Sustainable Pottery: Optimizing Chicken Bone Meal as an Organic Pot PDF 2024

 -- ----------------------------- -- Rizal High School\ Science, Technology,\ Engineering and Mathematics -- ----------------------------- -- **Optimizing Chicken Bone Meal** **(*Gallus gallus domesticus*)** **as an Organic Pot**...

 -- ----------------------------- -- Rizal High School\ Science, Technology,\ Engineering and Mathematics -- ----------------------------- -- **Optimizing Chicken Bone Meal** **(*Gallus gallus domesticus*)** **as an Organic Pot** A Research Paper Presented to the Faculty of the Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics **RIZAL HIGH SCHOOL** Caniogan, Pasig City  **In Partial Fulfillment** **Of the Requirements for** **Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion** **By** **Besana, Chris Mico Samson** **Ibuan, Mark Jonathan Doremon** **Lalucis, John Carlwin Loro** **Reynoso, Dustine Brent Dancel** **Enon, Jasmine Mabini** **Garcia, Cassie Marianne Angeles** **Navarro, Sonja Ysabella Reyes** **Raymundo, Froilen Maria Foronda** **Robledo, Anikka Trisha Caguioa** **Santos, Cassandra Ianthe Enriquez** **August 2024** **ABSTRACT** This study investigates the possibility of using chicken bone meal as a biodegradable and alternative material to create organic pots for plants. This research addresses environmental problems created by the use of plastic pots in farming and gardening. Chicken bone meal, obtained from agricultural waste, was mixed with natural adhesive or binder, casein glue, to make a pot that can be used as a planting container and degrades, after use, to enrich soil with essential nutrients. This study compares the chicken bone meal pots to synthetic pots in terms of durability, permeability, cost-effectiveness, water evaporation, soil moisture retention, and biodegradability. Findings revealed that although the chicken bone meal pot showed higher permeability, enhanced retention of moisture in the soil, and fast biodegradability, it lacked durability and hence became relatively less cost-effective than the synthetic pot. However, its potential to act as a natural fertilizer upon decomposition provides huge environmental and agricultural benefits, which have promoted a realistic approach to waste management. This study highlights the possibilities of including organic waste in practicable solutions, and the basis for further studies aimed at optimizing material properties and production techniques should also be laid. It is a substitute for the more aggressive and dominant traditional methods that lead to intervention in agriculture regarding chemical-based solutions and lessened plastic waste. **ACKNOWLEDGEMENT** The researchers would like to extend their profound appreciation to those individuals who had made a difference in the completion of this study. The researchers would like to express sincerest gratitude and appreciation towards these individuals who were with us from the start of our journey and to those individuals who lend their assistance to make this research possible. First and foremost, the researchers would like to give the deepest thank you to the **Lord**, our **Almighty God**, for the knowledge, strength, and hope to finish this research study. Second, the researchers would like to give thanks to the school principal, **Mr. Richard Santos**, the head of the STEM department, **Ma'am Vicky Senase**, **Ma'am Jennifer Misarez**, and teachers of the STEM department for the endless support. Third, to the III adviser, **Ma'am Cecyl Calimag**. The researchers want to express their deepest appreciation for the guidance, lessons, and patience that made this research possible. Finally, a million thanks and much appreciation to the **family, friends, and classmates** that helped the researchers; without all of the people mentioned, this research would not have come to fruition. **TABLE OF CONTENTS** **Abstract\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\....2** **Acknowledgement\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\....3** **Table of Contents\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.....6** **INTRODUCTION......\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...5-30** **METHODOLOGY AND MATERIALS..........................................31-36** **RESULTS................................................................................37-41** **DISCUSSION...........................................................................41-45** **CONCLUSION..............................................................................46** **RECOMMENDATION...............................................................46-48** **REFERENCES.........................................................................49-55** **APPENDIX..............................................................................56-59** **CHAPTER I** **THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND** **INTRODUCTION** Growing concern over environmental pollution and natural resource depletion has led to a surge of interest among researchers in the search for eco-friendly alternatives to traditional materials. The billion-plus-populated Philippines is a heavy producer of organic waste given its strong agricultural base, such as by-products from the poultry sector. Chicken bone meal is an animal by-product that can be produced from ground chicken bones; it has applications in industry beyond its traditional use as a fertilizer. **BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY** Chicken bone meal is rich in nutrients, such as phosphorus and calcium, which are important to plants as valuable resources for growth and development, with potential soil enrichment (Wu et al., 2022; Zou et al., 2022). Chicken bones are often forgotten even though it packs large amount of nutrition. The latest highlights in material science indicate how it can help bring nature to our hands in the form of biodegradable and sustainable products, thereby reducing environmental waste. Natural adhesive such as casein glue, a similarly precious organic resource known for its ability to bond things together and break down naturally. Traditionally it has been used for different applications from traditional crafts to modern eco-friendly products (Zhao et al., 2022). Owing to its impressive natural binding properties, it has the potential to be a key ingredient for creating sturdy and eco-friendly materials. Together, these organic materials provide a strong adhesive that is also biodegradable. This material usage also meets the worldwide requirement of developing sustainable alternatives suitable for both waste management and ecological conservation. **STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM** The