounds applicable to both sexes. It is a ***BIO PSYCHOSOCIAL*** being **THE PERSON: BIOLOGICAL COMPONENT** - The individuals state of health and nutrition; - Genetics; - Natural physical endowments at birth; - Normal biological growth and development; - Deviation from normal functioning including illnesses and physical disabilities. **THE PERSON: PSYCHOLOGICAL COMPONENT** Concerned with the individual's personality comprising what is commonly termed as "inner states. **THE PERSON: SOCIAL COMPONENT** **Comprised of the following five (5) sub- components:** 1. ***Societal*** aggregate data and social patterns which help create the social climate in which we live, regardless of whether people are aware or accept them. 2. ***Institutional*** Organizational arrangements in society. 3. **Status** characteristics of persons and their position in the society. 4. **Normative** the forms in which social behavior are expressed, and the social rules that shape these forms. 5. **Interactive** the type of interaction and perception of interaction. **THE ENVIRONMENT** - Pertains to one's surroundings. - May be described as the totality of factors and forces that make up the world in which a person lives. **The Dual Perspective of the Environment by: Dolores G. Norton (1978)** **Nurturing/Immediate Environment -**Intimate and frequent interactions happen in this environment, and allows for the development of sense of identity, belonging or self-worth. **Sustaining Environment -**People or interactions from the wider community and broader society. **The Person in the environment configuration** - Satisfaction of rules in life - Positive relationships with others - Feelings of self -- worth **THE SCOPE OF SOCIAL WORK** -Range of social work activity and involvements. 1. **Direct Services** -- social worker meets face to face with the client. 2. **Indirect Practice** -- social worker acts on behalf of a group of people who have a similar problem. **THE LEVELS OF SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE** 1. **Micro level** - Interaction at the most intimate level. - It is designated as direct (or clinical) practice because practitioners deliver services directly to clients in face-to-face contact. 2. **Mezzo level** - Defined as the "interpersonal relations that are less intimate than those associated with family life; more meaningful than among organizational and institutional representatives. 3. **Macro level** - On this level, social workers serve as professional change agents who assist community action systems composed of individuals, groups, or organizations to deal with social problems **THE LEVELS OF SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE** According to Meenaghan, 1987 activities of social workers at this level include the following: 1. Development of and work with community groups or organizations. 2. Program planning and development. 3. Implementation, administration and evaluation of program **SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE THEORIES** **SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE THEORIES/FRAMEWORK** The social work theories and practice frameworks guide the social workers to deliver effective and efficient social welfare service and intervention to the clients. **Theory Vs. Method** **[GENERAL SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVE]** **PURPOSE**: To assist the social worker in maintaining a focus on the dynamic interplay of the many biological and social systems that affect client behavior and functioning. **APPLICATION**: This is most useful in the beginning stages of the helping process, especially during assessment. This perspective reminds the workers that usually there are several points of intervention and types of intervention that can help client systems to change. **WHAT IS A SYSTEM?** Complex of elements standing in interaction. **IMPORTANT CONCEPTS TO REMEMBER IN THE GENERAL SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVE** **ENTROPY-** Refers to the tendency of systems to become disorganized, to disintegrate or to run down and die. **NEGENTROPY**- Refers to the forces that preserve the system's organization **EQUIFINALITY\--** a particular effect may result from several causes **MULTIFINALITY --** a given action may produce several different outcomes **INTERFACE** -- refers to the meeting or overlapping of two or more systems. **Four (4) interrelated activities for Social Functioning:** INPUT \-\-\-\-\-- CONVERSION PROCESS\-\-\-\-\-\--OUTPUT\-\-\-\-\-\-\--FEEDBACK **[STRENGTHS PERSPECTIVE]** **PURPOSE**: To ensure that the social worker is attentive to client strengths during assessment and intervention. **APPLICATION**: Necessary in work with all clients and during all phases of the helping process. **STRENGTHS PERSPECTIVE IN SOCIAL WORK:** This ask the worker to be guided first and foremost by a profound awareness of and respect for client's positive attributes and abilities, talents, and resources and aspirations. **[STRUCTURAL MODEL]** **PURPOSE**: To ensure that a social work intervention gives adequate and appropriate attention to the client's social environment and to social change. **STRUCTURAL MODEL IN SOCIAL WORK** Instead of focusing on helping individuals adjust to their situations, this approach aims to modify the environment first so it better meets the needs of the individual. **TWO (2) ASSUMPTIONS OF STRUCTURAL SOCIAL WORK** - Problems are not viewed as individual pathology, but as manifestation inadequate arrangements. Of social - Social change is the obligation of all social workers wherever they are in the bureaucratic hierarchy. **[ECOSYSTEM PERSPECTIVE]** **PURPOSE**: To maintain the social worker's focus on the person-in environment context of practice situation. It borrows its ideas from ecology and social systems theory. **ECOSYSTEM PERSPECTIVE IN SOCIAL WORK**: This perspective reminds us that the environment in which we must function is constantly changing and that individuals, communities, and whole societies must adapt to these changes. **Ecosystem** The unit of study in ecology as a partially or completely self-contained mass of organisms. -Ecosystems are never static; each species in an ecosystem is slowly but constantly adapting to an ever-changing environment. **Symbiosis** close and frequent interaction between two species wherein one or both benefit from this interaction. In order to become more competitive and cope successfully with a changing environment, species must be **adaptive**. **Niche**-composite of physical, chemical and biological factors needed by a particular species to survive, remain healthy, and reproduce within its ecosystem. "The special place or environment" This reminds us that the environment in which we must function is constantly changing and that individuals, communities, and who societies must **adapt** to these changes. **[SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO]** -Study of diwa; Psychology anchored on Filipino thought and experience as understood from Filipino perspectives. **PRINCIPAL EMPHASIS** -To foster national identity and consciousness, social involvement and psychology of language and culture. **VIRGILIO GASPAR ENRIQUEZ** **-**He established the Philippine Psychology Research House (PPRTH) which became home to materials on Sikolohiyang Pilipino. **APPLICATIONS OF SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO** 1. Use of local language in teaching, research and in the conduct of various conferences and symposia in psychology. 