Electrician 1st Year Trade Theory (NSQF Level 5) PDF

ELECTRICIAN NSQF LEVEL - 5 1st Year (Volume I of II) TRADE THEORY SECTOR: Electrical DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF TRAINING MINISTRY OF SKILL DEVELOPMENT & ENTREPRENEURSHIP GOVERNMENT OF INDIA...

ELECTRICIAN NSQF LEVEL - 5 1st Year (Volume I of II) TRADE THEORY SECTOR: Electrical DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF TRAINING MINISTRY OF SKILL DEVELOPMENT & ENTREPRENEURSHIP GOVERNMENT OF INDIA NATIONAL INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA INSTITUTE, CHENNAI Post Box No. 3142, CTI Campus, Guindy, Chennai - 600 032 (i) Copyright Free under CC BY Licence Sector : Electrical Duration : 2 - Years Trade : Electrician 1St Year (Volume I of II) - Trade Theory - NSQF (LEVEL - 5) First Edition : August 2018 Copies : 1,000 Second Edition : November 2018 Copies : 10,000 Rs.285/- All rights reserved. No part of this publication can be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the National Instructional Media Institute, Chennai. Published by: NATIONAL INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA INSTITUTE P. B. No.3142, CTI Campus, Guindy Industrial Estate, Guindy, Chennai - 600 032. Phone : 044 - 2250 0248, 2250 0657, 2250 2421 Fax : 91 - 44 - 2250 0791 email : [email protected] [email protected] Website: www.nimi.gov.in (ii) Copyright Free under CC BY Licence  FOREWORD The Government of India has set an ambitious target of imparting skills to 30 crores people, one out of every four Indians, by 2020 to help them secure jobs as part of the National Skills Development Policy. Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) play a vital role in this process especially in terms of providing skilled manpower. Keeping this in mind, and for providing the current industry relevant skill training to Trainees, ITI syllabus has been recently updated with the help of Mentor Councils comprising of various stakeholder's viz. Industries, Entrepreneurs, Academicians and representatives from ITIs. National Instructional Media Institute (NIMI), Chennai has come up with instructional material to suit the revised curriculum for Electrician 1st Year (Volume I of II) Trade Theory NSQF Level - 5 in Electrical sector under Semester Pattern required for ITIs and related institutions imparting skill development. The NSQF Level 5 will help the trainees to get an international equivalency standard where their skill proficiency and competency will be duly recognized across the globe and this will also increase the scope of recognition of prior learning. NSQF level 5 trainees will also get the opportunities to promote life long learning and skill development. I have no doubt that with NSQF level 5 the trainers and trainees of ITIs, and all stakeholders will derive maximum benefits from these IMPs and that NIMI's effort will go a long way in improving the quality of Vocational training in the country. The Executive Director & Staff of NIMI and members of Media Development Committee deserve appreciation for their contribution in bringing out this publication. Jai Hind RAJESH AGGARWAL Director General / Addl. Secretary, Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship, Government of India. New Delhi - 110 001 (iii) Copyright Free under CC BY Licence  PREFACE The National Instructional Media Institute (NIMI) was established in 1986 at Chennai by then Directorate General of Employment and Training (D.G.E & T), Ministry of Labour and Employment, (now under Directorate General of Training, Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship) Government of India, with technical assistance from the Govt. of the Federal Republic of Germany. The prime objective of this institute is to develop and provide instructional materials for various trades as per the prescribed syllabi NSQF (Level 5) under the Craftsman and Apprenticeship Training Schemes. The instructional materials are created keeping in mind, the main objective of Vocational Training under NCVT/NAC in India, which is to help an individual to master skills to do a job. The instructional materials are generated in the form of Instructional Media Packages (IMPs). An IMP consists of Theory book, Practical book, Test and Assignment book, Instructor Guide, Audio Visual Aid (Wall charts and Transparencies) and other support materials. The trade theory book provides related theoretical knowledge required to enable the trainee to do a job. The test and assignments will enable the instructor to give assignments for the evaluation of the performance of a trainee. The wall charts and transparencies are unique, as they not only help the instructor to effectively present a topic but also help him to assess the trainee's understanding. The instructor guide enables the instructor to plan his schedule of instruction, plan the raw material requirements, day to day lessons and demonstrations. IMPs also deals with the complex skills required to be developed for effective team work. Necessary care has also been taken to include important skill areas of allied trades as prescribed in the syllabus. The availability of a complete Instructional Media Package (IMF) in an institute helps both the trainer and management to impart effective training. The IMPs are the outcome of collective efforts of the staff members of NIMI and the members of the Media Development Committees specially drawn from Public and Private sector industries, various training institutes under the Directorate General of Training (DGT), Government and Private ITIs. NIMI would like to take this opportunity to convey sincere thanks to the Directors of Employment & Training of various State Governments, Training Departments of Industries both in the Public and Private sectors, Officers of DGT and DGT field institutes, proof readers, individual media developers and coordinators, but for whose active support NIMI would not have been able to bring out this materials. R. P. DHINGRA Chennai - 600 032 EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR (iv) Copyright Free under CC BY Licence  ACKNOWLEDGEMENT National Instructional Media Institute (NIMI) sincerely acknowledges with thanks for the co-operation and contribution extended by the following Media Developers and their sponsoring organisations to bring out this instructional material (Trade Theory) for the trade of Electrician NSQF (LEVEL - 5) under Electrical Sector for ITIs. MEDIA DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE MEMBERS Shri. T. Muthu − Principal (Retd.), MDC Member. NIMI, Chennai Shri. C.C. Jose − Training Officer (Retd.), MDC Member, NIMI, Chennai Shri. K. Lakshmanan − Assistant Training Officer (Retd.), MDC Member, NIMI, Chennai. NIMI CO-ORDINATORS Shri. K. Srinivasa Rao − Joint Director NIMI, Chennai - 32. Shri. V. Gopalakrishnan − Assitant Manager, NIMI, Chennai - 32 NIMI records its appreciation for the Data Entry, CAD, DTP operators for their excellent and devoted services in the process of development of this Instructional Material. NIMI also acknowledges with thanks the invaluable efforts rendered by all other NIMI staff who have contributed towards the development of this Instructional Material. NIMI is also grateful to everyone who has directly or indirectly helped in developing this Instructional Material. (v) Copyright Free under CC BY Licence  INTRODUCTION This manual for trade Theory is intended for use in the ITI classoom. It consists of a series of practical exercises that are to be completed by the trainees during the first semester of course is the Electrician trade under Electrical Sector. It is National Skills Qualifications Framework (NSQF) - (LEVEL 5), supplemented and supported by instructions/information to assist the trainees in performing the exercises. The syllabus for the1st Semester Electrician NSQF (LEVEL - 5) Trade under Electrical Sector Trade Practical is divided into Six Modules.The allocation of time for the various modules is given below: Module 1: Safety Practice and Hand Tools 14 Exercises 75 Hrs Module 2: Basic Workshop Practice (Allied Trade) 09 Exercises 100 Hrs Module 3: Wires, Joints - Soldering - U.G. Cables 10 Exercises 125 Hrs Module 4: Basic Electrical Practice 11 Exercises 75 Hrs Module 5: Magnetism and Capacitors 08 Exercises 50 Hrs Module 6: AC Circuits 12 Exercises 100 Hrs Total 64 Exercises 525 Hrs The syllabus and the content in the modules are interlinked. As the number of workstations available in the electrical section is limited by the machinery and equipment, it is necessary to interpolate the exercises in the modules to form a proper teaching and learning sequence. The sequence of instruction is given in the schedule of instruction which is incorporated in the Instructor's Guide. With 25 practical hours a week of 5 working days 100 hours of practical per month is available. The procedure for working through the 64 exercises for the 1st semester with the specific objectives to be achieved as the learning out comes at the end of each exercise is given in this book. The symbols used in the diagrams comply with the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) specifications. This manual on trade Theory forms part of the Written Instructional Material (WIM). Which includes manual on trade theory and assignment/test. (vi) Copyright Free under CC BY Licence  CONTENTS Lesson No. Title of the Lesson Page No. Module 1: Safety practice and hand tools 1.1.01 Organization of ITI’s and scope of the Electrician trade 1 1.1.02 & 1.1.03 Safety rules - Safety signs - Hazards 4 1.1.04 & 1.1.05 Fire - Types - Extinguishers 10 1.1.06 & 1.1.07 Rescue operations - First aid treatment - Artificial respiration 15 1.1.08 Disposal of waste material 21 1.1.09 Personal Protective Equipment 23 1.1.10 Guidelines for cleanliness of workshop and maintenance 29 1.1.11 - 1.1.14 Trade hand tools - specification - standards - NEC code 2011 - lifting of heavy loads 31 Module 2: Basic Workshop Practice (Allied Trade) 1.2.15 & 1.2.16 Fitting tools - marking tools - specification - grades - uses 44 1.2.17 Marking tools - steel rule - punches - calipers - try square - gauges 50 1.2.18 & 1.2.19 Carpenter tools - wood saws - planes - wooden joints 58 1.2.20 & 1.2.23 Sheet metal - marking and cutting tools - rivet joints 74 1.2.21 & 1.2.22 Drills and drilling machines - Internal and external threads 82 Module 3: Wires, Joints - Soldering - U.G. Cables 1.3.24 - 1.3.26 Fundamental of electricity - conductors - insulators - wire size measurement- crimping 96 1.3.27 - 1.3.29 Wire joints - Types - Soldering methods 120 1.3.30 - 1.3.33 Under ground (UG) cables - construction - materials - types - joints - testing 128 Module 4: Basic Electrical Practice 1.4.34 Ohm’s law - simple electrical circuits and problems 139 1.4.35 Kirchhoff's law and its applications 145 1.4.36 - 1.4.37 DC series and parallel circuits 150 1.4.38 & 1.4.39 Open and short circuit in series and parallel network 157 1.4.40 Laws of resistance and various types of resistors 161 1.4.41 Wheatstone bridge - principle and its application 170 1.4.42 & 1.4.43 Effect of variation of temperature on resistance 173 (vii) Copyright Free under CC BY Licence Lesson No. Title of the Lesson Page No. 1.4.44 Series and parallel combination circuit 175 Module 5: Magnetism and Capacitors 1.5.45 Magnetic terms, magnetic material and properties of magnet 178 1.5.46 & 1.5.47 Principles and laws of electro magnetism 183 1.5.48 -1.5.50 The magnetic circuits - self and mutually induced emfs 186 1.5.51 & 1.5.52 Capacitors - types - functions , grouping and uses 196 Module 6: AC Circuits6: AC Circuits 1.6.53 Alternating current - terms & definitions - vector diagrams 211 1.6.54 Series resonance circuit 236 1.6.55 R-L, R-C and R-L-C parallel circuits 239 1.6.56 Parallel resonance circuits 246 1.6.57 Power, energy and power factor in AC single phase system - Problems 249 1.6.58 & 1.6.59 Power factor - Improvement of power factor 259 1.6.60 - 1.6.64 3-Phase AC fundamentals 263 Project Work 276 (viii) Copyright Free under CC BY Licence  ASSESSABLE / LEARNING OUTCOME On completion of this book you shall be able to Apply safe working practices Prepare profile with an appropriate accuracy as per drawing Prepare electrical wire joints, carry out soldering, crimping and measure insulation resistance of underground cable. Verify characteristics of electrical and magnetic circuits. (ix) Copyright Free under CC BY Licence  SYLLABUS 1st Year (Volume I of II) Duration: Six Month Week Ref. Learning Professional Skills(Trade Practical) Professional Knowledge No. Outcome with Indicative hours (Trade Theory) Safe working practices 1. Apply safe working Scope of the electrician trade. 1. Visit various sections of the practices Safety rules and safety signs. institutes and location of Types and working of fire electrical installations. (05 extinguishers hrs) Install and setup 2. Identify safety symbols and operating system hazards. (05 Hrs) and related software 3. Preventive measures for in a computer. electrical accidents and practice steps to be taken in such accidents. (05 hrs) 4. Practice safe methods of fire fighting in case of electrical fire. (05 hrs) 5. Use of fire extinguishers. (05 Hrs) Install and setup 6. Practice elementary first aid. First aid safety practice. 2. operating system (05 hrs) Hazard identification and and related software 7. Rescue a person and practice prevention. in a computer. artificial respiration. (05 Hrs) Personal safety and factory 8. Disposal procedure of waste safety. materials. (05 Hrs) Response to emergencies e.g. 9. Use of personal protective power failure, system failure and equipments. (05 hrs) fire etc 10. Practice on cleanliness and procedure to maintain it. (05 hrs) Prepare profile 11. Identify trade tools and Concept of Standards and machineries. (10 Hrs) advantages of BIS/ISI. 3 with an 12. Practice safe methods of Trade tools specifications. appropriate lifting and handling of tools Introduction to National accuracy as per & equipment. (05 Hrs) Electrical Code-2011 drawing 13. Select proper tools for operation and precautions in operation. (05 Hrs) 14. Care & maintenance of trade tools Copyright Free under CC BY Licence  Prepare profile 15. Operations of allied trade Allied trades: Introduction to 4-5 tools. (05 Hrs) fitting tools, safety precautions. with an appropriate 16. Workshop practice on filing Description of files, hammers, accuracy as and hacksawing. (10 Hrs) chisels hacksaw frames, blades, per 17. Prepare hand coil winding their specification and grades. drawing assembly. ( 5 Hrs) Marking tools description and 18. Practice on preparing T- use. joint, Types of drills, description & straight joint and dovetail drilling machines. joint on wooden blocks. (15 Various wooden joints Hrs) 19. Practice sawing, planing, drilling and assembling for making a wooden switchboard. (15 Hrs) Prepare 20. Practice in marking and Marking tools; calipers profile cutting of straight and Dividers, Surface plates, with an curved pieces in metal Angle plates, Scribers, punches, appropriate sheets, making holes, surface gauges Types, Uses, Care accuracy as securing by screw and and maintenance. per riveting. (10 Hrs) Sheet metal tools: Description of 6-7 drawing 21. Workshop practice on marking & cutting tools. drilling, chipping, internal Types of rivets and riveted joints. and external threading of Use of thread gauge. different sizes. (20 Hrs) Description of carpenter’s tools 22. Practice of making square Care and maintenance of tools holes in crank handle. (5 Hrs) 23. Prepare an open box from metal sheet. (15 Hrs) Prepare 24. Prepare terminations of Fundamentals of electricity, electrical wire cable ends (02 hrs) definitions, units & effects of joints, carry 25. Practice on skinning, twisting electric current. out and crimping. (15 Hrs) Conductors and insulators. soldering, 26. Identify various types of Conducting materials and their crimping and cables and measure comparison 8 conductor size using SWG measure insulation and micrometer. (8 Hrs) resistance of underground cable Prepare 27. Make simple twist, Joints in electrical conductors. electrical married, Techniques of soldering. wire Tee and western union Types of solders and flux joints, joints. (18 Hrs) carry out 