purpose of this research is to determine how fast and effective chicken bone meal is when used as an alternative for plant pot. The following research questions are the focus of this study: 1. What is the difference between using bone meal pot and a synthetic pot in terms of: 2. How does a bone meal pot affect the rate of water evaporation and soil moisture retention compared to synthetic pots? 3. How long will a bone meal pot last compare to synthetic pots in terms of biodegradability? **OBJECTIVES** This study aims to investigate the potential of chicken bone meal and natural adhesive or binder, casein glue, as alternative materials for pottery production that can also be used as organic fertilizer. The research assesses the effectiveness and feasibility of using chicken bone meal in pottery, focusing on the durability and soil-enriching properties of the final product compared to traditional plastic pots. Additionally, this study aims to reduce environmental waste by developing a dual-purpose product that lessens the negative impact of conventional plastic pots on the environment. Lastly, this research offers potential benefits for local farmers and communities by providing a nutrient-rich alternative to conventional agricultural products. **HYPOTHESIS** Throughout the study of this research, the researchers may come up with various results, which can have significant effects on the environment of our world. These possible outcomes may include the following: 1. **Null Hypotheses (H0):** There is no significant difference between a chicken bone meal pot and a synthetic pot in terms of: 1.2 Availability 1.3 Permeability 1.4 Cost-effectiveness 2. **Null Hypothesis (H0):** There is no significant difference in the rate of water evaporation and soil moisture retention between bone meal pots and synthetic pots. **Alternative Hypothesis (H1):** There is a significant difference in the rate of water evaporation and soil moisture retention between bone meal pots and synthetic pots, with the bone meal pots reduce the rate of water evaporation and retain soil moisture better than synthetic pots. 3. **Null Hypothesis (H0):**  There is no significant difference in lifespan between chicken bone meal pots and synthetic pots in terms of biodegradability. **Alternative Hypothesis (H1):** There is a significant difference in the lifespan of a chicken bone meal pot compared to a synthetic pot in terms of biodegradability, with the bone meal pots exhibiting a shorter lifespan and decompose more quickly than synthetic pots, indicating greater biodegradability. **SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY** This research investigation aims to determine whether chicken bone meal could be utilized to make an alternative pot. Furthermore, the following are significantly impacted by the study\'s findings: **The Researchers.** This study will aid the researcher to further understand the importance of putting effort in making pots for planting as much as we put effort into planting itself. Not only does this study partake in advancing the production of eco-friendly pottery, this study also helps to emphasize the utilization of chicken bones which are usually incorrectly disposed of and harms the health of stray animals but also causes drainage problems. **Agricultural Producers, Farmers, and Gardeners.** Horticulturists, farmers, and gardeners who lack the funds to purchase multiple commercially sold plastic pots may greatly benefit from this study. Given that farmers and gardeners frequently search for more approachable substitutes for synthetic pots, chicken bone meal may come in handy. **Environmentalists.** Conservationists and environmentalists will be aware of more efficient and environmentally friendly techniques for planting plants that also decrease the amount of garbage that gets burned or consumed. **Government.** This research has the potential to address numerous issues facing the nation, including decreasing plastic consumption, deforestation, excessive costs and inability to mass produce natural fertilizers. **Future Researchers.** The results of this study will serve as a reference material for future researchers who are interested in learning and discovering new and more enhanced ways of planting and maintaining sustainable practices that can potentially reduce carbon footprint. **SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS** The main objective of this study, entitled, "Optimizing Chicken Bone Meal *(Gallus gallus domesticus)* as an Organic Pot," is to create a more environmentally responsible plant pot alternative. This study consists of decontaminating chicken bone meal and collecting natural adhesives or binders. This research intends to lessen the production of synthetic pots to reduce plastic waste and encourage people to use organic and more beneficial materials to create plant pots. This research took place in Rizal High School, Pasig City. During the first semester of the school year 2024-2025. Throughout the time of it, the researchers utilized the school's available equipment and supplied tools for the extraction of natural materials and the grinding process of bone meal in which the school did not have. This study will focus on using Chicken *(Gallus gallus domesticus)* bone meal as its main component*.* The researchers will use the decontaminated chicken bone meal for the study. The conducted investigations will include the following: durability test, water retention test, biodegradability examination, and permeability inspection. **DEFINITION OF TERMS** **Chicken Bone Meal** A product derived from ground chicken bones that is rich in essential nutrients, such as calcium and phosphorus, making it beneficial for plant growth. In this study, chicken bone meal is the primary material used to create an eco-friendly plant pot. **Synthetic Pot** A container for plants typically made from plastic or other man-made materials, often used in gardening and agriculture. In this study, synthetic pots serve as a comparison to assess the effectiveness and sustainability of chicken bone meal pots. **Casein Glue** A natural adhesive made from milk protein, known for its strong binding properties and biodegradability. It is used in this study as a binder to enhance the durability and structure of the bone meal-based pot. **Durability** The ability of the chicken bone meal pot to withstand wear, pressure, or damage over time. This characteristic is tested to compare the longevity of the bone meal pot to that of synthetic pots. **Permeability** The measure of the pot's ability to allow water and air to pass through its material. This study evaluates the permeability of the bone meal pot to