2. Techniques in therapy suited to Filipino personality 3. Providing psychological help to children in especially difficult circumstances such as children in situations of armed conflict, street children, prostituted children, etc 4. Area of feminist psychology 5. Industry 6. Non-government organizations **[CULTURE THEORY]** **CULTURE** - That complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, laws, customs, and other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of his society. -It is learned, shared, cumulative, dynamic, diverse, and whole (it is a system with many mutually interdependent parts). **ASPECTS OF CULTURE** **BELIEFS -** Concepts about how the world operates and where individuals fit in it; may be rooted in blind faith, experiences, traditions, or scientific observation. **VALUE** - The general and shared concepts of what is good, right, appropriate, worthwhile and important; either reflected in behavior or expressed verbally. **NORMS -** The written and unwritten rules that guide behavior and conduct appropriate to given situations. Included in these are folkways or customs (the behavior patterns of everyday life) and mores (folkways which involve moral or ethical values). **[FEMINIST THEORY]** **CORE PRINCIPLES** **GENDERED LENS -** Understanding that societal dynamics and relations shape, and are shaped by gendered roles and responsibilities. **PERSONAL IS POLITICAL** links the individual experiences of women with broader societal structures and trends. **DEMOCRATIZED STRUCTURES AND PROCESSES** Participatory/" flattened" structures. **INCLUSIVITY AND INTERSECTIONALITY** - **Intersectional Approach** recognizes the overlapping and compounding impact of race, socio-economic class, sexual orientation, gender identity, disability, religion, and other identities in shaping individual and group experiences of power, marginalization, and discrimination. **CARE AND CAREGIVING** placing relationships and caregiving at the heart of decision-making processes. **TRANSFORMATIONAL** Feminist practice seeks and contributes to, basic structural and cultural changes in terms of gender roles, norms and status. **FAMILY DEVELOPMENT AND THE LIFE CYCLE** **Family Life Cycle Perspective** - Considered as an important theoretical - framework. - Understand the predictable **GROWTH** and - **CRISES** of family life. - Focuses on the developmental tasks faced by - families and their members. - Reveals why family stress appears at critical - points of development. ***Results to:*** - Derailment of the family **Importance of understanding the Perspective** - Assess how a family is functioning. - Identify what it requires at particular points in its - revolution. - Track down if a family is meeting social - expectations for child rearing. - Predict issues and tasks that a family will face. ***Criticisms (Laszloffy,2002)*** ***First*** - It has been assumed all families develop in the same way. ***Second*** - It has assumed that the stages are sequential and linear. ***Third*** - It is biased toward a single generational level. **Factors Affecting Family Diversity Over Life Cycle** 1\. ***CULTURE*** - It defines the family. - (varies from one culture to another) - Gender roles and expectations - A group's history - Cultural traditions - "Vertical Hierarchy of Authority" (Paternal - Authority) ***2. SOCIAL CLASS*** - Lack necessary economic and social - resources - Oppression by the dominant group - Dilemmas: Poverty, Dropping Out from - School, Early Pregnancy **3. GENDER** - Social Changes (Changing roles of - Women) - "Sandwich Generation" - Males' challenges in the family life. - Stages of the Family Life Cycle **1. MARRIAGE/COUPLING/PAIR-BONDING** Affiliative Orientation (Sanders and Kroll, 2000) - The fact that nowadays, many decide not to enter into a state-sanctioned relationship. But do acquire the wife and husband roles and do live together before marriage (Live in). **Married Couple Without Children** - -An optimistic feeling that everything can be worked out successfully. - Couple are determined to succeed in their marriage. - In good health - Housing needs are simple and just for two - The established habits, and ways of living together at this stage are important both to the couple and for their future family **Three Major Tasks:** 1. Establishing a mutually satisfying relationship 2. Realigning relationships with extended families 3. Making decisions about parenthood ***Aspects negotiated at this stage include***: - Economic - Emotional/Intimacy, dependence, and so on - Power arrangements within the relationship, including physical, decision making, domination and so on - Interpersonal boundaries with each other and boundaries around the couple, such as with parents, family and friends - Sexuality - Deciding whether to have children - Domestic responsibilities - Adjustment, Compromise, and Hard Work - Experience pressures - Tension - "Joined as one for eternity in wedded bliss" ***Family Tasks:*** - Committing to the relationship - Formulating roles and rules - Becoming a couple while separating from families of origin - Compromising and negotiating around concrete and personal needs **2. FAMILIES WITH YOUNG CHILDREN (Oldest Child: birth to 30 months)** - The arrival of the child complicates family life - Whether the child is in healthy state or has born with disabilities Results to: - Upheaval - Decrease in marital satisfaction - Creates the first triangle in two parent families - New roles and responsibilities emerge - Can precipitate or entrench gender differences and gender inequalities in domestic life - If parents do not change in response to the birth of a child Results to: - Child having difficulty in surviving - Demanding in nature - Parental relationship must be reconfigured - Child's needs are more pressing than the parents - Grief about lost freedom in lifestyle, recreation, and career options. One of the greatest losses is sleep - Preparing for and adapting to the birth of the child - and resolving conflicts - In Regards to: - Commitment - Fears **Family Tasks:** - Restabilizing the marital unit with a triangle - Bonding with the child and integrating that child into the family - Realigning relationships with one another, deciding on work or career and domestic chores **3. FAMILIES WITH SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN (Oldest Child: 30 months to 6 years)** - Children become more active - Greater independence ***Children at this stage:*** - Hopping off the stairs or climbing into the toilet - Superman pajamas may transform the youngster into a superhero who recklessly jumps off furniture. - Child's energy seems inexhaustible - Young greets each new experience with glee - Growing cognitive abilities and exploratory skills - Poor parent supervision creates risk for the child - The concern is child's safety - Children continue to develop increasingly complex social relationships that emphasize work, play and love - Parental Energy Levels can be an issue - Sibling Rivalry - Optimal Development - That children have access to a variety of significant others **3.1 Families with School-Aged Children (Oldest Child: 6 to 13 years)** - Family adjustment is once stretched - Family members must learn to plan schedules around school and extracurricular activities - Separating and uniting - Children must adjust to a regulated routine - struggle in the part of the children - Differences in family income levels become strikingly visible ***Skills required at this phase:*** - Organizing - Cooperating - Supporting family members - Children acquire necessary skills and attitudes for success in a school environment - If children achieve something, the parents should reinforce it. - Latchkey Children - Children who come home to an empty house - Parents should establish strong connections with those institutions that work with their children ***Family Tasks:*** - Allowing greater independence of children - Opening family boundaries to accommodate new social institutions and new people - Understanding and accepting role changes **4. FAMILIES WITH TEENAGERS (Oldest Child:13 to 20 years)** - Adolescence as family turbulence - Adolescent is moving toward adulthood (assuming greater responsibility and reliability) - Family structure may change and emotions might run high - Family environment shifts from a crucible into a springboard - Encounter increasing demands to change family functioning (relationships, finances and responsibilities) - Limit setting ***Issues face by teenagers:*** - Sexuality - Dating - Renegotiating relationships with family - Making decisions about what direction to head - Teens require support and encouragement - Adolescents loosen family ties, and establish closer relationships with peers ***Tasks:*** - Learning to trust others - Acquiring a stable identity - Addressing the questions of their life Intimacy, relationships, morality, peer associations, and life goals ***Challenge:*** - The child must get through adolescence without making poor decisions - Adolescents struggle to define themselves and make their own decisions ***Family Tasks:*** - Dealing with teen demands for independence through appropriate boundary adjustments - Redefining personal autonomy - Rule changes, limit setting, and role negotiation **5. LAUNCHING (First Child gone to last child leaving home)** - Once referred empty nest - Children separate from their parents, develop intimate peer relationships and become established in achieving life goals - Young people focus on establishing themselves as independent adults, capable of functioning on their own ***Reasons