28. Make britannia straight, soldering, britannia Tee and rat 9 - 10 crimping tailjoints. (18 Hrs) and 29. Practice in Soldering of measure joints insulation / lugs. (14 Hrs) resistance of under ground cable Copyright Free under CC BY Licence  Prepare 30. Identify various parts, Underground cables: Description, electrical wire skinning and dressing of types, various joints and testing 11 - 12 joints, carry out underground cable. (15 procedure. soldering, Hrs) Cable insulation & voltage grades crimping and 31. Make straight joint of Precautions in using various measure different types of types of cables insulation underground cable. (15 resistance of Hrs) underground 32. Test insulation resistance of cable underground cable using megger. (05 hrs) 33. Test underground cables for faults and remove the fault. (15 Hrs) 34. Practice on measurement of parameters in combinational Verify Ohm’s Law; Simple electrical electrical circuit by applying circuits and problems. characteristics Ohm’s Law for different Kirchoff’s Laws and of resistor values and voltage applications. electrical and sources and analyse by Series and parallel circuits. magnetic 13 - 14 drawing graphs. (15 Hrs) Open and short circuits in circuits 35. Measure current and voltage series in electrical circuits to verify and parallel networks Kirchhoff’s Law (10 Hrs) 36. Verify laws of series and parallel circuits with voltage source in different combinations. (05Hrs) 37. Measure voltage and current against individual resistance in electrical circuit (10 hrs) 38. Measure current and voltage and analyse the effects of shorts and opens in series circuit. (05 Hrs) 39. Measure current and voltage and analyse the effects of shorts and opens in parallel circuit. (05 Hrs) 40. Measure resistance using Laws of Resistance voltage drop method. (5 and various 15 Verify Hrs) types of characteristics 41. Measure resistance using resistorsWheatstone of electrical and wheatstone bridge. (5 bridge; principle and magnetic Hrs) its applications. circuits 42. Determine the thermal Effect of variation of effect of electric current. temperature (5Hrs) on resistance. 43. Determine the change in Different methods of resistance due to measuring temperature. (5 Hrs) the values of 44. Verify the characteristics resistance. of Series and parallel series parallel combinations combination of resistors of resistors. (5 Hrs) Copyright Free under CC BY Licence  Verify 45. Determine the poles and Magnetic terms, magnetic characteristics of plot the field of a magnet materials and properties of 16 - 17 electrical and bar. (08 Hrs) magnet. magnetic 46. Wind a solenoid and Principles and laws of circuits determine the magnetic electromagnetism. effect of electric current. (06 Self and mutually induced EMFs. Hrs) Electrostatics: Capacitor- 47. Measure induced emf due to Different types, functions, change in magnetic field. (06 grouping and uses. hrs) Inductive and capacitive 48. Determine direction of reactance, their effect on AC induced emf and current. (06 circuit and related vector hrs) concepts 49. Practice on generation of mutually induced emf. (08 hrs) 50. Measure the resistance, impedance and determine inductance of choke coils in different combinations. (06 Hrs) 51. Identify various types of capacitors, charging / discharging and testing. (05 Hrs) 52. Group the given capacitors to get the required capacity and voltage rating. (05 Hrs) 53. Measure current, voltage 18 - 19 Verify and PF and determine the Comparison and Advantages of characteristics of characteristics of RL, RC and DC and AC systems. electrical and RLC in AC series circuits. (08 Related terms frequency, magnetic Hrs) Instantaneous value, R.M.S. circuits 54. Measure the resonance value frequency in AC series circuit Average value, Peak factor, form and determine its effect on factor, power factor and the circuit. (07 hrs) Impedance etc. 55. Measure current, voltage Sine wave, phase and phase and PF and determine the difference. characteristics of RL, RC and Active and Reactive power. RLC in AC parallel circuits. Single Phase and three-phase (08 Hrs) system. 56. Measure the resonance Problems on A.C. circuits frequency in AC parallel circuit and determine its effects on the circuit. (07 hrs) 57. Measure power, energy for lagging and leading power factors in single phase circuits and compare characteristic graphically. (08 Hrs) 58. Measure Current, voltage, power, energy and power factor in three phase circuits. (07 hrs) 59. Practice improvement of PF by use of capacitor in three phase circuit.(05 Hrs) Copyright Free under CC BY Licence 20 - 21 Verify 60. Ascertain use of neutral by Advantages of AC poly-phase characteristics identifying wires of a 3- system. of phase 4 wire system and find Concept of three-phase Star and electrical and the phase sequence using Delta connection. magnetic phase sequence meter. (10 Line and phase voltage, current circuits Hrs) and power in a 3 phase circuits 61. Determine effect of broken with balanced and unbalanced neutral wire in three phase load. four wire system.(05 hrs) Phase sequence meter 62. Determine the relationship between Line and Phase values for star and delta connections. (10Hrs) 63. Measure the Power of three phase circuit for balanced and unbalanced loads. (15 Hrs) 64. Measure current and voltage of two phases in case of one phase is short-circuited in three phase four wire system and compare with healthy system.(10 hrs) 22 - 23 Project work / Industrial visit Broad Areas: a) Prepare and assemble a test board with switches, plug socket, lamp holder etc. b) Temperature controlled system for switching ‘ON’ and ‘OFF’ of any circuit using bimetallic strip. c) Series/ parallel combinational circuits 24 - 25 Revision 26 Examination Copyright Free under CC BY Licence Electrical Related Theory for Exercise 1.1.01 Electrician - Safety Practice and Hand Tools Organization of ITI’s and scope of the electrician trade Objectives: At the end of this lesson you shall be able to state brief introduction about Industrial Training Institutes (ITI) state about the organized structure of the Institute. Brief Introduction of Industrial Training Institute (ITIs) engineering with the duration of 1 or 2 years. The minimum eligibility for admission in ITIs 8th, 10th and 12th pass Industrial Training Institute plays a vital role in economy of with respect to the trades and admission process will be the country, especially interms of providing skilled held in every year in July. manpower. From 2013, semester pattern was introduced with 6 The Directorate General of Training (DGT) comes under months/Semester and revised the syllabus for each Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship semester. Then in 2014, they introduced and implemented (MSDE) offers a range of vocational training trades in "Sector Mentor council (SMC)" re-revised syllabus under different sectors based on economy /labour market. The 11 sectors of about 80 trades. vocational training programs are delivered under the aegis of National Council of Vocational Training (NCVT). At the end of each semester, All India Trade Test (AITT) Craftsman Training scheme (CTS) and Apprenticeship will be conducted in every July and January, with OMR Training Scheme (ATS) and two pioneer programs of NCVT answer sheet pattern and multiple choice type questions. for Propagatory Vocational Training. After passing, National trade certificates (NTC), will be issued by DGT which is authorized and recognized Total number of ITIs in India as on April 2016 is about internationally. In 2017, for some trades they have 13105 (Govt. 2293 + 10812 Private ITIs). They are giving introduced and implemented National Skill Qualification training about 132 trades including Engineering and Non- Frame work (NSQF) with Level 4 and Level 5. 