determine its impact on water evaporation and soil moisture retention. **Biodegradability** The ability of the chicken bone meal pot to decompose naturally over time, reducing waste and environmental impact. The research examines how quickly the bone meal pot breaks down in comparison to synthetic pots. **Organic Fertilizer** A nutrient-rich substance derived from natural sources, used to improve soil fertility. The chicken bone meal pot in this study functions as both a plant container and a slow-release organic fertilizer. **Water Retention** The pot's ability to maintain soil moisture, reducing the frequency of watering. This characteristic is tested in bone meal pots to determine their efficiency compared to synthetic pots in retaining soil moisture. **Environmental Conservation** The practice of protecting natural resources and reducing waste. This study contributes to environmental conservation by exploring an alternative to plastic pots that reduces plastic waste and promotes organic waste reuse. **Agricultural Byproduct** Residual materials from agricultural processes that are typically discarded. Chicken bones are an example, repurposed in this research to produce an environmentally friendly pot. **Pottery Industry** Refers to the sector involved in the production of ceramic goods, such as pots, vases, and other items made from clay or other organic materials. This industry has both cultural and environmental impacts, as it often uses non-renewable resources and generates waste. **Circular Economy** An economic model aimed at minimizing waste and maximizing resource efficiency by recycling, reusing, and repurposing materials. This model contrasts with the traditional linear economy, which typically follows a \"take-make-dispose\" approach. **Biodegradable Pot** A type of pot made from materials that can decompose naturally without harming the environment, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional plastic pots in horticulture and agriculture. **Phosphorus (P)** A vital nutrient for plants that plays a key role in photosynthesis, root development, and the formation of flowers and fruits. Chicken bone meal is rich in phosphorus, making it a beneficial fertilizer component. **Hydrogen Peroxide (H₂O₂) Treatment** A process involving the application of hydrogen peroxide to organic materials to alter their properties, such as enhancing their use in osteogenesis or other biological processes. **Thermochemical Conversion** A method of transforming organic waste into useful by-products through chemical processes such as pyrolysis and gasification, commonly applied to animal-derived waste to create valuable materials like fertilizers or activated carbon. **Activated Carbon** A porous form of carbon derived from organic materials, such as chicken bones, used in water filtration and environmental remediation due to its ability to absorb contaminants. **Granular Fertilizers** Fertilizers in granule form, which allow for controlled release of nutrients. Bone meal is used as a granular fertilizer, particularly for its phosphorus content. **Modulus of Elasticity** A measure of a material\'s ability to deform elastically (stretch or compress) when a force is applied, indicating its strength and flexibility. This term is relevant in assessing the physical properties of bone meal granules. **Discrete Element Modeling (DEM)** A numerical technique used to simulate the behavior of particulate materials, such as bone meal granules, under various forces. It helps in understanding physical properties like bulk density and friction in agricultural applications. **Chicken Wings Market** Refers to the industry segment focusing on the production, sale, and consumption of chicken wings. The market includes raw and prepared chicken wings, driven by trends like casual dining, quick-service restaurants, and convenience food consumption. **Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)** A measure used to calculate the average annual growth rate of an investment or market over a specified time period, considering the effect of compounding. For the chicken wings market, the CAGR is projected at 4.8% from 2023 to 2031. **All-You-Can-Eat (AYCE)** A dining strategy where restaurants offer unlimited servings of food for a fixed price. Popular in buffet-style establishments, this approach appeals to customers seeking value and satisfaction during meals. **Inedible Food Waste** By-products of food preparation that are not fit for consumption, including items like bones, eggshells, shells, and fruit or vegetable peels. These wastes are largely unavoidable during mechanical or manual processing. **Edible Food Waste** Food waste that involves consumable food items left unutilized or discarded, often due to overproduction or leftovers, particularly in buffet-style dining. **Buffet-Style Dining** A restaurant service model where a wide variety of pre-prepared food items are displayed, allowing customers to serve themselves as much as they desire for a fixed price. **Food Waste Management** Practices aimed at reducing, managing, and mitigating the impact of food waste generated in the food service industry, with an emphasis on both edible and inedible waste. **REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE** **The pottery industry is one of the major contributors to our cultural and artistic heritage that will play a major role in facing environmental impact. According to Esege (2014) most traditional pottery industry relies heavily on non-renewable resources, energy-intensive processes and generation of significant waste. The search for suitable alternatives is increasing, focusing on organic materials like bone meal, which provide renewable and easier-to-use sources that can help reduce the environmental damage caused by pottery.** 1. **Chicken Bone Meal** 2. **Organic Pots in Agriculture** 3. **Principles of Circular Economy** **According to FE Garcia-Muiña et al. (2018) they examine the applicability of the principles of Circular Economy in pottery. These studies follow up on the development of innovative practices aimed at improving resource recovery and reducing waste generation. This implementation of the principles in pottery aims at recycling and reusing materials to make the cycle of production more sustainable.** 4. **Bone Ash in Ceramics** **Recent study has demonstrated that the incorporation of bone ash into ceramics can enhance their strength and hardness, making it a viable substitute material. From such studies, it is posited that materials sourced from bones are likely to improve the properties of ceramics. According to Putra, NE, et al., 2024, These findings indicate that it is possible to use components generated from bone in ceramic compositions. There is, however, still a dearth of studies expressly examining chicken bone meal as a sustainable substitute in ceramics.