Electrician Safety Legislation, Regulations, and Policy (PDF)

030101a ELECTRICIAN Safety Legislation, Regulations, and Industry Policy in The Trades First Period Industry Policy in the Trades © 2022, Northern Alberta Institute of Technology (NAIT) and Southern Alberta Institute of Technology (SAIT). All Rights Reserved. No p...

030101a ELECTRICIAN Safety Legislation, Regulations, and Industry Policy in The Trades First Period Industry Policy in the Trades © 2022, Northern Alberta Institute of Technology (NAIT) and Southern Alberta Institute of Technology (SAIT). All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, transmitted or communicated in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the publishers, NAIT and SAIT, except as permitted by law. For permission requests, please contact: [email protected]. NAIT and NAIT’s logos are registered trademarks of NAIT and may not be used without the prior written permission of NAIT. SAIT and SAIT’s logos are registered trademarks of SAIT and may not be used without the prior written permission of SAIT. Other logos, trademarks, registered trademarks and tradenames depicted herein are the property of their respective owners. Use of them does not imply any affiliation with or endorsement by them. All reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that this publication is accurate, reliable and free from error at the time of publication; however, there may be instances where information contained herein is not current. To the fullest extent permissible under applicable law, NAIT and SAIT disclaim any and all warranties and conditions respecting this publication, whether expressed, implied, statutory, or otherwise.  Table of Contents Objective One............................................................................................................................................... 3 Occupational Health and Safety Legislation............................................................................................. 3 Objective One Activity................................................................................................................................. 8 Objective Two............................................................................................................................................... 9 Employer Responsibilities (OHS Regulations)......................................................................................... 9 Employee Responsibilities (OHS Regulations)...................................................................................... 10 Objective Two Activity............................................................................................................................... 19 Objective Three........................................................................................................................................... 20 Hazard Assessment and Control............................................................................................................. 20 Objective Three Activity........................................................................................................................... 27 Objective Four............................................................................................................................................ 28 Emergency Preparedness and Response................................................................................................. 28 Objective Four Activity............................................................................................................................. 31 Objective Five............................................................................................................................................. 32 The Impact of Positive Attitude.............................................................................................................. 32 Objective Five Activity............................................................................................................................. 36 Objective Six............................................................................................................................................... 37 Personal Protective Equipment Requirements........................................................................................ 37 Objective Six Activity............................................................................................................................... 46 Objective Seven and Eight.......................................................................................................................... 47 Personal Protective Equipment Categories............................................................................................. 47 Objective Seven and Eight Activity........................................................................................................ 56 Self-Test...................................................................................................................................................... 57 Objective One Activity Answers................................................................................................................ 60 Objective Two Activity Answers................................................................................................................ 60 Objective Three Activity Answers.............................................................................................................. 60 Objective Four Activity Answers............................................................................................................... 60 Objective Five Activity Answers................................................................................................................ 60 Objective Six Activity Answers.................................................................................................................. 60 Objective Seven and Eight Activity Answers............................................................................................. 60 Self-Test Answers....................................................................................................................................... 61  NOTES Safety Legislation, Regulations, and Industry Policy in the Trades Rationale Why is it important for you to learn this skill? You need to be aware of the provincial legislation and workplace support systems that work together with the provincial government and the Workers’ Compensation Board (WCB) to improve safety in your workplace. Outcome When you have completed this module, you will be able to Apply legislation, regulations, and practices ensuring safe work in this trade. Objectives 1. Demonstrate the application of the Occupational Health and Safety Act, Regulation, and Code. 2. Describe the employer’s and employee’s role with Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) regulations, Workplace Hazardous Materials Information Systems (WHMIS), fire regulations, Workers Compensation Board regulations, and related advisory bodies and agencies. 3. Describe industry practices for hazard assessment and control procedures. 4. Describe the responsibilities of worker and employers to apply emergency procedures. 5. Describe tradesperson attitudes with respect to housekeeping, personal protective equipment, and emergency procedures. 6. Describe the roles and responsibilities of employers and employees with the selection and use of personal protective equipment (PPE). 7. Maintain required PPE for tasks. 8. Use required PPE for tasks. 1 030101a24  NOTES Introduction Government, employers, and employees share the responsibilities for health and safety at the work site. It is essential for all parties to be aware of their own responsibilities and the responsibilities of others. This module provides you with an overview of the legislation and practices in place to ensure you have a safe work environment. It examines the responsibilities you and your employer must identify and hazards you may encounter. This module also shows you how to develop safe work plans, follow safe work practices, wear required protective equipment designed for the work site, and ensure the safety of all workers. This module discusses the Alberta Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Act, Regulation, and Code; the Criminal Code; WHMIS; fire regulations; the WCB; and other advisory agencies and bodies that provide a network of programs and support intended to help you and your employer work safely and deal with injuries when they occur. 