in leaving home:*** - Young adults will be starting their own families - Find work - Enter College - The family size shrinks ***Factors affecting Launching*** - Individual choice - Socioeconomic Status - Culture ***Tendencies on the part of the parents to:*** - Renegotiate their relationship - Or decide to part ways due to marital discord which was masked during the times their children are still with them ***Family Tasks:*** - Preparing young person for independent living - Leaving home through schooling and job skills - Accepting and promoting youth's self-sufficiency **6. BOOMERANG STAGE** - Leaving and returning process ***Reasons in returning home:*** - Might return home from college for summer break - Might encounter relationship difficulties or financial setbacks - Might become ill and need the care of their parents - Requires flexibility and active negotiation ***Blacker (1999) suggest these three conditions:*** 1. If the parent-child relationship is positive 2. If the family agrees continue to provide support 3. If the parents have remained together rather than transforming a new stepfamily or being single parent household ***Responsibilities:*** - Children must chip financial responsibility with the parents - Respect the personal space of others - Contribute to domestic chores - Recognizing that parents are not obligated to take care of their children ***Challenge:*** - Children to assume adult roles and not revert to earlier parent-child days when the parent was the authority ***Family Tasks:*** - Readjusting family system to accommodate children returning home as adult children - Dealing with couple issues - Renegotiating personal and physical space - Renegotiating role responsibilities **7. MIDDLE-AGED PARENTS (Empty nest to retirement)** - Their expenses are now much lower that they have been in years - Middle-aged parents who no longer have their children living with them - Reestablishing themselves as a couple - Parents become more vulnerable due to failing health and increased dependence ***Family Tasks:*** - Adjusting to new roles and relationships apart from children **8. AGING FAMILY MEMBERS (After retirement)** - The original couple becomes grandparents (Busy lending help to the overworked parents) - Lasts until the death of one of the parents - Couples might become isolated during this stage - Even more difficult if the couple suffers from inadequate finances - Role reversal happens - "Sandwich Generations" ***Family Tasks:*** - Involvement with grandchildren and partners of the children - Dealing with issues related to aging - Striving to maintain dignity, meaning, and independence **Variations Affecting the Family Life Cycle** 1\. Separation and Divorce 2\. Single Parenting 3\. Remarriage, Step parenting, and Blended 4\. Death of a Parent 5\. Parenting by grandparents **ISSUES AND PROBLEMS IN THE FAMILY** ***Empty-shell Marriages*** \- the spouses feel no strong attachments to each other. \- outside pressure keeps the marriage together rather than feelings of warmth and attraction between the partners. Such pressures include; business reasons, investment reasons, outward appearances. \- communication is kept to a minimum \- a couple may believe that ending the marriage would harm the children or be morally wrong. \- children in such families are usually starved for love and reluctant to have friends over to visit because they are embarrassed about how their parents interact. \- outsiders may perceive that the partners and often the children appear insensitive, cold and callous to each other. ***Three Types of Empty-shell Marriages (John f. Cuber and Peggy B. Harroff)*** - Devitalized relationship - husband and wife lack excitement or any real interest in each other or their marriage. Boredom and apathy characterize this relationship. Serious arguments are rare. - Conflict habituated relationship - husband and wife frequently quarrel in private or they may also quarrel in public or they may put a façade of being compatible. The relationship is considered conflict, tension and bitterness. - Passive-congenial relationship - both partners are not happy but are content with their lives and generally feel adequate. The partners may have some interests in common but those interests are generally insignificant. This type of relationship generally has little overt conflict. **Family Violence** Violence in families in not limited to child abuse. The number of children who assault their parents is greater than the number of children abused by their parents. **Elder Abuse** - refers to the physical or psychological mistreatment of older adults. The perpetrator may be the son or daughter of the older adult, a caregiver or some other person. Forms of mistreatment of older persons are grouped in the following 8 categories: **Physical abuse** -- the infliction of physical pain or injury, including bruising, punching, restraining or sexually molesting. **Psychological abuse** -- the infliction of mental anguish, such as intimidating, humiliating and threatening harm. **Financial abuse** -- the illegal or improper exploitation of the victim's assets or properties. **Neglect** -- the deliberate failure or refusal to fulfill a caregiving obligation, such as denial of food or health care or abandoning the victim. **Sexual abuse** -- nonconsensual sexual contact with an older person. **Self-neglect --** behaviors of a frail, depressed or mentally incompetent older person that threaten his or her safety or health, such as failure to eat or drink adequately or to take prescribed medications **Abandonment** -- desertion of vulnerable elder by anyone who has assumed the responsibility for care or custody of that person. **Violating personal rights** -- rights that may be violated include the older person's right to privacy and to make his or her personal and health decisions. **Spouse Abuse** \- The systematic use of violence and the threat of violence by some men to keep their wives in line \- Injuries from woman battering are more common than those from rape, mugging, or even auto accidents \- Spouse abuse occurs as often among the well-educated as among the less educated \- Wives are more likely to remain in the home; a) the violence is infrequent; b) they were abused by their parents when they were children c) they believe they are financially dependent on their husband **Child Abuse and Neglect** Alfred Kadushin and Judith Martin defines these as; - Physical abuse - Malnourishment; poor clothing, lack of proper shelter, sleeping arrangements, attendance or supervision. (Includes "failure to thrive" syndrome which describes infants who fail to grow and develop at a normal rate) - Denial of essential medical care - Failure to attend school regularly - Exploitation, overwork - Exposure to unwholesome or demoralizing circumstances - Sexual abuse - Somewhat less frequently, the definitions include emotional abuse and neglect involving denial of the normal experiences that permit a child to feel loved, wanted, secure, and worthy. **Physical Abuse** -- "battered child syndrome" \- Beating a child to the point at which some physical damage is done \- Children have been beaten using a variety of objects including bare fists, electric cords, ropes, rubber hoses, baseball bats, belts, sticks, pool cues, wooden shoes, broom handles, chair legs, and books. \- Some are kicked and burned with open flames (such as cigarette lighters) scalded by hot liquids, strangled or suffocated by pillows and drowned in bathtubs. \- Others ate stabbed, bitten, thrown violently to the floor or against a wall or stomped on **Physical Neglect** \- Child neglect is more problem of omission than commission \- Specific types of neglect include a) child abandonment; b) environmental neglect -- letting a child live in filth, without proper clothing, unattended, unsupervised, or without proper nourishment; c) educational neglect -- in which a child is allowed to be excessively absent from school and d) medical neglect, in which no effort is made to secure needed medical care for the child. \- neglectful mother as physically exhausted, mentally impoverished, emotionally deprived and socially isolated. \- parental neglect is more likely to be found among those who are poverty stricken or who live on marginalized incomes. **Emotional Neglect** \- failure to provide the child the emotional nurturing or emotional support necessary for the development of a sound personality. ***(According to The National Clearinghouse on Child Neglect and Abuse)*** \- some children do suffer from emotional