1 Copyright Free under CC BY Licence After finishing instructional training with 'NTC' certificate, Organizational Structure of ITIs they have to undergo Apprenticeship training (ATS) for one In most of the ITIs, the head of the institute is the principal or two year in respective trades under the Apprentice ACT under him one vice-principal (VP). then Training Officers 1961, in various government and private establishments (TO)/Group Instructors (GI) who are the management and with stipend. At the end of the Apprenticeship training, All supervisory staff. Then Assistant Training Officers(ATO), India Apprentice Test will be conducted and apprentice Junior Training Officer (JTO), and Vocational Instructors certificate will be issued. They can get job opportunities in (VI) are under Training officers for each trade and for private or government establishment in India/Abroad or they Workshop calculations, Engineering Drawing, can start small scale industries in manufacturing or in Employability skills etc. Administrative staff, Hostel service sector with subsidiary government loan. Superintendent (H.S.) physical Education Trainer (PET), Library incharge, Pharmacist, etc. will be under the head of the Institution. The typical organizational of ITI chart is shown in Fig 1 Scope of the electrician trade Objectives: At the end of this lesson you shall be able to explain the duties of electrician general and electrical fitter and their NCO state the key skills and carrier pathway for electrician list out the job opportunities and self employment opportunities. Welcome to the electrician trade equipment such as sound recording apparatus, air Electrician trade under craftsman training scheme (CTS) purification plant, heating apparatus etc. whether used to is one of the most popular trade delivered nationwide working do drawing, whether accustomed to high tension through the network of ITIs. This trade is of two year (4 or low tension supply system and if in possession of semester) duration. competency certificate issued under electricity act. It mainly consists of domain area and core areas. In domain Electrical fitter fits and assembles electrical machinery area trade practical and trade theory and core area and equipment such as motors, transformers, generators, workshop calculation and science, Engineering drawing switch gears, fans, etc., Studies drawings and wiring and employability skills which imparts soft and life skills. diagrams of fittings, wiring and assemblies to be made. There are two professional classification in electrician trade Collects prefabricated electrical and mechanical based on National Code of Occupation (NCO) as components according to drawing and wiring diagram and checks them with gauges, megger etc. to ensure proper (i) Electrician general (NCO - 2015 reference is 7411.0100) function and accuracy. (ii) Electrical fitter (NCO - 2015 reference is 7412.0200) Fits mechanical components, resistance, insulators, etc. as per specification doing supplementary tooling where Duties of Electrician - General and Electrical - Fitter necessary. Follows wiring diagrams, makes electrical Electrician - General installs, maintains and repairs connections and solder points as specified. Checks for electrical machinery, equipment and fittings in factories, continuity, resistance, circuit shorting, leakage, earthing workshops, power houses, business and residential etc., at each stage of assembly using megger, ammeter, premises, etc. Studies drawings and other specifications voltmeter and other appliances and ensures stipulated to determine electrical circuit, installation etc. Positions performance of both mechanical and electrical components and installs electrical motors, transformers, switchboards, filled in assembly. microphones, loud-speakers and other electrical equipment, fittings and lighting fixtures. Makes connections Erects various equipment such as bus bars, panel board, and solder terminals. Tests electrical installations and electrical post, fuse boxes switch gears, meters, relays equipment and locates faults using megger, test lamp etc. etc., using non-conductors, insulating and hoisting equipment as necessary for receipt and distribution of Repairs or replaces defective wiring , burnt out fuses and electrical current to feeder lines. defective parts and keeps fittings and fixtures in working order. may do armature winding, draw wires and cables Installs motors, generators, transformers, etc. as per and do simple cable joining. May operate, attend and drawing using lifting and hoisting equipment as necessary, maintain electrical motors, pumps etc. NCO - 2015 does prescribed electrical wirings and connects to supply reference is 7411.0100 line. Locates faults in case of breakdown and replaces blown out fuses, burnt coils, switches, conductors, etc. Record class of work in which experienced such as factory, as required. Checks dismantles, repairs and overhauls power-house, ship etc., whether experienced in electrical electrical units periodically or as required according to repairs or detecting faults, details of experience in electrical scheduled procedure. 2 Electrical : Electrician (NSQF LEVEL - 5) - Related Theory for Exercise 1.1.01 Copyright Free under CC BY Licence Test electrical equipment and rewind blown out coils. May of industries and obtain National Apprenticeship specialize in repairs of particular type of electrical Certificate (NAC) appliances and machinery, equipment manufacturing, Can join Craftsman Instructor Training Scheme (CITS) installation or power house work and be designated in the trade to become instructor in ITIs accordingly NCO - 2015 reference is 7412.0200 Eligible to obtain directly wireman 'B' license, which is Record nature of work done; if specialized in repairing or issued by the Electrical Licensing Board Authorities assembling any particular item such as generator, motor, transformer, relays switchgear, domestic appliance etc. , Job Opportunities: There are good numbers of job experience of working in power-house and distribution opportunities for an electrician centre and if in possession of electrician's competency certificate Electrician in local electricity boards, railways, Telephone department, airport and other government Key Skills of Electrician and semi-government establishments After passing the electrician trade, they are able to Electrician in factories (Public/Private) Install, test and maintain electrical equipment in auditorium and cinema Read and interpret technical parameter documents, plan halls and organic work process, identify necessary materials and tools Assembler of electrical control gears and switches on panel boards at switch gear factories. Perform tasks with due consideration to safety rules, accident prevention regulation and environment Winder of electrical motors in winding shops protection. Electrical appliances repairer in electrical shops. Apply professional skill knowledge and employability Electrician to Install, service and maintain electrical skills while performing jobs. equipment and circuits in hotels, resorts hospitals and Checking job/assembly as per drawing for functioning, flats identifying and rectifying errors in job/assembly. Assembler in the domestic appliances manufacturing Document the technical parameters related to the tasks factories undertaken Service technician for domestic appliances in reputed In 2013, semester systems was introduced and the companies. syllabus also revised for semester pattern Self-employment opportunities Then in 2014 Sector Mentor Council (SMC) was formed and the syllabus was also re-revised and implemented. Service centre for repairing electrical switch gear and motors in rural and urban areas. Presently electrician syllabus again revised and sequentially structured by National Skill Qualification Maintenance contractor of wiring installation in hotels/ Framework NSQF - level 5 and implemented from August resorts/hospitals/banks etc. 2017 Manufacturer of sub-assembly for electrical panels Carrier Progress Pathways Contractor for domestic wiring and industrial wiring After passing the electrician trade the trainee can appear Armature winder of electrical motors in 10+2 examination through National Institute of Open Repairer of simple electronic of gadgets. Schooling (NIOS) for acquiring higher secondary certificate and can go further for general Technical education. Service, maintain and repair of domestic appliances