2 030101a24  NOTES Objective One When you have completed this objective, you will be able to Demonstrate the application of the Occupational Health and Safety Act, Regulation, and Code. Occupational Health and Safety Legislation The Alberta Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Act, Regulation, and Code help protect workers from risk of injury at work. The OHS Act, Regulation, and Code state minimum requirements for health and safety in Alberta workplaces. These requirements are directed at three groups that are responsible for safety in the workplace: the employer, the employee, and equipment or material suppliers. The OHS Regulation together with the OHS Code, which derives its authority from the OHS Act, states the rules, obligations, and requirements that apply to occupational health and safety at Alberta workplaces. The OHS Act The OHS Act, Regulation, and Code together, establish a framework of rules for employers, workers, suppliers, and government agencies that enforce the safety standards set out by the Act. The Act details obligations your employer must fulfill, your rights and responsibilities as a worker, and the rights and responsibilities of others connected with the work site. According to the Act, your employer must ensure you and your fellow workers are aware of their responsibilities, are aware of the hazards in the workplace, and are able to work safely. Your employer must train you to protect yourselves and others on the work site. The OHS Regulation The OHS Regulation provides further clarification to sections of the Act. The purpose of the Regulation is to help all groups and individuals understand their obligations and responsibilities regarding safety issues on the work site. It provides details on the minimum legal standards for worker health and safety. The regulations, developed in consultation with industry and workers, set the minimum standards for employers and workers. The OHS Code The OHS Code provides comprehensive, detailed information for employers, workers, suppliers, and government agencies. An OHS Code Explanation Guide supports the Act and both documents are available on-line or through the Alberta Queen’s Printer. The purpose of the Guide is to explain, in easy-to-understand language, the requirements of the current Occupational Health and Safety Code. However, the Guide does not “interpret” the requirements: interpretations are provided by legal professionals and the courts. Instead, the Guide presents information that helps clarify the intent or application of each “rule” or “section” of the OHS Code. In some cases, extensive background information is presented so that readers have a better appreciation of the subject material. Where appropriate, readers are directed to Safety Bulletins published by Alberta Labour, to Web sites for documents dealing with specific topics, and to reference materials such as books and standards. 1 1 [4; Introduction, para. 3] 3 030101a24  NOTES In addition, the Guide provides hundreds of illustrations that were created to help readers understand the requirements of the OHS Code and its explanations. Nonetheless, the illustrations should not be used as “compliance guidelines, nor are they intended to reflect all the applicable requirements of the OHS Code.” 2 Like the OHS Code, the OHS Code Explanation Guide has three broad subject areas subdivided into 41 Parts or chapters. The three broad subject areas are Core requirements applicable to all industries (3 Parts), Requirements applicable to all industries (26 Parts), and Requirements applicable to specific industries and activities (12 Parts). Core Requirements Applicable to All Industries This section of the Code includes three parts. Part 1 includes the definitions of words and terms used throughout the document. It helps you understand and use the Code in your training and later as a journeyperson. Part 2 includes the requirements for employers and workers to identify, assess, and control or eliminate hazards that arise at the work site. You and your employer must work together to control hazards in three ways. Use engineering controls.  Machinery or equipment engineered and implemented to reduce or eliminate exposure to chemical or physical hazards at the source. Examples include mechanical ventilation, soundproof enclosures, or ergonomically designed workspaces. Use administrative controls.  Administrative controls do not eliminate the hazards and are less effective than engineering controls. They include safe work practices, scheduling work to limit worker exposure to hazardous conditions or substances and safety policies and rules. Use personal protective equipment.  Personal protective equipment (PPE) includes clothing and equipment designed to reduce your exposure to a known hazard. Examples of PPE include safety eyewear, hearing protection, and respiratory protective equipment. Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3 outlines the requirements in Part 3 that are used to ensure equipment used by a tradesperson at the work site is adequate for the job. Part 3 states that “whenever there is a question about how equipment is to be used, maintained, operated, etc., the answer should be found in the manufacturer’s specifications or specifications certified by a professional engineer.” 3 NOTE To review the Occupational Health and Safety Act, Regulation, and Code in detail and for additional safety guidelines visit the Occupational Health and Safety website. 2 [4; Introduction, para. 5] 4 [4; Part 3, para. 2] 3 030101a24 Requirements Applicable to All Industries NOTES Table 1 lists the 26 Parts in the requirements applicable to all industries section of the Code. Chemical Hazards, Biological Part 4 Part 17 Overhead Power Lines Hazards, and Harmful Substances Part 5 Confined Spaces Part 18 Personal Protective Equipment Part 6 Cranes, Hoists, and Lifting Devices Part 19 Powered Mobile Equipment Emergency Preparedness and Part 7 Part 20 Radiation Exposure Response Entrances, Walkways, Stairways, Part 8 Part 21 Rigging and Ladders Part 9 Fall Protection Part 22 Safeguards Scaffolds and Temporary Part 10 Fire and Explosion Hazards Part 23 Work Platforms Part 11 First Aid Part 24 Toilets and Washing Facilities Tools, Equipment, and Part 12 General Safety Precautions Part 25 Machinery Joint Work Site Health and Safety Part 13 Part 26 Ventilation Systems Committee Part 14 Lifting and Handling Loads Part 27 Violence Managing the Control of Part 15 Part 28 Working Alone Hazardous Energy Workplace Hazardous Part 16 Noise Exposure Part 29 Materials Information System (WHMIS) Table 1 - Requirements Applicable to All Industries. The number of Parts outlined in this section of the Code illustrate the overall importance of safety and safe workplaces. Requirements Applicable to Specific Industries and Activities Table 2 itemizes the 12 Parts of this section of the Code that outline the requirements applicable to specific industries and activities. Part 30 Demolition Part 36 Mining Part 31 Diving Operations Part 37 Oil and Gas Wells Part 32 Excavating and Tunnelling Part 38 Residential Roofing Part 33 Explosives Safety Part 39 Tree Care Operations Part 34 Forestry Part 40 Utility Workers – Electrical Health Care and Industries with Part 35 Part 41 Work Requiring Rope Access Biological Hazards Table 2 - Requirements Applicable to Specific Industries and Activities. Some of the Parts in this section may not be relevant to you as a tradesperson; however, it is still vital that you know where to find them should your circumstances change. 