neglect, even when they are adequately cared for physically. **Unwholesome or demoralizing Conditions** \- children who are exposed to their parents' continued prostitution, criminal activity, drug addiction and severe alcoholism \- Such exposure is deemed injurious to the moral development of children Exploitation \- forcing a child to work for unreasonable long hours or encouraging a child to beg, steal, or engage in prostitution **Sexual Abuse of Children** Child Molestation -- is the abuse of a child by an adult. Sexual abuse includes not only sexual intercourse (genital or anal) but also oral contact, fondling and behaviors such as exposing oneself to a child and photographing or viewing a child for the molesters' erotic pleasure **Two Categories of Child Molesters:** **Fixated** - primary sexual object is children; he would always prefer a child as sexual partner over an adult. **Pedophilia --** a sexual disorder characterized by recurrent sexual fantasies and urges or behaviors involving sexual activity with children. **Regressed** -- a person whose usual sexual interest is an adult partner but when faced with massive stress, he regresses emotionally and acts out sexually toward children to meet his needs **Incest** -- defined as sexual relations between blood related. It is extended to include sex between certain nonblood relatives such as between stepparent and a child **Births Outside of Marriage** \- Pregnancies that re unplanned and unwanted and is result from misinformation or lack of access to birth control \- Although teenage women represent roughly 25% of the population of child bearing age, they account for 45% of all births outside of marriage. \- It is a problem that id disproportionately faced by adolescents. **Rape** \- forced intercourse \- primarily an aggressive act secondarily a sexual act -- it is a sexual expression of aggression, not an aggressive expression of sexuality \- mismanagement of aggression; the rapist's gratification **Three Categories of Rapists:** **The anger rapist --** performs his act to discharge feelings of pent-up anger and rage. His aim is to hurt and debase his victim; forced sex is his ultimate weapon. **The power rapist** -- interested in possessing his victim sexually, not harming her. He acts out of underlying feelings of inadequacy and is in interested in controlling his victim. He uses only the amount of force necessary to gain her compliance. **The sadist rapist** -- eroticizes aggression; that is aggressive force creates sexual arousal in him. He is enormously gratified by his victim's torment, pain, and suffering. Victims hesitant to report the crime for a variety of reasons; 1\. They may feel that reporting the case will do them no good because they have been victimized 2\. They sometimes fear that they may be humiliated by the questions the police will ask 3\. They are reluctant to press charges because they fear the reactions of the general public and of people close to them, including their boyfriends or husbands 4\. Fear that if they report, the rapist will try to attack them back 5\. Others fail to report it because they do not want to testify in court **Date Rape** \- 22% stated that they had been victimized by at least one incident of forced sexual intercourse on a date. Date rape is not a rare occurrence \- result from the mistaken belief on the part of the man that, if he spends money on the woman, he is entitled to (or she is implicitly giving consent to) sexual rewards \- the date rapist also was much more likely to report using variety of manipulative techniques on their dates like falsely professing love, getting the dates high on alcohol or other drugs and falsely promising to go steady or get engaged. **Dynamics of Family Life** **1. The Family** ***Burgess and Locke (1960**):* A group of individuals united by ties of marriage, blood, or adoption, forming a single household. They interact and communicate with each other in their respective roles of husband and wife, mother and father, son and daughter, brother and sister, creating and maintaining a common culture. ***Kramer (1980):*** A group of people with a past or history, a present reality, and future expectations, interconnected by transactional relationships. Members may not be necessarily bound by heredity, legal marital ties, or common arrangements. ***Family Code (1988):*** A natural and social institution based on the conjugal union of individuals founded for the common accomplishment of the material and spiritual ends of life under the authority of the original ascendant. ***Episcopal Commission on Catechesis & Catholic Education (1994):*** A man and woman united in marriage, together with their children. It is a privileged community called to achieve a sharing of thought and common deliberation by the spouses as well as their eager cooperation as parents in the children\'s upbringing. -***Ponce (1996):*** A basic unit of society with a nucleus of two or more adults living together and cooperating in the care and rearing of their children. ***Lamana and Keidman (1995):*** Family members need not be bound by legal marriage or blood adoption. Habiting couples, single-parent households, childless unions, and dual-career or reversed-role combinations can be considered families. This signifies a shift towards less rigid perspectives adopted by social scientists. ***Contemporary View:*** The family is no longer defined by blood relations but by functions. A group of individuals agreeing to meet the needs and perform the functions of the family can constitute themselves as a family. **The Family as a Basic Social Institution and Primary Group** \- The family plays a vital role in the development of the individual. \- It is influential in determining the social organization of the entire society. \- It is regulated by custom and law. \- It gives continuity to the society through its reproductive function. \- It is the group that socializes the individual and provides for its basic social needs. \- The family is also the basic unit of production and consumption, and as such, is at the heart of the economic process (United Nations, 1992). \- The family exists because there is no other unit which can fulfill the vital functions it performs for society (Kirkpatrick): \- It serves as the link between the individual and the larger society. \- It is a major agency in the transmission of culture. \- It ensures the continuity of social life. \- It passes cultural tradition from generation to generation. **Basic Functions of the Family** **1. Reproduction:** The regulation of sexual behavior and reproduction is necessary to perpetuate the human species for the continuity of society. With the marriage bond, sex expression is socially sanctioned, ensuring the perpetuation and continuity of the family. **2. Biological Maintenance:** The family is responsible for the care of the young. The helpless infant who is born requires physical and material needs, such as sustenance, nourishment, and protection. From the family, the infant and later the child draw security, affection, and guidance. They learn tenderness, sympathy, understanding, and generalized love. 3\. **Socialization**: It is within the family that young individuals develop their personality, acquire the basis for distinguishing between right and wrong, and develop the value orientation necessary to be men and women. \- The family transmits the culture of the group through patterned ways of learning values via example, teaching, or indoctrination. \- Supported by a system of reward and punishment, the child: \- Imbibes the value systems of society and internalizes them. \- Acquires the basic skills and basic motivation and attitudes toward work essential for their tasks. \- Acquires the standards of behavior, aspirations, and expectations of the family, which then become part of their personality. 4\. **Status Placement:** The family gives its members their status. The child acquires their name, lineage, and a social position that their family occupies in the community. Whether born into a lower or upper-class family, the child is provided with values and attitudes that form part of their social heritage. 