Dealership/agency for electrical hardware Take admission in diploma course in notified branches of engineering by lateral entry With an added training in the specified field can become Audio/Radio/ TV Mechanic Can join the apprenticeship training in different types Electrical : Electrician (NSQF LEVEL - 5) - Related Theory for Exercise 1.1.01 3 Copyright Free under CC BY Licence Electrical Related Theory for Exercise 1.1.02 & 1.1.03 Electrician - Safety Practice and Hand Tools Safety rules - Safety signs - Hazards Objectives: At the end of this lesson you shall be able to explain the necessity of adopting the safety rules list the safety rules to be followed by the electrician. explain how to treat a person for electric shock/injury Necessity of safety rules: Safety consciousness is one fused bulbs. In all the cases, it is always good to open of the essential attitudes required for any job. A skilled the main switch and make the circuit dead. electrician always should strive to form safe working habits. Safe working habits always save men, money and Stand on rubber mats while working/operating switch material. Unsafeworking habits always end up in loss of panels, control gears etc. production and profits, personal injury and even death. The Position the ladder, on firm ground. safety hints given below should be followed by Electrician to avoid accidents and electrical shocks as his job involves While using a ladder, ask the helper to hold the ladder a lot of occupational hazards. against any possible slipping. The listed safety rules should be learnt, remembered and Always use safety belts while working on poles or high practised by every electrician. Here a electrician should rise points. remember the famous proverb, “Electricity is a good Never place your hands on any moving part of rotating servant but a bad master”. machine and never work around moving shafts or Safety rules pulleys of motor or generator with loose shirt sleeves or dangling neck ties. Only qualified persons should do electrical work. Only after identifying the procedure of operation, operate Keep the workshop floor clean, and tools in good any machine or apparatus. condition, and keep proper places. Run cables or cords through wooden partitions or floor Do not work on live circuits; if unavoidable, use rubber after inserting insulating porcelain tubes. gloves rubber mats, etc. Connections in the electrical apparatus should be tight. Use wooden or PVC insulated handle screwdrivers Loosely connected cables will heat up and end in fire when working on electrical circuits. hazards. Do not touch bare conductors Use always earth connection for all electrical appliances When soldering, place the hot soldering irons in their along with 3-pin sockets and plugs. stand. Never lay switched ‘ON’ or heated soldering iron While working on dead circuits remove the fuse grips; on a bench or table as it may cause a fire to break out. keep them under safe custody and also display ‘Men on Use only correct capacity fuses in the circuit. If the line’ board on the switchboard. capacity is less it will blow out when the load is Do not meddle with interlocks of machines/switch connected. If the capacity is large, it gives no protection gears. and allows excess current to flow and endangers men and machines, resulting in loss of money. Do not connect earthing to the water pipe lines. Replace or remove fuses only after switching off the Do not use water on electrical equipment. circuit switches. Discharge static voltage in HV lines/equipment and Use extension cords with lamp guards to protect lamps capacitors before working on them. against breakage and to avoid combustible material Safety practice - first aid coming in contact with hot bulbs. Electric shock Use accessories like sockets, plugs, switches and We are aware that the prime reasons for severity of shock appliances only when they are in good condition and be are the magnitude of current and duration of contact. In sure they have the mark of BIS (ISI). Necessity of using addition, the other factors contribute to the severity of shock BIS(ISI) marked accessories is explained under are: standardisation. age of person Never extend electrical circuits by using temporary wiring. body resistance Stand on a wooden stool, or an insulated ladder while not wearing insulating footwear or wearing wet footwear repairing live electrical circuits/ appliances or replacing 4 Copyright Free under CC BY Licence  Weather condition aid measure, pressure on the wound itself is the best means of stopping the bleeding and avoiding infection. Wet or dry floor Immediate action Mains voltage etc. Always in cases of severe bleeding If assistance is close at hand, send for medical aid, then - make the patient to lie down and rest carry on with emergency treatment. - if possible, raise the injured part above the level of the If you are alone, proceed with the treatment immediately. body (Fig 1) Make sure the victim is not in contact with the supply. Effects of electric shock The effect of current at very low levels may only be an unpleasant tingling sensation, but this itself may be sufficient to cause some persons to lose their balance and fall. At higher levels of current the person receiving a shock may be thrown off his feet and will experience severe pain and possibly minor burns at the point of contact. - apply pressure to the wound At an excessive shock can also cause burning of the skin at the point of contact. - call for medical assistance Treatment of electric shock To control severe bleeding Prompt treatment is essential. Check for the victim’s natural breathing and consciousness. Take steps to apply respiratory resuscitation if the victim is unconscious and not breathing. Check the victim for injury and burns. Decide on the suitable method of artificial resuscitation. In the case of injury/burns to chest and or belly, follow the mouth-to-mouth method. Squeeze together the sides of the wound. Apply pressure as long as it is necessary to stop the bleeding. When the In the case of burns/injury in the back, follow Nelson’s bleeding has stopped, put a dressing over the wound and method cover it with a pad of soft material. (Fig 2) In case the mouth is closed tightly, use Schafer’s or For an abdominal wound which may be caused by falling Holgen-Nelson method. on a sharp tool, keep the patient bending over the wound These methods should be practiced. (Refer Exercise to stop internal bleeding. 1.1.06) Large wound Treatment for electrical burns Apply a clean pad and bandage firmly in place. If bleeding A person receiving an electric shock may also sustain is very severe apply more than one dressing. (Fig 3) burns when the current passes through the body. Do not waste time by rendering first aid to the victim until breathing has been restored and the patient can breathe normally unaided. Burns are very painful. If a large area of the body is burnt, do not give treatment, except to exclude the air, eg. by covering with clean paper or a clean cloth, soaked in clean water. this relieves the pain. Severe bleeding Any wound which is bleeding profusely, especially in the wrist, hand or fingers must be considered serious and must receive professional attention. As an immediate first Electrical : Electrician (NSQF LEVEL - 5) - Related Theory for Exercise 1.1.02 & 1.1.03 5 Copyright Free under CC BY Licence Safety signs (Road signals) Objectives: At the end of this lesson you shall be able to list three kinds of road sign describe the “marking” on the road describe the various police traffic hand signal and light signal list the causes for collision. In olden days road locomotive carrying a red flag by day Cautionary/ warning signs are especially safe. Do's and and red lantern by night. Safety is the prime motive of don'ts for pedestrians, cyclists, bus passengers and every traffic. motorists. Kinds of road signs Information signs (Fig 3) Mandatory Information signs as especially benefit to the passengers Cautionary and and two wheelers. Informatory Mandatory signs (Fig 1) Marking lines on road (Fig 4) Marking lines are directing or warning to the