5 030101a24  NOTES Schedules Table 3 provides the 12 Schedules of the Code that are not included in the Explanation Guide. Schedule 1 Chemical Substances Schedule 7 Toilets at a Work Site Schedule 2 First Aid Schedule 8 Saw Blade Crack Limits Shoring Component Schedule 3 Noise Schedule 9 Dimensions Fire Extinguishers and Safe Limit of Approach Schedule 4 Schedule 10 Minimum Separation Distances Distances Schedule 5 Cable Clips on Wire Rope Schedule 11 Mining Dimensions of Scaffold Schedule 6 Schedule 12 Radiation Exposure Members Table 3 - Schedules not covered in the Guide. Some of the Schedules may be more immediately relevant to you than others, but all are essential in establishing safe workplaces. If you have questions about the Act, Regulation, or Code call the Workplace Health and Safety Contact Centre: 1‐866‐415‐8690 (Toll Free) or 780‐415‐8690 in the Edmonton area. Criminal Code Federal legislation protects you and your co-workers and can ensure that criminal charges be laid where a workplace injury or fatality occurs. The legislation known as Bill C-45 was added to Section 217.1 of the Criminal Code in 2003. It asserts that Everyone who undertakes, or has the authority, to direct how another person does work or performs a task is under a legal duty to take reasonable steps to prevent bodily harm to that person, or any other person, arising from that work or task. 4 Section 217.1 does not replace the Alberta Occupational Health and Safety Act. It places the same obligation on employers, as does the OHS Act, but it also includes their representatives. Representatives, under the Criminal Code, include a director, partner, employee, member, agent, or contractor of the organization. The Bill states representatives must do everything reasonable to protect all workers from injury or death. However, Section 217.1 indicates that infractions could result in criminal charges under the Criminal Code. Employers and/or their representatives, could face a fine, a prison sentence, or both, if found guilty. 6 4 030101a24 Developing, implementing, and updating a workplace health and safety program limits NOTES your employer's liability and reduces the chance of facing criminal charges. The most effective way to avoid liability is for your employer to Know the legal obligations under provincial and federal OHS laws and standards, Know what hazards exist in the workplace, Effectively reduce or eliminate them and Ensure employees are fully trained, informed of any risks or hazards, and made aware of the company’s health and safety management program. NOTE Due diligence is the joint responsibility of employers and employees to use industry best practices to ensure the safety of all persons in or near the workplace. 7 030101a24  NOTES Objective One Activity To answer Questions 1 and 2 you must have access to a hard copy or online copy of the Alberta Occupational Health and Safety Code updated effective December 1, 2021. You may also use the Occupational Health and Safety Code Explanation Guide updated effective January 31, 2020. 1. What Part and Section of the OHS Code describes the code of practice for working in confined spaces? a) Part 2, Section 44 b) Part 3, Section 44 c) Part 4, Section 44 d) Part 5, Section 44 2. What Part and Section of the OHS Code describes the use of a full body harness? a) Part 8, Section 135 b) Part 9, Section 142 c) Part 10, Section 167 d) Part 11, Section 180 3. Section 217.1 states that infractions could result in criminal charges under the Criminal Code of Canada. a) True b) False 8 030101a24  NOTES Objective Two When you have completed this objective, you will be able to Describe the employer’s and employee’s role with Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) regulations, Workplace Hazardous Materials Information Systems (WHMIS), fire regulations, Workers Compensation Board regulations, and related advisory bodies and agencies. Employer Responsibilities (OHS Regulations) You are an employer if you employ one or more workers. You are an employer if you represent an employer or if your company oversees a worker's health and safety who works for another employer. The definition of employer is a Person who is self-employed in an occupation, Person who employs one or more workers, Person designated by an employer as the employer’s representative, or Director or officer of a corporation who oversees the occupational health and safety of the workers employed by the corporation. NOTE Self-employed trades people are employers and must follow the Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Act. Your employer must be familiar with the OHS Act, Regulation, and Code as it applies to your work site. The OHS Act states that your employer must do everything reasonable to protect the health and safety of you and other workers at the work site. For example, your employer must maintain equipment in safe working order and properly supply, store, and handle or use all substances and materials in a safe manner. The OHS Code provides direction more specifically for you and your employer. You should become familiar with the sections of the Code that apply to your work situation so you can be confident you are doing everything within your control to work safely and protect the safety of those who work with and around you. Being familiar with the Code also enables you to know what your employer should be doing to provide a safe work site and environment. Your employer must conduct a hazard assessment and develop a plan to eliminate or control any hazard identified (potential or existing). The duties of the employer are outlined in Section 9. In particular, employers must Eliminate any possible hazards If elimination of the hazard is not reasonable, they must control the hazard. Further, if the employer cannot eliminate the hazard completely, they “must ensure that the appropriate personal protective equipment is used by workers affected by the hazard.” 5 5 9 030101a24  NOTES Your employer must set up safe work practices at the work site and ensure that employees adhere to these practices. Your employer is responsible to ensure that you and other workers at the work site are aware of your duties and have the skills and training needed to do your jobs safely. Your employer must ensure that in any situation where you are required to work to specifications supplied by a manufacturer or certified by a professional engineer that you are familiar with those specifications and a copy of the specifications are available for you to review at the work site. Employee Responsibilities (OHS Regulations) You, as a worker also have duties and responsibilities under the Act. You must work in a safe manner, be safety conscious and co-operate with your employer in the health and safety measures set up to protect workers. Throughout your training as an apprentice and once you become a journeyman, you are to comply with all trade safety rules and specific employer and government safety requirements. Failure to comply could result in costly fines to the employer or employee. Key responsibilities you must carry out at the work site include the following: Report any hazardous or potentially hazardous situations to your supervisor. Report all injuries immediately. Wear all required PPE and ensure it is in good condition. Inspect all equipment, tools, and machinery before use; defective equipment, including PPE, is not to be used and must be replaced or reported to your supervisor. Participate in regularly scheduled worksite safety planning meetings. Ensure you know and follow the emergency procedures prepared by your employer for your work site. Do not perform any work you feel is unsafe or requires you to perform any activity that could cause injury to you or your co-workers. In addition to these responsibilities, you must be aware and in control of your personal safety. This involves educating yourself on the OHS Act, Regulation, and Code so you can know and follow the safety laws that protect you from harm. 10 030101a24 Figure 1 shows safety equipment that an employer should have in the workplace and the NOTES more you know about the safety requirements of your work setting the better prepared you are to ask questions and take action to ensure your work site is safe. Figure 1 - Employer provided safety equipment. Whether you are new to your trade or have many years of experience there are some key questions that you may want to ask your employer. What are the dangers of my job? - If you do not know the dangers, how can you take steps to protect yourself? Are there any other hazards (noise, radiation, and chemicals) that I should know about? - In addition to obvious workplace hazards like unguarded machinery or falling from heights, the effects of some hazards take time to appear. Repeated exposures to high noise levels can cause hearing loss. Working with radiation, dusts, and chemicals over time may increase your risk of diseases, such as cancer. The OHS Code may require that protective safety equipment be used, and that you and your employer should work together to ensure the equipment is available and used. Will I receive job safety training? When? - Alberta's OHS Regulation requires your employer to ensure that you have the skills to safely do the work you are assigned. If you are learning those skills and are not yet competent, the law requires that you be under the direct supervision of someone who has those skills. What will happen if I refuse to perform a job because of safety concerns? - In certain cases, training must take place before you begin work. If you are asked to do something that may endanger you or your co-workers (referred to as imminent danger) and have not been given adequate training or supervision, the law requires you to refuse to do that work. The Occupational Health and Safety Act, the law that requires you to refuse that work, also protects you from disciplinary action by your employer. Do you have regular safety meetings? - The law does not require all workplaces to conduct regular safety meetings, but if your employer has them it is a good indication your employer is committed to industry safety standards and the protection of the employees. 