5\. **Mechanism for Social Control:** The family exerts pressure on its members to engage in desirable behavior. It keeps its members within bounds in various aspects of living, such as their relations with their fellowmen, morals, control of sex drives, etiquette, earning a living, etc. **Other Functions of the Family** ***Economic:*** The family is an important unit in terms of production, consumption, and distribution. It is a source of labor, holder of property, and transmitter of wealth. ***Education***: The family takes on the role of an educator, starting the socialization process in the pre-school years for its child members in an informal manner. It transmits its knowledge, skills, attitudes, appreciation, and values to its members. ***Recreation:*** The family is concerned with the parents\' selection, guidance, and coordination of the family\'s recreational life. ***Religious:*** The family introduces its children to religion. ***Political:*** Aspects of family lines of authority, decision-making, the system of commanding and following, loyalty to members, and the cooperative spirit carry over to the political activity of the larger society. **Basic Familial Structures/Organizations** \- The family is a social institution that consists of social structures or organizations. \- Family social structures provide the framework for the performance of reciprocal roles and the performance of functions to make the relationship enduring. \- The nature of familial structures has a bearing on personality development. \- Structures of families vary from culture to culture. **Types/Classification of Family Structures or Organization** Based on Internal Organization or Membership **(Nuclear, Primary, or Elementary Family and the Extended Family)** ***The Nuclear, Primary, or Elementary Family:*** \- Composed of a husband (father) and his wife (mother) and their children in a union recognized by members of the society. **Two Kinds of Nuclear Families:** ***a. Family of Orientation***: The family into which one is born and where one is reared and socialized. ***b. Family of Procreation:*** The family established by the person through their marriage, in which they beget children and have the responsibility of providing for them. ***Two Types of Family Structure Corresponding to the Nuclear and Extended Families:*** **a. Conjugal Family:** Considers the spouses and their offspring as of prime importance, emphasizing the marriage bond. **b. Consanguineal Family:** Considers the nucleus of blood relations as more important than the spouses. The relationship of the person with the blood kin formed during childhood is emphasized. **Advantages/Disadvantages: Family Structures** A. Nuclear Family with Emphasis on Conjugal Bond, Independent Resistance, Strong Allegiance to the Members, Romantic Love and Sex Attraction: ***Advantages:*** \- Live independently. \- Motivates husband and wife to work out a harmonious relationship based on congeniality of interest, mutual understanding, and sympathy. \- Members tend to be imbued with values of independence, initiative, and self-reliance. ***Disadvantages:*** \- Children may develop emotional problems due to excessive child-centeredness and solitude of the parents for them. \- Children feel the impact of the strain severely in times of crisis. **B. Extended Family Structure** ***Advantages:*** \- Likelihood for performance service to a member of the family on their kin in times of crisis, thus withstanding the stress and strains of life. \- Children can learn to adjust to persons of varying age levels because of the diffused relationship. \- Children learn cooperation at an early age. \- A wide range of protection is afforded for its members. ***Disadvantages:*** \- Children may become overly dependent upon adults, thus stifling the development of self-reliance, initiative, and independence. \- A wide range of kin relationships results in confusion of values and norms. **Family Structure Based on Descent** \- Rules of descent imply cultural norms which affiliate a person with a particular group and kin for certain social purposes and services, such as mutual assistance and regulations of marriage. ***Types of Families on the Basis of Descent:*** **1. Patrilineal Descent:** Affiliates a person with a group of relatives who are related to them through their father. The child has also a well-defined relationship with their mother\'s kin, but when they find it necessary to seek aid, they turn to their father\'s kin. 2**. Matrilineal Descent:** Affiliates a person with a group of relatives related to them through their mother. **3. Bilateral Descent**: Affiliates a person with a group of kinsmen related to them through both parents. **Family Structures Based on Residence** (The Preferred Rule of Residence of the Newly Married Couple) ***1. Patrilocal Residence:*** Requires that the newly married couple live with or near the domicile of the parents of the bridegroom. ***2. Matrilocal Residence:*** Requires that the newly married couple live with or near the domicile of the parents of the bride. ***3. Bilocal Residence:*** Gives the couple a choice of staying with either the groom\'s parents or the bride\'s parents, depending on certain factors: \- Wealth: Wishes of parents. \- Status: Personal preference of bride and groom. ***4. Neolocal Residence***: Permits the couple to reside independently of the parents of either the groom or bride. ***5. Avunculocal Residence:*** Prescribes that the couple reside with or near the maternal uncle of the group; very rare **Family Structure Based on Authority** (Based on Who Wields Authority or Where Authority is Vested in the Family or Kinship Group) 1**. Patriarchal Family:** Authority is vested in the oldest male in the family, often the father. The sons, especially the eldest, enjoy prestige and privileges. \- The male speaks for the family group with regard to property relationships and legal obligations. \- A double standard of morality exists. \- Characterized by family solidarity and ancestor-ship. **2. Matriarchal Family:** Authority is vested in the mother or the mother\'s kin. \- The female speaks for the family group with regard to property relationships and legal obligations. \- A double standard of morality exists. \- Characterized by family solidarity and ancestor-ship. 3\. **Equalitarian Family:** Husband and wife exercise a more or less equal amount of authority. **4. Matricentric Family:** The mother has a dominant position in the family, perhaps due to the absence of the father who commutes for work, but he also shares with the mother in decision-making. **Forms of Marriage** (Forms of Marriage in a Society Affect the Structure of the Family\'s Larger Kinship Group) **1. Monogamy**: Permits a man to take only one spouse at a time. \- Advantages: Offers a more balanced division of labor and minimizes emotional and psychic implications, such as jealousy. **2. Polygamy:** Plural marriage. \- Forms: Polygyny, Polyandry, Group Marriage. ***- Polygyny***: A man takes two or more women at the same time, involving a common household, economic cooperation, and sexual reproduction. Allowed among Muslims and Mormons; in upper socio-economic levels in some societies, it becomes a status symbol. Problems in polygyny adjustment due to jealousy and distribution of economic tasks, usually minimized by providing separate dwellings for the wives and giving the first wife superior social position. ***- Polyandry***: The marriage of a woman to two or more men at a time, practiced among the Todas of the Himalayas and Marguesans of Polynesia. **Selection of Marriage Partner** (Various Pressures and Controls Operate to Regulate the Choice of Marriage Partner) **Types of Marriage Regarding Selection:** **- Homogamy:** Marrying someone of the same characteristics. **- Hypergamy:** Marrying someone outside one\'s social class. ***1. Endogamy:*** The norm that one should marry within one\'s clan or ethnic group. Or parents contrive that their children marry within their religious group, locality, or social class. 