** 5. **Nutrient Contribution of Chicken Bone Meal** **Chicken bone meal is an important organic fertilizer that is well recognized due to its high phosphorus content. Phosphorus is one of the key nutrients in plants, taking part in photosynthesis, the development of a root system, and the building of flowers and fruits (Garcia, 2022). The high phosphorus content available within chicken bone meal makes it an important means of complementing plant nutrition, particularly for the encouragement of healthy root development and flowering.** 6. **Advantages of Chicken Bone Meal for Plant Growth** **The application of chicken bone meal has various advantages over regular fertilizers, especially for plants that flower and produce fruits. It was shown from studies that chicken bone meal increases root strength and structure, thus could have higher yields and more prolific blooms (Puisis, 2024). This organic fertilizer is of great benefit to crops like tomatoes, roses, and bulbs, which have high phosphorus requirements and are in a better position to benefit from additional nutrients provided by bone meal (Garcia, 2022).** **Chicken bone meal could be included in plant pots, allowing gardeners to deliver a consistent release of necessary nutrients, enhancing overall plant health and productivity. The use of such organic materials is considered to concur with sustainable horticultural practice that supports environmental and agronomic goals.** 7. **Bone Meal as a Fertilizer** **A previous study by Kivelä, J. et al. (2015) revealed that, Meat bone meal is a viable substitute as a recycled fertilizer. It has an important source of proteins that plants can use as an excellent source of production. The results of a comparison of the impacts of mineral and meat bone meal fertilizers showed that bone meal could be an effective substitute for mineral fertilizer, particularly in soils with low phosphorus (P) levels.** 8. **Polypropylene**\ Polypropylene is widely used in polymer materials in the plastic manufacturing industry to produce various end products, especially plastic packaging. The use of polypropylene in the packaging industry is found to be 16% of the worldwide plastic materials (Alsabri et al., 2021). Polypropylene is derived from crude oil or petroleum through the processing of propylene, an olefin monomer. Its life cycle assessment evaluates the total energy consumption, utilization of natural resources, release of harmful water pollutants, and generation of industrial solid waste that contributes to landfill occupancy during disposal. (Sin, L., & Tueen, B., 2023). 9. **Polyethylene** Polyethylene is elastic, chemically stable, and non-biodegradable, and the traditional disposal methods include landfilling and incineration. These methods are costly, unsustainable, and further increase the burden on the environment. (Jang et al., 2022) Polyethylene is chemically synthesized by ethane polymerization and varies greatly based on its side chains, which can be added according to the manufacturing process. Excessive production will inevitably lead to a large amount of waste, most of which does not undergo proper disposal (Jambeck et al., 2015). 10. **Lessening the input of Chemical Fertilizers** **It was stated in this study that meat and bone meal can be a suitable carbon-based alternative to chemical fertilizers (Piash, M.I., et al. 2023). This study involved two distinct experiments. It was also shown that the use of meat and bone meal in plant growth could reduce the necessity for chemical fertilizers since it significantly enhanced the quantity of phosphorus (P), in replacement for synthetic phosphate fertilizers with less of an adverse effect on the environment.** 11. **Hydrogen peroxide treatment on bones.** **Impact of exogenous hydrogen peroxide on osteogenic differentiation of broiler chicken compact bones derived mesenchymal stem cells Thompkins et al. (2023) conducted a study to investigate the effects of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on the osteogenic development process in primary chicken mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The researchers subjected mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to an osteogenic regimen and exposed them to varying levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for 14 days. The results showed that high amounts of H2O2 (200 and 400 nM) increased the expression of the pro-apoptotic marker CASP8 and slowed down the process of osteogenic differentiation. This was evident from the observed drop in mRNA expression levels of genes associated with osteogenesis and the reduction in in vitro mineralization. Long-term exposure to H2O2 increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside cells and changed the expression of antioxidant enzyme genes. This happened while lowering the expression of adipogenic markers and encouraging osteogenesis in MSCs. The findings show that reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are made by oxygen for a long time can stop chicken mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from differentiating into osteoblasts after an osteogenic regimen.** 12. **Thermochemical Conversion of Animal-Derived Waste** **According to the study of Macavei (2024), the issue of food waste, especially waste generated by animals, poses a substantial global problem, hence necessitating the development of sustainable management approaches. In 2022, the per capita food waste in the European Union (EU) reached 131 kg/capita. This has led to a surge in exploring environmentally sustainable methods for managing food waste through thermochemical conversion processes. Animal-derived waste is a valuable reservoir of organic particles such as proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, and mineral components like calcium phosphate, primarily hydroxyapatite. Animal-derived waste is highly valuable for extracting chemical substances, including hydroxyapatite (Hap), which represents up to 70 wt% of animal bones; keratin; collagen; and hyaluronic acid (HA), to generate pharmaceutical, medicinal, or industrial by-products. Pyrolysis and gasification of chicken bones provide a novel approach to valorizing this waste by returning valuable by-products into the economy, therefore facilitating the achievement of sustainable waste management goals. These results show that pyrolysis of chicken bone waste can be used in many ways, including as adsorbents in water-based solutions, catalysts, fertilizers, and biomedical settings. They also show how important it is to learn more about how chicken bone waste turns into gas. Because of this, this study looks into the types of waste that come from animals. It also looks into how chicken bone waste is pyrolyzed and gasified, how different process variables affect product yields, and how catalysis can improve these thermochemical processes.