11 030101a24  NOTES Will I be expected to wear safety equipment? Will I receive training on how to use it? When? - If personal protective equipment is required, your employer is responsible to train you to maintain and use it properly. Where are fire extinguishers, first aid kits, and other emergency equipment located? - All workplaces must have a first aid kit. The number of workers, the degree of risk hazard and the location of the workplace dictate the kind of kit required. Most workplaces are also required to have individuals on staff trained to provide first aid. What do I do if I get hurt? Who is the first aid person? - Find out who the qualified first aiders are in case you ever need their help. Injuries that require first aid also require by law that you report the injury to your employer as soon as possible. Hazardous Materials Your employer must also provide health and safety training to any workers who work near or use hazardous materials classified under other regulatory systems (that are not WHMIS). For example, Explosives (regulated under the Canada Explosives Act) and local fire regulations; Cosmetics, devices, food, and drugs (regulated under the Canada Food and Drug Act); Pesticides (regulated under the Pest Control Products Act); Radioactive materials (regulated under the Nuclear Safety and Control Act); Products (for example, asbestos) banned or regulated under the Hazardous Products Act); and Hazardous products or materials during transport (regulated under the Transportation of Dangerous Goods Act). WHMIS It is integral that you know how the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) will impact you on the jobsite. Worker Education Your employer is required to provide you with the information and training you need to protect yourself and others from all controlled and hazardous substances in your workplace. The training may include some generic information but must be job specific. Workers employed by the same company may require different training, depending on the products they work with or encounter. 12 030101a24 Generic training can include NOTES A general introduction to WHMIS, Training in the required content of WHMIS labels and safety data sheets (SDS), and Training in the purpose and significance of that information to worker’s health and safety on the job. Work site specific training must cover four areas: Hazard information; The different modes of product identification used at the workplace; Procedures for the safe use, storage, and handling of controlled products used at the work site; and Procedures for dealing with fugitive emissions and emergencies at the work site. Your employer is responsible to provide all employees WHMIS training, including the following: How to interpret supplier labels, workplace labels and safety data sheets (SDS); The significance of the information found on supplier labels, workplace labels, and safety data sheets (SDS); When and how to apply workplace labels; How to safely handle and store-controlled products used in the workplace; How to safely dispose of controlled products used in the workplace; How to respond to a spill or leak; and How to interpret colour coding or any other visible identification system used instead of workplace labelling. Your employer is required to check periodically to determine your ability to apply the information from your WHMIS training. Testing can be through practical or written tests or observing your work practices. If you can explain the following information to your employer, you meet the safety requirements. The hazards associated with the controlled products you work with. The best means of hazard protection for the controlled products. Emergency procedures. Sources of additional hazard information. Employee Responsibilities You are responsible for the following: Participating in training, Using information obtained to protect yourself and others, Applying workplace labels where and when required, and Demonstrating the application of safe work procedures with controlled products and the knowledge of why those procedures are required. 13 030101a24  NOTES Fire Regulations Fire causes the loss of buildings and equipment each year in the millions of dollars. The three elements of fire (fuel, air, and ignition) are often present together in work settings in the pipe trades. Figure 2 illustrates the three elements of fire known as the fire triangle. Figure 2 - Fire or explosion triangle. The first line of defence in fighting fires is to prevent them from starting in the first place. Your employer is required to conduct a hazard assessment at your work site that includes the identification of existing or potential fire or explosion hazards. If this assessment identifies a hazardous location where flammable or combustible substances are present, the location must be clearly marked to warn you and your co-workers of the hazard. Warning signs may be used, or the area may be fenced off to restrict entry without authorization. Your employer must ensure that you and your co-workers handle flammable and combustible substances in a way that they do not have the opportunity to ignite. If flammable liquids are stored at the work site, they must be stored in containers manufactured after July 1, 2009, and must be approved to Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Standard B376-M1980 (R2008): Portable Containers for Gasoline and Other Petroleum Fuels; National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Standard 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code; Underwriters Laboratories of Canada (ULC) Standard C30-1995: Containers Safety; or Underwriters Laboratories (UL), Standard 1314. Containers that meet these specifications have design features specifically for holding flammable liquids and display the mark or label of the CSA, ULC, UL or other nationally accredited testing organization. NOTE It is only acceptable to use containers manufactured prior to July 1, 2009, if they meet the requirements of an earlier edition of one of the standards listed above. 14 030101a24 If fire breaks out, you and your employer must be prepared to respond to the emergency NOTES and protect all workers at the worksite from harm. In addition to the hazard assessment, your employer is required to create an emergency response plan to deal with emergencies that may require rescue or evacuation. Your employer must involve everyone affected by the emergency in the creation of the emergency response plan. Once the plan is in place, your employer ensures it is current by reviewing it periodically and revising it to reflect changing circumstances or conditions at the work site. Workers’ Compensation Board The Worker's Compensation Board (WCB) is a private not-for-profit organization. The WCB is not a provincial government department or crown corporation. The compensation system in Alberta is provincially legislated and guided by the Alberta Workers' Compensation Act. The WCB provides cost effective workplace liability and disability insurance to more than 140 000 employers and 1.8 million workers in Alberta. The WCB compensates injured workers for lost income, health care and other costs related to work related injury or occupational disease. All employers in WCB covered industries share responsibility for fully funding the cost of workers' compensation insurance. Employers throughout the province share the cost of compensating injured workers so individual employers do not have to bear the full cost of claims alone. Injured workers are eligible to claim benefits for work related accidents even if their own negligence contributed to the accident. In return for these benefits, workers give up the right