moving vehicles, cyclist and pedestrians to follow the law. Single and short broken lines in the middle of the road allow the vehicle to cross the dotted lines safely overtake whenever required. Violation of mandatory sign can lead to penalties. Eg. Stop, give way, limits, prohibited, no parking and When moving vehicle approaching pedestrian crossing, compulsory sign. be ready to slow down or stop to let people cross. Cautionary signs (Fig 2) Do not overtake in the vicinity of pedestrian crossing. Police signals (Fig 5) To stop a vehicle approaching from behind. (Fig 5/1) To stop a vehicle coming from front. (Fig 5/2) To stop vehicles approaching simultaneously from front and behind. (Fig 5/3) To stop traffic approaching from left and wanting to turn right. (Fig 5/4) To stop traffic approaching from the right to allow traffic from left to turn right. (Fig 5/5) To allow traffic coming from the right and turning right by stopping traffic approaching from the left. (Fig 5/6) Warning signal closing all traffic. (Fig 5/7) 6 Electrical : Electrician (NSQF LEVEL - 5) - Related Theory for Exercise 1.1.02 & 1.1.03 Copyright Free under CC BY Licence  Green means you may go on if the way is clear. Take special care if you mean to turn left or right and give way to pedestrians who are crossing. (Fig 6/3) Amber means stop at the stop line. you may only go on if the amber appears after you have crossed the stop line or so close to it that to pull up may not be possible. (Fig 6/4) Green arrow means that you may go in the direction shown by the arrow. You may do this whatever other lights may be showing. (Fig 6/5) Pedestrians - do not cross. (Fig 6/6) Pedestrians - cross now. (Fig 6/7) Flashing red means stop at the stop line and if the way is clear proceed with caution. (Fig 6/8) Flashing amber means proceed with caution. (Fig 6/9) Collision causes (Fig 7) Beckoning on vehicles approaching from left. (Fig 5/8) Beckoning on vehicles approaching from right. (Fig 5/9) Beckoning on vehicles from front. (Fig 5/10) Traffic light signals (Fig 6) Three factors are responsible for collision Roads Vehicles and Drivers The Fig 8 shows approximately proportionate causes of collision. In wrong attitudes such that avoid foolish acts at the wheel (Fig 8). Driving time is not play time. Red means stop. Wait behind the stop line on the carriage way. (Fig 6/1) Red and amber also means stop. Do not pass through or start until green shows. (Fig 6/2) Electrical : Electrician (NSQF LEVEL - 5) - Related Theory for Exercise 1.1.02 & 1.1.03 7 Copyright Free under CC BY Licence Safety practice - Safety signs Objectives: At the end of this lesson you shall be able to state the responsibilities of employer and employees state the safety attitude and list the four basic categories of safety signs. Responsibilities The four basic categories of signs are as follows: Safety doesn't just happen - it has to be organised and prohibition signs (Fig 1 & Fig 5) achieved like the work-process of which it forms a part. The law states that both an employer and his employees mandatory signs (Fig 2 & Fig 6) have a responsibility in this behalf. warning signs (Fig 3 & Fig 7) Employer's responsibilities information signs (Fig 4) The effort a firm puts into planning and organising work, Prohibition signs training people, engaging skilled and competent workers, maintaining plant and equipment, and checking, inspecting SHAPE Circular. and keeping records - all of this contributes to the safety COLOUR Red border Fig 1 in the workplace. and cross bar. The employer will be responsible for the equipment Black symbol provided, the working conditions, what the employees are on white asked to do, and the training given. background. Employee's responsibilities MEANING Shows it must not be done. You will be responsible for the way you use the equipment, how you do your job, the use you make of your training, Example No smoking. and your general attitude to safety. Mandatory signs A great deal is done by employers and other people to make your working life safer; but always remember you SHAPE Circular. Fig 2 are responsible for your own actions and the effect they COLOUR White symbol have on others. You must not take that responsibility lightly. on blue Rules and procedure at work background What you must do, by law, is often included in the various MEANING Shows what rules and procedures laid down by your employer. They must be done. may be written down, but more often than not, are just the Example Wear hand way a firm does things - you will learn these from other protection. workers as you do your job. They may govern the issue and use of tools, protective Warning signs clothing and equipment, reporting procedures, emergency SHAPE Triangular. drills, access to restricted areas, and many other matters. Fig 3 Such rules are essential; they contribute to the efficiency COLOUR Yellow and safety of the job. background with black Safety signs border and As you go about your work on a construction site you will symbol. see a variety of signs and notices. Some of these will be MEANING Warns of familiar to you - a 'no smoking' sign for example; others hazard or you may not have seen before. It is up to you to learn what danger. they mean - and to take notice of them. They warn of the possible danger, and must not be ignored. Example Caution, risk of electric shock. Safety signs fall into four separate categories. These can be recognised by their shape and colour. Sometimes they may be just a symbol; other signs may include letters or figures and provide extra information such as the clearance height of an obstacle or the safe working load of a crane. 8 Electrical : Electrician (NSQF LEVEL - 5) - Related Theory for Exercise 1.1.02 & 1.1.03 Copyright Free under CC BY Licence Information signs Warning signs Fig 4 SHAPE Square or oblong. COLOUR White symbols on green background. MEANING Indicates or gives information of safety provision. Example First aid point. Prohibition signs Mandatory signs Electrical : Electrician (NSQF LEVEL - 5) - Related Theory for Exercise 1.1.02 & 1.1.03 9 Copyright Free under CC BY Licence Electrical Related Theory for Exercise 1.1.04 & 1.1.05 Electrician - Safety Practice and Hand Tools Fire - Types - Extinguishers Objectives: At the end of this lesson you shall be able to state the effects of a fire break out and causes of fire in a workshop distinguish the different types of fire extinguishers state the classification of fires and basic ways for extingushing the fire determine the correct type of fire extinguisher to be used based on the class of fire describe the general procedure to be adopted in the event of fire state the method of operation of fire extinguisher and extinguishing of fire. Fire Removing any one of these factors will Fire is the burning of combustible material. A fire in an extinguish the fire. unwanted place and on an unwanted occasion and in an uncontrollable quantity can cause damage or destroy Preventing fires: The majority of fires begin with small property and materials. It might injure people, and outbreaks which burn unnoticed until they have a secure sometimes cause loss of life as well. Hence, every effort hold. Most fires could be prevented with more care and by must be made to prevent fire. When a fire outbreak is following some simple common sense rules. discovered, it must be controlled and extinguished by immediate corrective action. Accumulation of combustible refuse (cotton waste soaked with oil, scrap wood, paper, etc.) in odd corners are a fire Is it possible to prevent fire? Yes, fire can be prevented by risk. Refuse should be removed to collection points. eliminating anyone of the three factors that causes fire. The cause of fire in electrical equipment is misuse or The following are the three factors that must be present in neglect. Loose connections, wrongly rated fuses, overloaded combination for a fire to continue to burn. (Fig 1) circuits cause overheating which may in turn lead to a fire. Damage to insulation between conductors in cables causes fire. Clothing and anything else which might catch fire should be kept well away