** 13. **Casein.Glue**\ **The use of Casein glue is proven to be environmentally-safe that leads to broad applications of milk proteins. Over the past centuries, it has been studied and Casein is said to be found in milk in the form of a "micelle" structure that contributes to its polymer properties such as flexibility and durability. The concepts of natural and environmentally-safe adhesives are gaining more public attention. Events where people get sick from formaldehyde emissions, have been reported. Natural and safe polymers should be reconsidered for use as adhesives in situations such as high-value-added adhesives. (Guo, M., & Wang, G., 2016).** **As people grow interested in gardening, we are more eager to find the best quality pots to be used as an alternative that can further improve the plants' state and provide a longer lifespan. An adhesive made out of milk is used as a binding agent for the organic pot. Casein is a type of protein primarily found in milk and dairy products, making up about 80% of the protein in cow\'s milk. This material contributes to the pot's sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and availability. In addition to being very strong and having a long lifespan, casein-based adhesives can be also very water resistant. Unlike some adhesives, water will not weaken or dissolve casein. It also is believed to be used by makers of famous musical instruments that have lasted for a century or more. It was used extensively in woodworking, furniture making and assembling early wooden aircraft. (Schüttpelz, 2016).** 14. **Biodegradability** According to El-Khateeb et al. (2022), chicken bone-derived activated carbon (CAB) has the ability to remediate greywater. Their research emphasizes the growing need of sustainable water management strategies, notably in combating greywater contamination. The study looks into the usefulness of CAB derived from chicken bones in removing contaminants from greywater, assessing its performance based on the physicochemical properties of the treated water. The authors underline how this strategy has the potential to contribute to a circular economy by converting garbage into a valuable resource for water purification. 15. **Pot's Quality** 16. **Application.of.Casein.in.Pottery** Casein, a protein derived from milk, has been used as an adhesive in various industries, including pottery production. Its unique molecular structure, consisting of phosphoproteins with varying molecular weights, is key to its strong binding capabilities (Britannica, 2024). As a natural binder, casein is well-regarded for its effectiveness in enhancing the durability and workability of pottery. The adhesive's molecular composition enables it to form durable, cohesive bonds, which makes it suitable for both pottery production and repair. One of the major benefits of casein-based adhesives in pottery production is their resistance to water absorption. Properly formulated casein adhesives exhibit lower water uptake and reduced swelling upon exposure to moisture compared to other types of adhesives (Schwarzenbrunner et al., 2020). For pottery products that encounter moisture during their lifecycle, this property ensures the longevity and structural integrity of the pieces. Pottery items, particularly those used in functional settings, benefit from this increased resistance to environmental factors. 17. **Global.Chicken.Wings.Growth** The global chicken wings market has seen significant expansion, driven by trends such as casual dining, quick-service restaurants (QSRs), and convenience foods as demanded by consumers. The market was valued at USD 1,552.1 million in 2023 and is expected to reach USD 2,257.8 million by the year 2031. Growth will be at a compound annual growth rate of 4.8%. Most demand for raw chicken wings in home preparation is seen. 18. **By-products.Abundancy** Unlimited servings, or \"all-you-can-eat\" (AYCE), have become extremely popular in the food business and specifically in restaurants serving buffet foods. A strategy such as this allows many different customers to be attracted when it promises bulk food servings for a set price. By releasing value along with satisfaction when dining, this practice hits close to the consumer\'s heart. AYCE is very popular in local restaurants but also in the other chains of restaurants across the world.\ \ With regard to food waste in the restaurant sector, particularly involving inedible parts of prepared food, much research has indicated a significant impact that such waste has on the food service industry. Inedible foods include bones, shells, eggshells, and peels from fruits and vegetables; these are unavoidable by-products of food preparation (Kilibarda, 2019). Such by-products are largely unavoidable and result from mechanical processing during food preparation. For example, in buffets, where a huge number of foodstuffs are prepared beforehand, most of the waste is related to overproduction and leftovers, which means more edible and inedible waste (Betz et al., 2015). 19. **Consumer.Perception.and.Market.Trends** The recent study of Alsefri, B., & Attar, E. T. (2023) discovered the possibilities of improving the sustainability by using organic materials in pottery. For instance, the addition of chicken bone ash has the twin advantage of waste minimization as well as enhancement of mechanical characteristics of the end product. This is in harmony with the present trend of sustainable material in ceramic production with stress on the reduction of waste and functional improvement. \\ **CHAPTER II** **MATERIALS AND METHODS** I. **Materials and Equipment** Chicken (Gallus domesticus) bone meal and natural adhesive casein (sodium caseinate) glue are the primary ingredients. In addition, vegetable oil is used as a lubricant for the mold and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) as cleaning agent. Hot plates, oven, cake pans, beakers, alcohol lamp, stirring rods, digital scale, wire gauze, metal trays, tripod, tongs, mortar and pestle, thermometer, blender, filter paper, glass funnel and graduated cylinders were among the equipment utilized in the study as support. II. **METHODOLOGY\ ** **Sample Collection and Preparation** ***Chicken Bones*** The primary component required for this research is chicken bones, which were collected from nearby chicken wings restaurants. The researchers coordinated with the restaurant staff to gather discarded bones immediately after customer consumption. Upon collection, the bones were delivered to the laboratory to start the cleaning process. Once in the lab, they were manually cleaned to remove all visible meat and tissue using sterile tools, ensuring thorough cleaning.  **Figure 1**. Cleaning of Bones (Right Image and Gathering of Bones (Left Image) The cleaned bones were then boiled in water at a temperature of 100°C for 15 minutes to further remove any residual meat. To prevent mold growth during storage, the bones were treated with a 1:1 mixture of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and water, ensuring complete disinfection. Following this, the bones were oven-dried at 350°C for 1 hour to eliminate any remaining moisture. After the drying process, the bones are ground into a powder and further dried on a hot plate at 120°C for 10 minutes per 20 grams to ensure the complete removal of moisture. The bone powder is then stored in airtight containers at room temperature in a controlled environment to prevent moisture absorption and mold growth. The bones are visually inspected to ensure all tissue has been removed, and no signs of contamination or mold growth are present. They will be periodically monitored during storage until ready for use.  **Figure 2.** Bones soaked in (H₂O₂) (Left Image) and Ground up Chicken Bones (Right Image) ***Casein Glue*** Casein is a candidate for a natural adhesive to mix with the chicken bone meal. The researchers used the recipe of the American Chemistry Society, n.d. The researchers warmed 236 mL of fresh milk in the stove for 30 seconds or until the temperature of the milk reached approximately 74 degrees Celsius, taking care not to overheat the milk. Using isolated gloves, the researchers carefully removed the heated milk from the stove. While stirring continuously, the researchers added 30 mL of white vinegar to the heated milk, stirring until no further lumps formed. The mixture was then allowed to settle for 5 minutes, during which the solid casein separated from the whey.   The researchers then placed a paper filter in a funnel, with a beaker positioned beneath it. The mixture was then poured, allowing liquid to filter through, followed by the solid. The liquid was discarded, and the solid casein was retained.   The excess liquid was gently pressed out of the solid casein using a spoon, and the solid was transferred in to a beaker. The researchers added 30 ml of distilled water to the solid and mixed it thoroughly. Gradually, 12 grams of baking soda were incorporated, with continuous stirring until no further gas bubbles were observed. No description available.  **Figure 3.** Filtration of milk curdles (Left Image) and Casein Glue (Right Image) After preparing the natural adhesives, the researchers proceeded to combine the bone meal with the casein glue with a ratio of 70:30, totaling 150 grams. The researchers measured 105 grams of bone meal and mixed it with 45 ml of casein glue. The researchers then mixed the bone meal with the adhesive according to its respective ratio. The mixture was molded into the desired shape using a round mini cake pan designed to form an ideal pot. **Ratio of Adhesive to Bone Meal** ------------------------------------ ----------------------- ------------------- -------------------------- **Ratio** **Bone Meal (grams)** **Adhesive (ml)** **Total Weight (grams)** **70:30** **105** **45** **150** **Table 1. Ratio of bone meal to adhesive.**  **Figure 6.** Pre-made molds (Left image) and the mixture of Bone Meal and Adhesive (Right image). Once the mixture was molded inside the mini cake pan, the researchers proceeded to put the mixture inside the oven. The mixture was then baked for 15 minutes with a temperature of 170° Celsius to attain the pots' solid form. \ \ **Figure 7.** Mixture inside the oven (Left image) and the final product (Right image) **TESTING**\ ***Durability.Test*** The durability of the pots was tested by dropping a 7.5 kg hollow block onto the pots from a height of 41.91 cm. ***Permeability.Test*** The permeability of the pots was tested by partially submerging each pot (bone meal pot and synthetic pot) in water, covering approximately two-thirds of their height. Tissue paper was placed inside each pot to act as an indicator for water penetration. The setup was left for observation, and the permeability of the pots was determined based on whether the tissue inside became wet.\ \ ***Water.Retention.Test*** The water retention capacity of the pots was assessed by filling both the bone meal pot and the synthetic pot with an equal amount of soil. Each pot was then watered with the same volume of water. The pots were monitored over time to observe the rate of soil drying, and the pot that retained moisture in the soil for a longer period was identified as having superior water retention capacity.\ \ ***Lifespan Test (Biodegradability)***\ The lifespan of the pots, in terms of their biodegradability, was evaluated by completely submerging them in water. The pots were left submerged until they dissolved entirely, and the time taken for complete dissolution was recorded as an indicator of their biodegradability **CHAPTER III** **RESULTS AND DISCUSSION** **RESULTS** After conducting the experiment, the researchers were able to analyze and evaluate the properties of chicken bone meal pots compared to synthetic pots. The results obtained provided valuable insights into the potential advantages and limitations of using chicken bone meal as an alternative material for pottery in agricultural applications. The following sections outline the findings regarding durability, availability, permeability, cost-effectiveness, water evaporation, soil moisture retention, and lifespan in terms of biodegradability. - **Durability:** Alternative hypothesis was **rejected**, as both the chicken bone meal pot and the synthetic pot were completely destroyed when a 7.5 kg hollow block was dropped onto them from a height of 41.91 cm. \ **Figure 1.** Destroyed synthetic pot (Left image) and destroyed organic pot (Right image) - **Availability:** Alternative hypothesis was **accepted**, as the materials required such as chicken bones, milk, baking soda, and vinegar are readily accessible and often available at little to no cost in local settings.   **Figure 2.** Organic pot materials - **Permeability:** Alternative hypothesis was **accepted,** as the chicken bone meal pot allowed water to pass through more effectively than the synthetic pot. During testing, water surrounding the chicken bone meal pot was observed to pass through and seep out uniformly across the surface of the pot, including its sides and bottom.