to take legal action against employers and other workers for work-related injuries and illnesses. Participating employers and their workers have immunity from lawsuit brought by a covered person or employer for damages resulting from work-related incidents, even if they are responsible for the fault. Commitment to Fairness You and your employer are entitled to a fair and expeditious resolution of any disagreement with a WCB decision. Where matters cannot be resolved, you are entitled to a fair and impartial review or external appeal subject to current WCB legislation. The workers' compensation system is separate from the courts. Subject to appeal rights, the WCB has exclusive authority to decide all questions and matters arising under the Workers' Compensation Act. Focus on Return to Work The WCB supports injured workers' safe return to work. The WCB works with employers to develop case plans that set clear goals to bring injured workers back to work. The case plans include disability management and modified work programs. When an Injury Occurs When an injury occurs at work, you and your employer have obligations. Your obligations are to tell Your employer the details of your injury, Your health care provider that your injury happened at work, and The WCB by submitting a Worker's Report of Injury immediately. 15 030101a24  NOTES Employers have three primary obligations. Provide for and pay the cost of immediate transportation from the site of the injury to an appropriate medical treatment facility (if required). Pay your full regular wages for the day the injury occurred. Report the accident to the WCB within 72 hours of the incident by completing an employer's report of accident where an injury results in any of the following: - Lost time beyond the date of the accident; - Death or permanent disability; - The need for medical treatment beyond first aid (assessment by a physician, physiotherapist, chiropractor, or other medical professional); - Incurring medical aid expenses (for example dental, eyeglass repair, or Replacement, prescription medications); or - A disabling or potentially disabling condition caused by occupational exposure or activity (for example poisoning, infection, respiratory disease, or dermatitis). Related Advisory Bodies and Agencies Several organizations and agencies have formed over time to work with industry and government to emphasize the importance of safety in every trade. These organizations have an industry or sector focus that enables them to provide valuable support to employers and employees. Five organizations that have positively impacted safe work conditions in Alberta are Alberta Construction Safety Association (ACSA), Construction Owners Association of Alberta (COAA), Occupational Health and Safety Council, Work Safe Alberta, and Safety Codes Council. Alberta Construction Safety Association The Alberta Construction Safety Association (ACSA) is a non-profit organization funded by the construction industry funded by a levy on Alberta Workers' Compensation Board (WCB) premium assessments. The ACSA indicates that their mission is “to provide quality advice and education for the construction industry that will reduce human suffering and financial costs associated with workplace incidents.” 6 The ACSA consists of construction industry volunteers supported by a team of professionals. The ACSA, although not directly related to the WCB or Alberta Occupational Health and Safety, works with these organizations to promote safety in the construction industry. NOTE For further information about ACSA, visit their website. 16 6 030101a24 Construction Owners Association of Alberta NOTES The COAA is comprised of members who work in heavy industrial construction and industrial maintenance. The COAA Safety Committee mandate is indicates that Safety Committee members will work collaboratively to improve overall safety culture and performance in the Construction industry through: Identifying, developing, and supporting implementation of leading-edge industry safety philosophies, practices and tools that contribute to improved and improving cultural and safety performance for Owners, Contractors, and Labour groups. 7 The COAA developed several best practices that member organizations and employers can use to ensure consistent and comprehensive safety practices. NOTE For further information about COAA, visit their website. Occupational Health and Safety Council The OHS Council is an administrative body that operates at arm's length from government. The Council consists of nine members, including the chair; it has representation from employers, employees, and the public. The Council advises the Minister on OHS matters. It also deals with appeals to orders issued to employers by OHS officials. NOTE For further information about the OHS Council, visit their website. Work Safe Alberta Work Safe Alberta is an initiative of the Alberta government to reduce work-related injuries, illnesses, and fatalities in consultation with industry and labour. It offers assistance and resources through e-learning, industry initiatives, OHS statistics and reports, public awareness campaigns, and information specifically developed for young or new workers entering the work force. NOTE For further information about Work Safe Alberta, visit their website. 7 17 030101a24  NOTES Safety Codes Council The Safety Codes Council, established in 1993, is responsible for all aspects of the safety system. The Council accredits the municipalities, corporations and agencies that sell permits and inspect the work carried out under these permits. The Council certifies and trains Safety Codes Officers who inspect and administer the Alberta Master Electrician Program and develop, enhance, and support the Information Technology safety system applications. The Council derives its authority from the Safety Codes Act and the Minister of Municipal Affairs to do the following: Review, formulate, and recommend codes and standards to the Minister for the nine technical disciplines covered under the Act; Develop and administer a system to accredit municipalities, regional services commissions, corporations, and agencies to carry out specific activities under the Act; Develop and administer a program to train, certify, and designate safety codes officers; Administer an appeal process for orders and written notices issued under the Act; Administer the Master Electrician Program; Promote uniform safety standards and the principles of barrier-free design and access; Provide support for our partners; and Carry out any activities that the Minister directs. A Board of Directors or Coordinating Committee, made up of members appointed from experts in the areas of governance, finance, risk management, human resources, and business, govern the Council. The staff of the Council provides the administration of the Council’s core businesses which includes: Accreditation, Certification, Education and training, Appeals, Master Electrician Program, Codes and standards, and Electronic business solutions (eBS). NOTE For further information about the Safety Codes Council, visit their website. 18 030101a24  NOTES Objective Two Activity 1. The Workers Compensation Board is a government funded profit-based corporation. a) True b) False 2. What are the three elements of fire often present in the workplace? a) Air, gas, and sparks b) Oxygen, fuel, and heat c) Oxygen, compressed gas, and ignition d) Air, fuel, and ignition 3. Employers must report accidents to the WCB within _____ hours of the incident. a) 24 b) 48 c) 72 d) 6 19 030101a24  NOTES Objective Three When you have completed this objective, you will be able to Describe industry practices for hazard assessment and control procedures. Hazard Assessment and Control It is important that you know the working environment because potential hazards exist in every trade. It is up to you to identify workplace hazards and know the precautions to take to prevent injury or illness to yourself and fellow workers. Workplace hazards fall into four main categories: Biological hazards, Chemical hazards, Ergonomic hazards, and Physical hazards. Biological Hazards Biological hazards such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites are living organisms that cause disease in human beings. Numerous respiratory or systemic illnesses may result from exposure to biological hazards. Chemical Hazards Many chemical substances found at the workplace can adversely affect your health. Hazardous chemicals in direct contact with your skin or eyes cause skin and eye irritation, skin sensitization, dermatitis, and chemical burns. Hazardous chemicals absorbed or ingested may affect the respiratory tract, kidneys, liver, or other internal organs. Ergonomic Hazards Ergonomic hazards are the result of a job, a tool, a procedure, or the work environment improperly designed for the worker. Back injuries, repetitive strain injuries, strained muscles, or fatigue are all the results of a poor fit between the worker and the work environment. Physical Hazards Noise, vibration, temperature extremes, radiation, fire, and high pressures are all part of the physical hazard category. Exposure to physical hazards may result in hearing loss, heat stress, frostbite, or hypothermia and other injuries or illnesses. 