2***. Exogamy:*** Prescribes that one should marry outside one\'s clan or ethnic group. \- Some societies observe the levirate and sororate norms. **- Levirate:** The widow marries the brother or nearest kin of the deceased husband. \- **Sororate:** The widower marries the sister or nearest kin of the deceased wife. **- Reason:** To keep wealth or power within the family and make the socialization of the family continuous. **Family Patterns and Changing Roles** \- Family patterns and changing roles transcend from basic social heritage (culture), which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, customs, and any other capacities and habits acquired by man as a member of society, which are transmitted from one group to another. \- Patterns are established modes of behavior or clusters of mental attitudes, beliefs, and values held in common by the members of a group. \- Roles are socially prescribed patterns of behavior corresponding to an individual\'s status in a particular group. \- Man\'s behavior patterns are composed of the social habits that each new individual begins to acquire soon after birth from the other members of their group. \- Culture content varies from one group to another. It grows as new ideas and new technologies are discovered, and old ways are modified or discarded. The degree, manner, and rate of change vary as they are brought about by new ideas introduced from within or without through the method of cultural borrowing. **Variables Influencing the Family (Cultural, Physical, Socio-Economic as Cultural Variables)** 1\. **Culture**: Components: Social Norms, Ideas, and Material Things. ***-Social Norms:*** Guides or models of behavior which tell us what is proper or improper, appropriate or inappropriate, right or wrong. Shared rules about acceptable and unacceptable social behavior (Persell, 1984). Usually in the form of rules, standards, or prescriptions, like rules of conduct for doctors, teachers, fathers, and children, and so on. Social norms include: folkways, mores, laws, and institutions. ***-Folkways:*** Customary ways, the repetitive or typical habits and patterns of expected behavior or community. Behavior patterns of everyday life (rules of eating, cooking, sleeping, greetings, etc.). ***-Mores:*** Special folkways with ethical and moral values which are strongly held and emphasized since they involve respect for authority, marriage, and sex behavior patterns, religious rituals, and other basic codes of human behavior. Mores are social \"no\'s\" with strong feelings of right and truth, having moral sanction. These involve the \"must\" and \"should\" of society. Mores are coercive in nature, and violators are considered immoral, sinful, and antisocial. **-Folklore**: Traditional customs, beliefs, dances, songs, tales, or sayings presented orally and ineffectively among a group of people. **-Customs:** Distinctive styles, songs, or characteristics of any period, country, class, occupation, or occasion. **-Language:** A special manner or characteristic mode of expression significant for human intercourse. **-Laws:** Formalized social norms enacted by people who have been vested with political powers as some kind of legislation and which are enforced through the machinery of the state. ***-Fashion, Fads, Crazes:*** Short-lived social norms which operate as forces of social change affecting family life (style of dress, bags, hair, gadgets, furniture, etc.). **-Ideas**: Another component of man\'s culture is ideas---beliefs and values. These are meanings of man\'s experiences expressed by means of symbols. Ideas are nonmaterial aspects of culture and embody man\'s conceptions of his physical, social, and cultural world. Ideas perpetuate culture, thus culture lives on through culture transmitted from one generation to another. **- Beliefs:** Man\'s perception and conviction about reality and includes the primitive man\'s concepts. Ideas of the universe, scientists\' views about the world (superstitions, riddles, philosophy, technology, etc.). **-Values:** Expressions of ultimate ends, goals, or purposes of social action. According to R.S. Williams, it is \"an aspect of a situation or event that is invested with preferential interest as being good, desirable, and the like.\" **Classifications of Values** Personal: Individual level. Social: Group level. Functions of Values \- A criterion of choice which allows economy of human energy. \- Giving direction to interest and attention. \- Serving as a referent of social function and sanction. **Physical Variables Affecting Family Life** 1\. ***Demography:*** The statistical study of the characteristics of human population, especially with reference to size and density, growth, distribution, migration, and vital statistics, and the effect of all these on social and economic conditions. ***2. Environmental Change:*** \- Environmental pollution. \- Space relationships. \- Forest denudations - resulting in the destruction of trees and humans in the forest. \- Urbanization - the transformation of rural areas into urban centers, heading to population congestion, which results in health, social, educational, and other social problems. \- Industrialization and technology (automation results in unemployment). ***3. Ecology:*** Concerned with the interrelationship of organisms and their environment, especially as manifested by natural cycles and rhythms, community development and structure, interaction between different kinds of organisms, geographic distribution, and population. **Problems Arising from the Politics of Ecology** \- The concept of life as intrinsically good and death intrinsically bad, resulting in an imbalance between birth and death rates, thus accelerating human numbers as the inevitable emergence. \- Underdevelopment - rapid rates of population increase do not enhance industrialization since material resources are absorbed in the task of supplying the needs of a growing population. \- The contraceptive revolution has no significant impact yet upon the family life of the people, especially in underdeveloped countries. Birth control is expensive and involves the whole population. \- To persuade men and women to abandon their traditional views of sexuality and morality is a huge and difficult task. \- Poverty combined with ignorance breeds a lack of desire for better things (wantlessness), hence the resigned acceptance of a subhuman lot. **Population Explosion** \- Overpopulation means greater demand for basic necessities, such as jobs, housing facilities, food, education, health, and other services. Such a situation poses a threat to economic stability, which affects the family. **Economic Inflation** \- High cost of living. \- Power management techniques. \- High cost of labor. \- Lack of local materials. \- Resultant reduction in quality. \- Lack of long-range economic planning. \- International relations and politics. **Socio-economic Aspects (Which Influence Family**) **- Standard of Living:** Consists of all those things which man insists on having. **- Mode of Living**: A manner of actual behavior and accomplishment. \- **Division of Labor**: The responsibility of each member of the family necessary for a substantially happy life. \- **Occupation**: Whatever an adult spends most of their time doing. **-Social Status:** A recognized position or relationship to society or group. **- Social Stratification:** Social levels or layers which sum up general estimates of social status. **The Family Life Cycle** \- In the life of an individual, there are five stages of family experiences: 1. Life in the parental family of orientation. 2. Courtship. 3. The first year of marriage in the family of procreation. 4. Parenthood. 5. Grandparenthood accompanied by empty-nest adjustments. \- Some authors consider the stages of starting a family as follows: \- Honeymoon. \- Child-bearing. \- Child-rearing. \- Launching. \- Empty-nest. **The Family Development Cycle** 1\. Expansion: \- Birth of children. \- Children are nurtured and socialized. \- Dependency of children on parents. 2\. Dispersion and Fission: \- Marriage by the firstborn child. \- The fission stage is reached when the youngest child decides to marry. 3\. Replacement: \- Death of parents and the assumption of their statuses and responsibilities by the families of their children. \- The bond of the family, therefore, is made up of a fusion of factors: biological, psychological, social, economic, and cultural. Courtship, Marriage, and the Family 1\. Courtship: \- Courtship is the process engaged in by two individuals. It is a form of behavior seeking to win the consent of another for marriage. \- It is a progressive commitment heading towards a succession of events towards the development of love and affection. - Stages of the courtship process: - Dating: Getting acquainted. - Going steady: The practice of dating one person exclusively. - Private understanding: Open declaration of each other\'s desire for marriage. - Engagement: Public announcement of love involving parents, relatives, and friends. 