from heaters. Make sure that the heater is shut off at the end of the working day. Highly flammable liquids and petroleum mixtures (thinner, adhesive solutions, solvents, kerosene, spirit, LPG gas etc.) should be stored in the flammable material storage Fuel: Any substance, liquid, solid or gas will burn, if there area. is oxygen and high enough temperatures. Blowlamps and torches must not be left burning when they Heat: Every fuel will begin to burn at a certain temperature. are not in use. It varies and depends on the fuel. Solids and liquids give off vapour when heated, and it is this vapour which ignites. Classification of fires: Fires are classified into four types Some liquids do not have to be heated as they give off in terms of the nature of fuel. vapour at normal room temperature say 150C, eg. petrol. Different types of fires (Fig 2, Fig 3 Fig 4 & Fig 5) have to Oxygen: Usually exists in sufficient quantity in air to keep be dealt with in different ways and with different extinguishing a fire burning. agents. Extinguishing of fire: Isolating or removing any of these An extinguishing agent is the material or substance used factors from the combination will extinguish the fire. There to put out the fire, and is usually (but not always) contained are three basic ways of achieving this. in a fire extinguisher with a release mechanism for spraying into the fire. Starving the fire of fuel removes this element. It is important to know the right type of agent for extinguishing Smothering - ie. isolate the fire from the supply of a particular type of fire; using a wrong agent can make oxygen by blanketing it with foam, sand etc. things worse.There is no classification for ‘electrical fires’ as such, since these are only fires in materials where Cooling - use water to lower the temperature. electricity is present. 10 Copyright Free under CC BY Licence Fire Classification and Fuel Extinguishing Method Most effective ie., cooling with water. Jets of water should be sprayed on the base of the fire and then gradually upwards. Should be smothered :- The aim is to cover the entire surface of the burning liquid. This has the effect of cutting off the supply of oxygen to the fire. Water should never be used on burning liquids. Foam, dry powder or CO2 may be used on this type of fire. Extreme caution is necessary in dealing with liquefied gases. There is a risk of explosion and sudden outbreak of fire in the entire vicinity. If an appliance fed from a cylinder catches fire - shut off the supply of gas. The safest course is to raise an alarm and leave the fire to be dealt with by trained personnel. Dry powder extinguishers are used on this type of fire. Special powders have now been developed which are capable of controlling and/or extinguishing this type of fire. The standard range of fire extinguishing agents is inadequate or dangerous when dealing with metal fires. Fire on electrical equipment. Halon, Carbon dioxide, dry powder and vapourising liquid (CTC) extinguishers can be used to deal with fires in electrical equipment. Foam or liquid (eg. water) extinguishers must not be used on electrical equipment under any circumstances. Electrical : Electrician (NSQF LEVEL - 5) - Related Theory for Exercise 1.1.04 & 1.1.05 11 Copyright Free under CC BY Licence Types of Fire Extinguisher Dry powder extinguishers (Fig 4): Extinguishers fitted Many types of fire extinguishers are available with different with dry powder may be of the gas cartridge or stored extinguishing ‘agents’ to deal with different classes of fires. pressure type. Appearance and method of operation is the (Fig 1) same as that of the water-filled one. The main distinguish- ing feature is the fork shaped nozzle. Powders have been developed to deal with class D fires. Water-filled extinguishers: There are two methods of operation. (Fig 2) Gas cartridge type Stored pressure type With both methods of operation the discharge can be Carbon dioxide (CO2): This type is easily distinguished interruted as required, conserving the contents and by the distinctively shaped discharge horn. (Fig 5). preventing unnecessary water damage. Foam extinguishers (Fig 3):These may be of stored pressure or gas cartridge types. Always check the operating instructions on the extinguisher before use. Suitable for Class B fires. Best suited where contamination Most suitable for by deposits must be avoided. Not generally effective in open air. flammable liquid fires Always check the operating instructions on the container running liquid fires before use. Available with different gadgets of operation Must not be used on fires where electrical equipment is such as - plunger, lever, trigger etc. involved. Halon extinguishers (Fig 6): These extinguishers may be filled with carbon-tetrachloride and Bromochlorodifluoro methene (BCF). They may be either gas cartridge or stored pressure type. 12 Electrical : Electrician (NSQF LEVEL - 5) - Related Theory for Exercise 1.1.04 & 1.1.05 Copyright Free under CC BY Licence They are more effective in extinguishing small fires involving Failure to do this may mean that some person pouring liquids. These extinguishers are particularly suitable being unaccounted for and others may have to and safe to use on electrical equipment as the chemicals put themselves to the trouble of searching for are electrically non-conductive. him or her at risk to themselves. The fumes given off by these extinguishers are Working on fire extinguishers:- dangerous, especially in confined space. Alert people sorrounding by shouting fire, fire, fire when The general procedure in the event of a fire: observe the fire. (Fig 1a & b) Raise an alarm. Inform fire service or arrange to inform immediately. Turn off all machinery and power (gas and electricity). (Fig 1c) Close the doors and windows, but do not lock or bolt Open emergency exist and ask them to go away. them. This will limit the oxygen fed to the fire and prevent (Fig 1d) its spreading. Put “OFF” electrical power supply. Try to deal with the fire if you can do so safely. Do not risk getting trapped. Don’t allow people to go nearer to the fire Anybody not involved in fighting the fire should leave calmly using the emergency exits and go to the designated assembly point. Electrical : Electrician (NSQF LEVEL - 5) - Related Theory for Exercise 1.1.04 & 1.1.05 13 Copyright Free under CC BY Licence  Analyze and identify the type of fire. Refer Table1. Table 1 Class ‘A’ Wood, paper, cloth, solid material Class ‘B’ Oil based fire (grease, gasoline, oil) liquifiable gases Class ‘C’ Gas and liquifiable gases Class ‘D’ Metals and electrical equipment Assume the fire is ‘B; type (flammable liquifiable solids) Slect CO2 (Carbon di oxide) fire extinguisher. Locate and pickup, CO2 fire extinguisher. Click for its expiry date. Break the seal (Fig 2) Fire extinguishers are manufactured for use from the distance. Caution While putting off fire, the fire may flare up Do not be panick belong as it put off promptly. If the fire doesn’t respond well after you have used up the fire extinguisher move away yourself away from the fire point. Pull the safety pin from the handle (Pin located at the Do not attempt to put out a fire where it is top of the fire extinguisher) (Fig 3) emitting toxic smoke leave it for the profes- sionals. Remember that your life is more important than property. So don’t place yourself or others at risk. In order to remember the simple operation of the extinguisher. Remember P.A.S.S. This will help you to use the fire extinguisher. P for Pull A for Aim Aim the extinguisher nozzle or hose at the base of the S for Squeeze fire (this will remove the source of fuel fire) (Fig 4) S for Sweep Keep your self low and safe distance Squeeze the handle lever slowly to discharge the agent (Fig 5) Sweep side to side approximately 15 cm over the fuel fire until the fire is put off (Fig 5) 14 Electrical : Electrician (NSQF LEVEL - 5) - Related Theory for Exercise 1.1.04 & 1.1.05 Copyright Free under CC BY Licence Electrical Related Theory for Exercise 1.1.06 & 1.1.07 Electrician - Safety Practice and Hand Tools Rescue operation - First aid