20 030101a24 Work Site Hazard Identification and Assessment NOTES Work site hazard assessments and inspections are key activities in the prevention of accidents. It is important to identify existing and potential hazards and increase awareness leading to the prevention of workplace accidents and illnesses. Employer's Responsibilities Part 2 of the OHS Code covers hazard assessment, elimination, and control. It states that your employer must assess your work site and identify existing and potential hazards before you begin work there. Each time a new work site is proposed, your employer must conduct a hazard assessment for that site prior to you starting work. Your employer must also conduct a new hazard assessment whenever site conditions, operations, or processes change. Types and Objectives of Hazard Controls The OHS Code requires your employer to involve you in the hazard assessment if it is likely the hazard will affect you. You must also be involved in the control or elimination of the hazards identified. Control or elimination of a hazard through engineering controls is the first priority. The OHS Code Explanation Guide describes engineering controls as providing the highest level of worker protection because they eliminate or control the hazard at its source. Engineering controls include: Elimination, Substitution, Redesign, Isolation, and Automation. 8 If these engineering controls do not eliminate or control the hazard, your employer must use administrative controls to control the hazard to a level that is as low as possible. The Explanation Guide explains that administrative controls include: Safe work practices, job procedures, policies, rules; Work/rest schedules to reduce exposure; Limiting hours of work; Scheduling hazardous work during times when exposure of other workers is limited; and Wet methods as opposed to dry sanding or sweeping. 9 If administrative controls do not control the hazard, your employer must ensure you have and use the appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE). According to the Explanation Guide, examples of PPE commonly used include: Safety eyewear, hard hats, and safety boots; Hearing protection if workers are exposed to noise that exceeds allowable levels; and Respiratory protective equipment to protect the lungs against harmful dusts and vapours. 10 In addition, a combination of two or more of the above can be employed if needed. 8[4; Part 2, p. 15] 9 [4; Part 2, pp. 15-16] 10 [4; Part 2, p. 16] 21 030101a24  NOTES Hazard Assessment Tools You and your employer need tools to gather information and develop plans to identify and eliminate or control workplace hazards. The five main tools for assessing and controlling work site hazards are: Hazard assessment reports, Checklists, Health and safety plans, Emergency response plans, and First aid records and incident reports. Hazard Assessment Reports Your employer commits to providing a safe work environment, demonstrated by putting the assessments in writing. The hazard assessment supports the development of methods, procedures, and actions to eliminate or control the hazards. While no mandatory format exists for the written assessment, it must be applicable to the work site and as thorough as possible. Table 4 is a hazard assessment and control sheet. Hazard Assessment and Control Sheet Controls in Place Follow-up Date/Person Hazard Action Engineering Administrative PPE Responsible Required Lifting and Mechanical Lifting policies, None Worker training May 31, 20XX handling loads lift worker training program needs John Smith to be repeated in one month Slipping and Warehouse Housekeeping Proper tripping design footwear List hazards Identify controls that are in Identify whether Fill in name of from Table 3 place. If you wish, you follow-up action is person who is here. may identify them by type required, such as responsible for of control. more training or implementing PPE controls Table 4 - Hazard assessment and control sheet. 22 030101a24 Checklist NOTES A checklist is a popular hazard assessment tool used to ensure that due diligence is exercised. It itemizes and lists hazards that you need to inspect. The checklist guides you through the process without you needing to remember the process every time. This way, you can complete your inspection quickly and thoroughly. It is also recommended that every checklist include a blank area where you can include other hazards that need to be addressed but are not listed on the pre-printed form. A shortcoming of using a checklist is that, when you discover a hazard, you may be tempted to check it off without properly or thoroughly evaluating the hazard, its nature of risk, and fully determining what the most appropriate control to use to minimize the risks. A checklist, like the one shown in Table 5 is a guide, not necessarily a shortcut to due diligence. Hazard Identification Physical Hazards Chemical Hazards Lifting and handling loads Chemicals (identify types) Repetitive motion/strain Type: Slipping and tripping Type: Moving parts of machinery Noxious chemicals (identify Working at heights Type: Pressurized systems Type: Vehicles Dusts Fire Fumes (identify types) Electricity Type: Noise (excessive) Type: Lighting Type: Temperatures Mists and vapours (identify types) Vibration Type: Ionizing radiation Type: Workplace violence Type: Other: Other: Other: Other: Other: Other: Biological Hazards Psychological Hazards Viruses Working conditions Fungi (mould) Fatigue Bacteria Stress Blood and body fluids Other: Sewage Other: Other: Other: Other: Table 5 - Hazard identification checklist. 23 030101a24  NOTES Health and Safety Plan Many companies establish their own health and safety programs and plans voluntarily. These programs offer a wide variety of measures to promote health and safety in the workplace including written safety policies, regular staff meetings and training, coupled with posted on-the-job safety instructions. Many companies have regular safety meetings to discuss safety topics, issues or near misses. All the meetings, discussion, procedures, and practices promote safety in the workplace and keep all workers safe. Planning Safety at the Work Site Safety planning is something you are responsible for daily. Before performing a job, there are three things you need to do: Assess and predict potential safety hazards, Ensure that all supplies and equipment required are ready and in good working order, and Confirm everyone involved is aware of their duties. Like individual in Figure 3, you play a key role in making safety part of your daily routine and you must be part of the daily safety solution. Safety is essential; safe work practices pay off for everyone. Figure 3 - Planning saves lives. The Alberta Construction Safety Association (ACSA) recommends that all workers at a work site perform a job hazard analysis. A job hazard analysis is the ACSA’s term for the hazard assessment process, to examine each basic step of a job, to identify potential hazards and controls to carry out each job step safely. The Construction Owners Association of Alberta (COAA) recommends that all workers at a work site use a field level risk assessment (their term for hazard assessment) as “a method that an individual or crew would use to minimize or eliminate potential losses (to people, property, materials, or the environment) during the course of doing work.” The 11 COAA believes this is an effective approach because it is simple to implement and requires four basic steps. 1. Look around and identify hazards. 2. Assess risks. 3. Control risks. 