2\. Marriage: - Institutional elements of love: - Provides the cultural mechanism to ensure the continuity of the family. - An institution which is a cluster of mores and folkways, of attitudes, ideas, and ideals, of social definitions and legal restrictions. - Makes sexual intercourse legitimate, sanctions parenthood, and provides a stable background for the rearing of children. - Marriage: A socially sanctioned union of a man and a woman with the expectation that they will assume the roles of husband and wife. - It is a social and legal norm by which the relationship of the two sexes is controlled and restricted by society. - It involves public sanction as well as systematic social control through a private affair. **Legal Aspects of Marriage:** **1. Legal Capacity of Contracting Parties: Who must be male and female.** \- Must be 18 years old. **2. Consent Freely Given in the Presence of the Solemnizing Officer:** - Members of the judiciary. - Religious solemnizers. - Ship captains or airplane pilots. - Military commanders. - Filipino consuls. **3. Valid Marriage License:** Written permission issued by the LCR authorizing their marriage by the solemnizing officer. - Exceptions: - In articulo mortis. - Marriages in remote places. - Marriages of people who have cohabited for at least five years. - Muslim marriages. **4. Marriage Ceremony**: Should take place with the appearance of the contracting parties. Void and Voidable Marriages: 1. Those contracted by parties below 18 years old even with the consent of parents. 2. Those solemnized by any person not legally authorized to perform marriages. 3. Those solemnized without a license. 4. Bigamous/Polygamous marriage. 5. Those contracted through a mistake of identity. 6. Contracted by any party who at the time of the celebration was psychologically incapacitated to comply with essential marital obligations. 7. Physical incapacity - inability to perform a sexual act. 8. Incestuous marriage. **Family Problems and Coping Mechanisms** Family Problems ***1. The Gap Between Generations:*** - Rapidly changing life. - Each generation must be different in order to meet the changing conditions of its time. - Families, however, continue to follow established customs and appear bewildered or embattled by the pressure upon them to decide the necessary or desirable changes in their life patterns. - Increasing multitudes of mothers who are employed outside the home are making the girl\'s problem of maturation difficult. ***2. Marriage Conflicts*** 3\. Family Disorganization as a Family Crisis: - Two forms of family crisis leading to disorganization: - Those experienced by all: - Mobility. - Sudden loss of economic support. - Death. - Prolonged illness. - Separation. - Those which carry social stigma: - Disgrace: - Loss of virginity. - Illegitimacy. - Extramarital relationships. - Living with a married man. - Crime. - Alcoholism and drug addiction. **Coping Mechanisms and Suggested Solutions to Family Problems:** 1. Program of mental health. 2. Sensible respect for expert opinion. 3. Parents and children should work out their interrelationships to greater mutual satisfaction. 4. Develop a sensible degree of self-reliance for their children. **The Filipino Family** ***The Filipino and Kinship*** - The Filipino family is the nuclear unit around which social activities are organized - the basic unit of corporate action. - The interests of the individual in Philippine society are secondary to those of the family. Marriage is an alliance of families. In some areas of the Philippines, marriages are arranged by the parents. Filipino parents exert great influence in the choice of spouses for their children. - Marriage is viewed as a permanent contract, an \"inviolable social institution\" (Civil Code No. 14). Divorce is not recognized, although legal separation is permitted. - An offense against one member of the family is perceived as a threat to the whole family. - Familial ties are not broken by marriage, distance of residence, or by a change in social status of a family member. - Custom and the new civil code provide for mutual support among members of the family. - As a rule, the residence of a family is with the paternal kin, that is, near or in the barrio of the parents of the husband. The actual residence, however, of the married couple is determined by variables like: location and relative amount of the land (resources) which the two bring to marriage, respective number of siblings, and the extent of intra-village marriage. **Changes in the Filipino Family (Traditional and Modern)** - The typical composition of the Filipino household is one elementary family with the addition of one or more relatives. - Through marriage, a new \"family of procreation\" is formed. The husband and wife are still integral parts of their respective \"family of orientation.\" - Externally patriarchal but internally matriarchal. - Separation of the sexes is emphasized in the family. - Authority is not simply based on sex but on age. Thus, authority is inverted not simply in the father and mother but in parents and grandparents. Older brothers and sisters have authority over younger ones. - Filipino family life centers in the children. **Functions of the Family** ***As identified by: Zimmerman (1988), the functions of the family are:*** Physical maintenance and care of the family members. This includes providing food, shelter, and healthcare. Addition of new member. This refers to the role of the family in procreation and raising children. Socialization of children for adult roles. This involves teaching children the skills, values, and behaviors necessary to function successfully in society. Social control of members. This refers to the family\'s role in setting boundaries and enforcing rules. Production and consumption of goods and services. This can include everything from growing food to providing childcare. Maintenance of family morale and motivations to ensure task performance of family members in certain life stages. This highlights the importance of family support and encouragement in helping members achieve their goals. **Strengthening and Enriching Families** Families need to be strengthened and enriched so they become functional and able to discharge its crucial role in society. This statement emphasizes the importance of supporting families and promoting their well-being. Six qualities of strong families are identified which could be used for family enrichment: **Appreciation -** every individual has a basic need to be appreciation affirmed for his strengths; happy families concentrate on the positive. This highlights the importance of expressing appreciation for family members and focusing on their strengths. **Spending time together** - strong families genuinely enjoy being together. This requires pre-planning and structure. Time together does not just happen. It is made to happen. This emphasizes the importance of making time for family activities and creating opportunities for shared experiences. **Commitment** - strong families are committed to the family group and to promoting each other\'s happiness and welfare. Commitment produces behavioral change. When life becomes overwhelming and family members are pulled in many directions, strong families take this initiative in restructuring their lifestyle. They will set realistic family goals that require an investment of time talking as well as listening to each other, thus communicating mutual respect for one another. They will be willing to deal with conflict and finding solutions for everyone. Feelings are expressed on non-combative constructive ways. This emphasizes the importance of commitment to the family unit, open communication, and conflict resolution. **High degree of religious orientation** - this goes beyond attending church or religious activities. It is an awareness of a high power that gives a sense of purpose and strength, contributes to happiness of marriages and well-being of the family. It helps them to be more patient, more forgiving, quick to get over anger, more positive and more supportive in their relationships. This suggests that religious faith can provide a sense of purpose and support for families. **Ability to deal crises in a positive manner** - this is the ability to deal with problems while remaining supportive to one another. This means having problem-solving skills and the ability to see positive elements in the darkest situations. This highlights the importance of resilience and a positive outlook in facing challenges. **Strategy** Creation of an atmosphere that is conductive to the enhancement of individual integrity and maintenance of self-respect. Possible values are: **Integrity and self-respect:** This emphasizes the importance of personal honesty and ethical behavior. **Open communication and mutual respect**: This highlights the importance of open and honest communication within families. **Respect for