treatment - Artificial respiration Objectives: At the end of this lesson you shall be able to explain how to rescue a person who is in contact with a live wire. state the first aid and its key aims. explain ABC of the first aid. brief how to give first aid treatment for a victim. explain how to treat a person affected due to electric shock/injury. The severity of an electric shock will depend on the level of Electric burns on the victim may not cover a big area but current which passes through the body and the length of may be deep seated. All you can do is to cover the area time of contact. Do not delay, act at once. Make sure that with a clean, sterile dressing and treat for shock. Get the electric current has been disconnected. If the victim is expert help as quickly as possible. still in contact with the supply - break the contact either by switching off or by removing the plug or pulling the cable If the casualty is unconscious but is breathing, loosen the free. clothing about the neck, chest and waist (Fig 3) and place the casualty in the recovery position. If not, stand on some insulating material such as dry wood, rubber or plastic or newspaper and then pull his shirt sleeves. However, you have to insulate yourself and break the contact by pushing or pulling the person free. (Figs1 & 2) Keep a constant check on the breathing and pulse rate. Keep the casualty warm and comfortable in the recover position. Send for help.(Fig 4) Do not give an unconscious person anything to eat or drink. Do not leave an unconscious person unattended. In any case avoid direct contact with the victim. Wrap your hands in dry material if rubber gloves are not available. If the casualty is not breathing - Act at once to resuscitate the victim - do not waste time. If you remain un-insulated, do not touch the victim with your bare hands until the circuit is made dead or he is moved There are four methods of artificial resuscitation is illustrated away from the equipment. in Exercise 1.1.07 follow them. If the victim is at a height, efforts must be taken to prevent him from falling or to make him fall safe. 15 Copyright Free under CC BY Licence Basic first-aid treatment First aid is defined as the immediate care and support be invasive, and carry a risk of further injury to the patient given to an acutely injured or ill person, primarily to save and the provider. As with any training, it is more useful if it life, prevent further deterioration or injury, plan to shift the occurs before an actual emergency, and in many countries, victim to safer place, provide best possible comfort and emergency ambulance dispatchers may give basic first finally help them to reach the medical centre/ hospital aid instructions over the phone while the ambulance is on through all available means. It is an immediate life-saving the way. procedure using all resources available within reach. Training is generally provided by attending a course, Imparting knowledge and skill through institutional teaching typically leading to certification. Due to regular changes at younger age group in schools, colleges, entry point at in procedures and protocols, based on updated clinical industry level is now given much importance. Inculcating knowledge, and to maintain skill, attendance at regular such habits at early age, helps to build good healthcare refresher courses or re-certification is often necessary. habits among people. First aid training is often available through community organization such as the Red cross and St. John First aid procedure often consists of simple and basic life ambulance. saving techniques that an individual performs with proper training and knowledge. ABC of first aid ABC stands for Airway, Breathing and Circulation. The key aims of first aid can be summarized in three key points: Airway: Attention must first be brought to the airway to ensure it is clear. Obstruction (choking) is a life- Preserve life: If the patient was breathing, a first aider threatening emergency. would normally then place them in the recovery position, with the patient leant over on their side, which also has Breathing: Breathing if stops, the victim may die soon. the effect of clearing the tongue from the pharynx. It Hence means of providing support for breathing is an also avoids a common cause of death in unconscious important next steps. There are several methods patients, which is choking on regurgitated stomach practiced in first aid. contents. Circulation: Blood circulation is vital to keep person The airway can also become blocked through a foreign alive. The first aiders now trained to go straight to chest object becoming lodged in the pharynx or larynx, compressions through CPR methods. commonly called choking. The first aider will be taught When providing first aid one needs to follow some rule. to deal with this through a combination of 'back slaps' There are certain basic norms in teaching and training and 'abdominal thrusts'. Once the airway has been students in the approach and administration of first aid to opened, the first aider would assess to see if the patient sick and injured. is breathing. Not to get panic Prevent further harm: Also sometimes called prevent the condition from worsening, or danger of further injury, Panic is one emotion that can make the situation more this covers both external factors, such as moving a worse. People often make mistake because they get panic. patient away from any cause of harm, and applying Panic clouds thinking may cause mistakes. First aider first aid techniques to prevent worsening of the condition, need calm and collective approach. If the first aider himself such as applying pressure to stop a bleed becoming is in a state of fear and panic gross mistakes may result. dangerous. It's far easier to help the suffering, Promote recovery: First aid also involves trying to When they know what they are doing, even if unprepared start the recovery process from the illness or injury, to encounter a situation. Emotional approach and response and in some cases might involve completing a always lead to wrong doing and may lead one to do wrong treatment, such as in the case of applying a plaster to procedures. Hence be calm and focus on the given a small wound. institution. Quick and confident approach can lessen the effect of injury. Training Call medical emergencies Basic principles, such as knowing to use an adhesive bandage or applying direct pressure on a bleed, are often If the situation demands, quickly call for medical acquired passively through life experiences. However, to assistance. Prompt approach may save the life. provide effective, life-saving first aid interventions requires Surroundings play vital role instruction and practical training. Different surroundings require different approach. Hence This is especially true where it relates to potentially fatal first aider should study the surrounding carefully. In other illnesses and injuries, such as those that require Cardio words, one need to make sure that they are safe and are Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR); these procedures may not in any danger as it would be of no help that the first aider himself get injured. 16 Electrical : Electrician (NSQF LEVEL - 5) - Related Theory for Exercise 1.1.06 & 1.1.07 Copyright Free under CC BY Licence Do no harm compared to when they only do chest compressions. Second, it is very difficult to carry right maneuver in wrong Most often over enthusiastically practiced first aid viz. places. But CPR, if carefully done by highly skilled first administering water when the victim is unconscious, wiping aiders is a bridge that keeps vital organs oxygenated until clotted blood (which acts as plug to reduce bleeding), medical team arrives. correcting fractures, mishandling injured parts etc., would leads to more complication. Declaring death Patients often die due to wrong FIRST AID methods, who It is not correct to declare the victim's death at the accident may otherwise easily survive. Do not move the injured site. It has to be done by qualified medical doctors. person unless the situation demands. It is best t