\ \  **Figure 3.** Permeability test: Synthetic pot (Left image) and Organic pot (Right image) - **Cost-effectiveness:** Alternative hypothesis was **rejected;** cost-effectiveness of the chicken bone meal pot was inferior to that of the synthetic pot. The production cost of the chicken bone meal pot was 14.33 pesos, which is higher than the 9 pesos market price of synthetic pots. - Chicken bones: 105g of bone meal at 0 pesos - Water: 15ml at 0 pesos - Milk: 118ml used from 1000ml at 100 pesos (118/1000) (100) = 11.80 pesos - Baking soda: 7g used from 125g at 25 pesos (7/125) (25) = 1.40 pesos - Vinegar: 15ml used from 200ml at 15 pesos (15/200) (15) = 1.13 pesos - Chicken bone meal pot ₱0 + ₱0 + ₱11.80 + ₱1.40 + ₱1.13 Total Cost: 14.33 per pot - Synthetic pot Market Price: ₱9 per piece - **Water evaporation and soil moisture retention:** Alternative hypothesis was **accepted**, as the chicken bone meal pot retained moisture 30 minutes longer than the synthetic pot.  **Figure 5.** Moist organic pot (Left image) and Moist synthetic pot (Right image) - **Lifespan in terms of biodegradability:** Alternative hypothesis was **accepted**. The chicken bone meal pot dissolved in water within 3 days, while the synthetic pot remained intact.\ \  **Figure 5.** Dissolved organic pot (Left image) and Synthetic pot (Right image) **DISCUSSION** **The findings of this study offer compelling insights into the potential of chicken bone meal as an alternative, sustainable material for agricultural pots.** While synthetic pots have been a staple in agriculture due to their durability and cost-effectiveness, this research suggests that chicken bone meal pots present a unique opportunity to enhance sustainability within the agricultural sector. By evaluating chicken bone meal pots across various factors such as durability, availability, permeability, cost-effectiveness, water evaporation, soil moisture retention, and lifespan in terms of biodegradability. This study contributes to the ongoing exploration of eco-friendly materials that not only reduce the environmental impact of traditional plastics but also promote efficient resource use in agriculture. - **Durability** **The durability of agricultural pots is undeniably essential, particularly in regions that experience harsh environmental conditions.** The results of this experiment revealed that both chicken bone meal and synthetic pots failed to withstand significant impact under the test conditions, which demonstrates that, in their current form, chicken bone meal pots may not offer the same mechanical resilience as synthetic alternatives. While this finding suggests a limitation in terms of high-impact resistance, it also points to a crucial opportunity for material innovation. The structural integrity of chicken bone meal pots could potentially be enhanced through further research, such as the incorporation of natural fibers or binding agents, which might strengthen the material while preserving its ecological advantages. This refinement would allow chicken bone meal pots to become a more durable alternative to plastic pots, expanding their applicability to a broader range of agricultural practices. - **Availability** **One of the most advantages of chicken bone meal pots is the accessibility of their raw materials.** Chicken bones, milk, baking soda, vinegar, and water are easily sourced, often from local households or markets, and are frequently considered waste products in many communities. This abundant availability presents a significant advantage in terms of both cost reduction and environmental sustainability. By utilizing materials that are readily accessible and typically discarded as waste, chicken bone meal pots could transform the management of organic waste into a resource for agricultural applications. This aligns perfectly with the principles of a circular economy, where waste is minimized, and materials are reused and recycled. The use of chicken bones, in particular, helps divert organic waste from landfills, contributing to a reduction in overall waste and mitigating the environmental impact of landfills, which are often sources of greenhouse gas emissions. **This study confirmed that the availability of materials for the chicken bone meal pot is superior to that of synthetic pots.** This is because the primary material, chicken bones, is readily accessible as a by-product of the food industry, particularly from the increasing global demand for chicken wings. The chicken wings market was valued at USD 1,552.1 million in 2023 and is projected to grow to USD 2,257.8 million by 2031 at a compound annual growth rate of 4.8% (Chicken Wings Market Size, Scope, Industry Trends & Applications by 2031, 2024). With the popularity of casual dining, quick-service restaurants, and \"all-you-can-eat\" buffets, large amounts of chicken bones are discarded daily. Research also shows that food service establishments generate significant amounts of inedible waste, including chicken bones, during preparation and consumption (Kilibarda, 2019; Betz et al., 2015). - **Permeability** **The superior permeability of chicken bone meal pots represents a significant advantage for their use in agricultural systems that prioritize proper water management.** The ability of chicken bone meal pots to facilitate water drainage more effectively than synthetic pots is especially valuable in systems that require well-drained soils to prevent root rot and promote healthy plant growth. The uniform seepage of water across the surface of the chicken bone meal pots suggests that the material\'s porosity offers enhanced aeration to plant roots, an essential component for optimal plant health. This characteristic not only benefits plant growth but also contributes to water conservation, as it allows for more efficient use of water, reducing the need for frequent watering. - **Cost-effectiveness** **Although chicken bone meal pots offer several environmental and functional benefits, the study\'s findings reveal a significant challenge in terms of cost-effectiveness.** The production cost of chicken bone meal pots, fourteen pesos and thirty-three centavos per pot, exceeds the cost of synthetic pots, which are priced at nine pesos each. This price disparity primarily arises from the need to purchase additional ingredients such as milk, baking soda, and vinegar, which although affordable, cumulatively increase the production cost. While this may initially appear to hinder the widespread adoption of chicken bone meal pots, it also presents an opportunity for further innovation. - **Water Evaporation and Soil Moisture Retention** **The superior water retention capabilities of chicken bone meal pots highlight another significant advantage in terms of agricultural sustainability.