the individuality of the person:** This emphasizes the importance of recognizing and valuing the unique qualities of each family member. **Problem-solving approach to conflict:** This encourages families to find constructive ways to resolve disagreements. **Listening for understanding:** This emphasizes the importance of active listening and empathy in family interactions. **Objectivity and fairness:** This promotes a sense of justice and impartiality in family decision-making. **Filipino Value System** **Socio-cultural** - those considered as conducive or essential to the welfare of the group. Constitute models or goals of personal behavior in social interaction. They are common to members of a given social group and are the people\'s concepts of what is desirable, the basis of choice among alternatives, direct interest, attention, or emphasis. They are what people see, hear, perceive, and appreciate. This definition of socio-cultural values highlights their importance in shaping individual behavior and social interactions. **Qualities of Values:** Conceptual element: Values are abstract concepts that represent ideas or beliefs. Affectively charged with actual or potential emotional mobilization: Values are often associated with strong emotions and can motivate people to act in certain ways. Criteria by which goals are chosen: Values help people to prioritize their goals and make decisions. Important: Values are considered to be significant and meaningful. Value System - configuration of culture, the dominant motivations and basic principles of people\'s behavior, the cultural ethic that binds the people together, their views and propositions about the nature of things, about the rightness or wrongness, desirability or undesirability, appropriateness or inappropriateness of actions; their concepts of what is important, desired reaction and responses to situations, attitudes, perception and meaning. This definition of a value system emphasizes its role in shaping a culture\'s worldview and guiding its members\' behavior. **DEFINITION OF GROUP, GROUP STRUCTURE, AND PROCESS IN SOCIAL WORK** a. Definition of Group b. Types of Groups - Social action groups - Mediating groups - Legislative groups - Client groups c\. Types of Group Function - Task-oriented functions - Group building functions **LAWS PROTECTING THE FILIPINO FAMILY** a. Α. Ε.Ο No. 209 The Family Code of the Philippines b. RA 9262 Anti-Violence Against Women and their Children Act of 2004 c. C. RA 11642 Domestic Administrative Adoption and Alternative Child Care Act OF 2022 d. RA 10165 Foster Care Act of 2012 **THE COMMON FILIPINO PROBLEMS** - Gap between generations - Marriage Conflicts - Family Disorganization **FAMILY TRANSACTIONAL PATTERNS** How families Interact with one another/relations. **Healthy Family-** Individuals are independent yet family is united as a whole. There is a healthy level of Interaction of each member. **Enmeshed Family-** Individuals are physically and emotionally dependent with one another closely tying each member to one another. **Disengaged Family-** Members have little to do with one another and independence of one another is rigidly respected. **FAMILY BOUNDARIES** **Random Families-** Boundaries in the family lack clarity or are constantly shifting and changing leading to lack of family cohesion. **Closed Families**- Rigid, well-organized, and well- defined roles with planned goals and schedules. Family concerns take precedence over individual desires. **Open Families-** The healthiest type with clear boundaries, goals, roles, and membership with individual concerns being responded to providing genuine concern for the family as a whole. **RESIDENCE PATTERNS** 1. **PATRILOCAL**- newly-wed decides to live with the family of the groom/bridegroom. 2. **MATRILOCAL**- newly-wed lives with the family of the bride. 3. **BILOCAL-** the couple alternately lives with both families from the bride and groom depending upon need and choice. 4. **NELOCAL**- newly-weds deciding to settle in a new home of their own. 5. **AVUNCOLOCAL**- couple lives together with the maternal uncle of the groom; very rare case. **AUTHORITY RELATIONSHIP** 1. PATRIARCHAL- authority and decision- making lies in hand of the father or the oldest male in the family. 2. MATRIARCHAL- authority and decision- making power is within the mother or the matriarch of the household. 3. EQUALITARIAN- Both mother and father have equal share in the decision and authority in the home. 4. MATRICENTRIC- the decision and authority in the home mostly comes from the mother due to the distance or physical absence of the father. Despite this, situations and decisions are still consulted with the father before the mother makes final decision. **BASIC FUNCTIONS OF FAMILY** ***[According to George Murdock (1949)]*** 1. REGULATION OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR - In this sense requires a finding that is that there is no society which leaves people to express their sexual behaviors as they want, but there are a whole set of written and unwritten rules/norms that prohibit certain ways of sexual behavior. 2. REPRODUCTION- In order to develop, each society needs new generations of young people to replace the old people 3. ECONOMIC COOPERATION- In the traditional society, the family constitutes the basic economic unity. It has the role to satisfy the basic needs of its members, which consist mainly in food, housing, health and comfort in general. 4. SOCIALIZATION OR EDUCATION- Family is the primary agent of socialization, and as such, it is not just a producer of biological kind, it is not limited to reproduction, but has a fundamental role in the use by children of a certain language, learning a set of values, beliefs, skills, etc. 5. STATUS PLACEMENT- in the first instance, individuals define themselves in relation to the family they belong; the sense of belonging plays an important role in terms of assuming various roles within the family. **SOCIAL PROCESSES** Ways of interacting which are observable; happens when individuals and/or groups meet and establish systems or relationships. **TWO TYPES OF SOCIAL PROCESSES** ***Basic Social Processes*** **1. Competition** -- Form of opposition or struggle for securing a reward or goal; less violent. Primary Focus: Reward Secondary Focus: Opponent **Types:** Personal - direct; face-to-face Impersonal -- Unconscious **2. Conflict** -- May develop from competition; a violent and emotional opposition with the goal of overcoming the opponent. Motivation: Scarce goal Primary Focus: Opponent Secondary Focus: Reward **Types:** Personal: Economic values, power or prestige. Ideological: Maintenance or supremacy of certain ways of life. Racial: Biological dominance. 3\. Cooperation- Mutual aid or alliance of persons or groups seeking a common goal or reward. **Types:** Informal: spontaneous and involves mutual give and take. Formal: deliberate and contractual, prescribing reciprocal rights and obligations. **Derived Social Processes** 1**. Accommodation** -- Each group adjust to each other while maintaining each own identity and interests. \- operates in condition of equilibrium with established rules of the game/how parties must behave. **2. Assimilation** - Interpretation and fusion in which persons and groups acquire memories sentiments, and attitudes of other persons or groups; cultural fusion. **3. Acculturation** - Societies of different cultures are modified through fairly close and long-continued contact; culture borrowing without losing their own identity. 4**. Amalgamation** -- Inter-marriage between two groups which hastens assimilation. **Types of Accommodation** **1. Domination -** Stronger party imposes its will and other yields; win-lose **2. Coercion** -- Forcing another to behave in an involuntary manner by the use of threat or intimidation. **3. Compromise** -- Giving up by both parties and mutual giving of concessions. **4. Conciliation and Mediation** -- Third party is selected to reconcile the dispute. **Conciliation** -- Encourage both parties to agree taking it to consideration the demand of both sides. **Meditation** -- Suggestions are made by the neutral party as basis of settlement; third party has no power to settle dispute but acts on advisory capacity. **5. Arbitration** -- Third party is chosen either by the contending parties or an agency of power to decide. **6. Toleration --** Individuals put up with each other without modifying patterns in aim to avoid conflicts **7. Truce** -- Agreement to cease hostilities period of time; "cease fire".