4. Resume work. 24 [7, p. 4] 11 030101a24 Electrical utilities in Alberta instituted daily safety meetings. These meetings involve all NOTES workers at the work site to identify and discuss existing and potential hazards. The meetings ensure all workers are aware of hazards, the emergency response plan in the event of an emergency and the location and contact information for local emergency responders such as hospitals, fire, and ambulance services. Joint Work Site Health and Safety Committee A committee formed voluntarily or through union-management, negotiation to address health and safety at the work site is a very effective communications link between workers and management. The purpose of the committee is to promote, within the company, an awareness and interest in health and safety at the work site. Committee members work together to identify and help solve health and safety concerns. They hold meetings at least once a month. By voluntarily establishing a joint work site health and safety committee at your workplace, your employer commits to improve the health and safety climate of your job. Emergency Response Plans The OHS Code requires employers to develop an emergency response plan, like the one in Figure 4, that may require a rescue or an evacuation. The plan must be site-specific and used as a tool in your hazard assessment by ensuring the following. All emergency equipment is properly located and stored. Alarm systems are operational. Procedures for evacuation or rescue are clearly spelled out. Workers properly trained to provide first aid if necessary. All personnel are aware of the procedures for dealing with possible emergencies. Figure 4 - A fire safety plan. 25 030101a24  NOTES First Aid and Incident Reports You must report to your employer, as soon as reasonably possible, whenever a worker becomes ill or injured at the work site. This is reiterated in Figure 5. Your employer writes a report detailing the incident, when it occurred, where it happened, the type of first aid offered, as well as the cause of the incident. Employers must keep this report in a secured file for a period of three years. Your employer cannot ignore the event; they must take action to prevent the incident from occurring again and must also address any hazards identified. The report can become a tool for assessing unexpected or unforeseen hazards, even though it is a confidential document. Figure 5 - Report all injuries immediately. 26 030101a24  NOTES Objective Three Activity 1. What are the four categories of workplace hazards? a) Ecological, chemical, ergonomic, physical b) Biological, chemical, ergonomic, physical c) Biological, ecological, chemical, physical d) Chemical, physical, psychological, ecological 2. According to OHS, what control provides the highest level of worker protection? a) PPE b) Administrative c) Engineering d) Toolbox meetings 3. How long are employers expected to retain first aid and incident reports. a) Six months b) One year c) Two years d) Three years 27 030101a24  NOTES Objective Four When you have completed this objective, you will be able to Describe the responsibilities of worker and employers to apply emergency procedures. Emergency Preparedness and Response You should always be familiar with your workplace and be prepared to protect yourself and co-workers from danger in case of an emergency. You need to know the location of the exits or emergency escape routes, emergency equipment such as first aid kit, fire extinguisher, fire alarm, and telephone. Knowing where these items are located is important but knowing what to do with them in an emergency is also important. Emergency Response Plans Part 7 of the Alberta OHS Code, titled Emergency Preparedness and Response, requires employers and employees to be prepared to respond to emergencies. The Alberta OHS Code Explanation Guide states that “an employer must have an emergency response plan for responding to an emergency that may require rescue or evacuation” (the OHS 12 Regulation requires the plan to be in writing and available to workers). Any emergency response training must include ten parts: The identification of potential emergencies; Procedures for dealing with the identified emergencies; The identification of, location of, and operational procedures for emergency equipment and personal protective equipment; The emergency response training requirements; The location and use of emergency facilities; The fire protection requirements; The alarm and emergency communication requirements; The first aid services required; Procedures for rescue and evacuation; and The designated rescue and evacuation workers. 13 Employers “must involve affected workers in establishing the emergency response plan.” Therefore, you need to be aware of your employer’s hazard assessment of your 14 work site and any hazards that may affect you in your work. In that way, you can ensure you are involved in the development of the emergency response plan. Your involvement helps you understand your role and responsibilities in an emergency. The plan specifies the procedures and the personnel designated by your employer to provide rescue services in an emergency response. All affected workers must be aware of the plan and familiar with the procedures. Your employer must train all employees, designated to provide rescue and evacuation services, to provide the appropriate response. 12 [4, s. 115(1)] 13 [3, s. 116] 28 [4, s. 115(2)] 14 030101a24 You must wear PPE that is appropriate to the nature of the emergency when you respond NOTES to emergencies. Your employer must provide designated rescue and evacuation personnel with the PPE and equipment to deal with any emergency identified in the emergency response plan. Your employer’s emergency response plan may include the use of a 911 service as part of the plan. The 911 service does not replace the responsibility of your employer to provide emergency services. For example, an employer must still identify potential emergencies, the procedures for dealing with the identified emergencies (which include calling 911 for particular types of emergencies), fire protection requirements, and workers who supervise evacuation procedures in an emergency. First Aid Part 11 of the Alberta OHS Code covers first aid requirements for employers, employees, and the work site. It requires only properly trained individuals, designated by your employer, to provide first aid services to you and your co-workers. Trained first aiders must provide proof of their qualifications through credentials provided by an approved first aid training provider. You must ensure you maintain your first aid certification by renewing when necessary. Your employer must also ensure that first aid services, supplies and equipment are available at the work site, as well as transportation to take ill or injured workers to a health care facility. The type of first aid equipment required is based on How hazardous the work is, Time taken to travel from the work site to a health care facility, and The number of workers on each shift. Your employer must ensure that first aid equipment and supplies are stored at the work site in a location easily accessible during all working hours and that all workers are aware of this location. The equipment and supplies must be stored in a way that they will not lose their effectiveness due to exposure to the elements or work processes that may cause damage. If the first aid equipment and supplies are stored in containers, the containers must be clearly marked to indicate their contents. If you have an acute illness or injury at the work site, the OHS Code requires you to report the illness or injury to your employer as soon as you can. In response, your employer must record every instance of an acute illness or injury and keep the record in a secure location, viewed only by authorized persons. 