** The ability of chicken bone meal pots to retain moisture thirty minutes longer than synthetic pots can significantly reduce the frequency of irrigation, a critical factor in water-scarce regions. This extended moisture retention could lead to more efficient water use in agricultural systems, benefiting crops that require consistent soil moisture. By reducing the evaporation rate, chicken bone meal pots help conserve water, which is an increasingly vital resource in many parts of the world. The ability to regulate soil moisture in a controlled manner also enhances the health of the plants by ensuring that they receive a steady supply of water, which is crucial for optimal growth. - **Lifespan in terms of biodegradability** **The rapid biodegradability of chicken bone meal pots is perhaps the most remarkable finding of this study.** Unlike synthetic pots, which persist in the environment for hundreds of years, chicken bone meal pots dissolve in water within three days, offering a clear environmental advantage. These characteristic positions chicken bone meal pots as a viable solution to the growing problem of plastic waste in agriculture. By providing a sustainable alternative to plastic pots, chicken bone meal pots contribute to reducing the accumulation of non-biodegradable waste in agricultural landscapes, which often leads to soil degradation and pollution. **CHAPTER IV** **CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION** **CONCLUSION** This study demonstrates that chicken bone meal has considerable potential as a sustainable material for agricultural pots. While the current limitations in durability and cost-effectiveness present challenges, the numerous advantages of chicken bone meal pots such as their availability, permeability, water retention, and lifespan in terms of biodegradability position them as a promising alternative to synthetic plastics. By addressing the remaining challenges through material innovation and optimization, chicken bone meal pots could become an integral part of the agricultural landscape, providing an environmentally responsible and economically viable solution for farmers worldwide. As the demand for sustainable materials grows, chicken bone meal pots could play a pivotal role in reducing the ecological footprint of agriculture and fostering more resilient farming systems. Through ongoing research and optimization of the material composition and manufacturing techniques, it is conceivable to create a highly durable and eco-friendly alternative to synthetic pots, one that not only addresses the limitations observed in this study but also meets the growing demand for sustainable solutions in agriculture. **RECOMMENDATION** **For Agricultural Producers, Farmers, and Gardeners,** the use of chicken bone meal pots offers a unique opportunity to integrate sustainability into agricultural practices. These pots, being biodegradable, provide a natural alternative to plastic pots, which are harmful to the environment. As the chicken bone meal pot decomposes, it enriches the soil with valuable nutrients, acting as a slow-release fertilizer. Farmers and gardeners can utilize this material to reduce plastic waste while enhancing soil health, potentially improving crop yields in an eco-friendlier manner. Future efforts should focus on refining the pot\'s durability and developing methods to scale up production, making it more accessible to agricultural communities worldwide. **For Environmentalists,** chicken bone meal pots represent a promising solution for reducing plastic waste and promoting sustainability. By using a natural, biodegradable material for plant containers, this alternative reduces the environmental burden of non-degradable plastic. Environmentalists can advocate for the wider adoption of such practices in gardening and agriculture to minimize long-term pollution. Further research into the environmental benefits, such as reduced carbon footprints and enhanced soil fertility, will help strengthen the argument for more widespread use of sustainable materials. Continued investigation into other biodegradable alternatives may also provide broader options for environmentally conscious practices. **For Government,** the adoption of chicken bone meal pots could significantly contribute to national and global efforts to reduce plastic pollution and promote sustainable agriculture. Governments can support the development and use of biodegradable alternatives by incentivizing research into eco-friendly materials and providing grants or subsidies for their use in agricultural sectors. Policies that encourage the reduction of plastic waste, particularly in agriculture, could be greatly supported by the integration of chicken bone meal pots. Government bodies could also facilitate educational campaigns that inform farmers and agricultural producers about the benefits and practical applications of these sustainable materials. **For Future Researchers,** this study opens several avenues for future research into the use of chicken bone meal and other organic materials for sustainable agricultural products. Researchers should investigate the long-term impacts of chicken bone meal pots on soil health, plant growth, and overall ecosystem sustainability. There is also potential for developing composite materials that combine chicken bone meal with other natural ingredients to improve strength, moisture retention, and nutrient release. Moreover, research could explore the scalability of production, the economic feasibility of mass adoption, and the potential for creating a circular economy in agriculture. 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Data Bridge Market Research, https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com, All Right Reserved 2024. https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/reports/global-chicken-wings-market Kilibarda, N., Djokovic, F., & Suzic, R. (2019). Food Waste Management --- reducing and managing food waste in hospitality. Meat Technology, 60(2), 134--142. https://doi.org/10.18485/meattech.2019.60.2.8 Betz, A., Buchli, J., Göbel, C., & Müller, C. (2015). Global food losses and food waste: The extent, causes and prevention. ScienceDirect. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0956053X14004371 **Appendices**\ \ **Appendix A: *Research Planning and Topic Approval***\ \ \ **Appendix B: *Laboratory Notebook*** \ \ **Appendix C: *Transfer of Topic Approval***  **Appendix D: *Chicken Bones Collection***\ \ \ **Appendix E: *Chicken Bone Preparation***\   **Appendix F: *Casein Glue Preparation***\ \ \ **Appendix F: *Pot-Making***\ \ **Appendix G: *Time Table***\