29 030101a24  NOTES Your employer must ensure that the proper number of first aiders are available at the work site for every shift. Table 6 shows the number of first aiders required for a low hazard work site as identified in the OHS Code. First Aid Requirements for Low Hazard Work Number of Isolated Work Site Workers at a Close Work Site Distant Work Site (more than 40 Work Site per (up to 20 minutes) (20–40 minutes) minutes) Shift 1 Type P first aid Type P first aid Type P first aid kit kit kit 2–9 No. 1 first aid kit One emergency One first aider emergency first No. 2 first aid kit aider No. 2 first aid kit 10–49 One emergency One emergency One first aider first aider emergency first No. 1 first aid kit No. 2 first aid kit aider No. 2 first aid kit 50–99 One emergency One emergency Two standard first aider first aider first aiders One standard One standard No. 2 first aid First Aider first aider kit No. 2 first aid kit No. 2 first aid kit Note: Number of first aiders indicated is for a shift at any time. Table 6 - First aid requirements for a low hazard work site. 30 030101a24  NOTES Objective Four Activity 1. What are the first aid requirements for low hazard work at a close work site with five to nine workers at the work site per shift? a) One emergency first aider, one standard first aider, No. 2 first aid kit, three blankets b) Two standard first aiders, No. 2 first aid kit, three blankets c) Two standard first aider, No. 3 first aid kit, three blankets, stretcher, splint d) One emergency first aider, One standard first aider, No. 2 first aid kit 2. OHS classifies a work site as “isolated” if it is located more than ____ minutes from a health care facility. a) 10 b) 20 c) 40 d) 60 31 030101a24  NOTES Objective Five When you have completed this objective, you will be able to Describe positive tradesperson attitudes with respect to housekeeping, personal protective equipment, and emergency procedures. The Impact of Positive Attitude The OHS Act is the government law detailing the legal responsibilities for all workers in Alberta and states that every worker shall, while engaged in an occupation: Take reasonable care to protect the health and safety of the worker and of other workers present while the worker is working and Co-operate with the worker's employer for the purposes of protecting the health and safety of - The worker; - Other workers engaged in the work of the employer; and - Other workers not engaged in the work of that employer, but present at the work site at which that work is being carried out. 15 Safety and performance of safe working habits are learned behaviours. This means that the single largest contributor to your safety in the workplace is your attitude. You greatly reduce the risk of a work-related injury or illness if you have an open, healthy attitude towards safety. It is important that everyone at your work site practice safe work habits. The creation of safe work environments results from controlling the variables and behaviours contributing to or causing accidents or injuries. A positive attitude toward safety contributes significantly to an accident-free environment. Everyone benefits from a healthy attitude towards preventing accidents. Safety and recognizing workplace hazards are a matter of concern to everyone associated with your trade. You are ultimately responsible for the safety of everyone working around you at the job site. Be aware of hazards, potential hazards, unsafe work practices, inattentiveness and signs of impaired judgement or decision-making. If you see something that does not appear to be safe, report the activity to your employer. Be proactive, use safety equipment, and avoid potentially hazardous situations. Housekeeping Housekeeping refers to the general way you maintain the job site or workplace. Clutter or obstructions may lead to unsafe conditions. You should have a positive attitude towards good housekeeping practices and encourage your co-workers to do the same. Remedy any hazardous or untidy condition by removing debris or reporting it to someone who is responsible for the clean-up. Creating a cleaner work environment leads to a safer and more productive work environment. The OHS Code requires your employer to take all steps necessary to maintain a safe work site clean and free of any materials or equipment that could cause workers to slip or trip. 32 [2, s. 5] 15 030101a24 Maintain good housekeeping during the progress of the work. Keep your work site clean NOTES and clear of debris and clutter. Ensure materials and supplies are stored safely and properly to reduce obstructions or limited access to work areas. Clean and inspect tools and equipment regularly to identify the need for maintenance, repair, or replacement. At the completion of the job, remove all surplus material and properly dispose of it. Clean up after yourself and do not leave tools or materials lying around for someone to trip over. Tools and equipment should be stored safely out of the work area when not in use or at the end of the day. A clean and orderly work area is a safe work area. Follow these points to help you keep your workplace safe, clean, and well organized. Collect and dispose of garbage on a regular basis. Store your tools and machinery in their designated places when you have finished using them. Store materials and supplies in a secure and tidy location away from the work area. Store hazardous materials in a secure and tidy location away from the work area. Sweep, clean and organize your workspace on a regular basis. Wear personal protective equipment suited for the work you are performing every day. Wipe up liquid spills immediately to avoid a slippery surface that could cause a fall. Figure 6 illustrates a cluttered, hazardous work site. Figure 6 - A cluttered work site is hazardous. 33 030101a24  NOTES Lighting The OHS Code also identifies that your employer must supply adequate lighting at your work site. You need sufficient lighting, protected against damage, to enable you to work safely. Your employer provides emergency lighting which should provide sufficient light for you to leave your work site safely should the normal lighting system fail. Emergency lighting must also enable you to perform any necessary emergency shut-down procedures while you restore normal lighting. Personal Protective Equipment Your employer is required, in some situations, to provide you with personal protective equipment (PPE) and in all cases you are responsible to wear it. There is a risk of injury or illness on any work site. It is impossible to predict when an accident resulting in injury may occur, so it is essential that you use your PPE whenever you are required to use it. Your employer informs you of the need for PPE, trains you in its use, care, and maintenance, and ensures you have the necessary equipment. However, it is the responsibility of the employee to use their PPE so that it protects them effectively. Figure 7 demonstrates why PPE is required on a job site. Figure 7 - Always wear PPE when required. You should also look out for the safety of your co-workers. If you notice a co-worker not wearing PPE or it has been modified in a way that compromises its ability to protect as it was designed, you should bring it to their attention. 34 030101a24 Emergency Procedures NOTES Your employer is responsible to conduct a hazard assessment on your work site and develop an emergency response plan to manage any emergency that may arise. Once informed of the plan, you have a responsibility to ensure the plan remains current. Inform your employer of any changes at the work site that may create a need to change the emergency response plan. The emergency response plan ensures protection for you and your co-workers and reduces the likelihood of damage to the workplace. The plan makes you aware of the role you play in keeping safe in an emergency. Simulation exercises, such as fire drills are a good way to practice parts of the emergency response plan. Hands-on training and how to care for and use fire extinguishers and other activities designed to keep you and your co-workers prepared for emergencies increase the likelihood of successfully dealing with any emergency. You should recognize how these activities prepare you to respond effectively to emergencies. You, your co-workers, and your employer should review established emergency procedures on a regular basis and revise them as required to ensure they reflect the types of activities, equipment, materials, substances, and technology that are in use at your work site. 35 030101a24  NOTES Objective Five Activity 1. Who is responsible to ensure that a worker uses PPE at the worksite? a) The worker b) The supervisor c) The general contractor d) OHS 2. Who is responsible to ensure work site emergency response plans remain up to date? a) The employer b) The employer and the employees c) The employees d) The OHS inspector 36 030101a24  NOTES Objective Six When you have completed this objective, you will be able to Describe the roles and responsibilities of employers and employees with the selection and use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Personal Protective Equipment Requirements Part 18 of the OHS Code describes the requirements for PPE at work sites in Alberta. It includes information that establishes the standards for all work settings and environments. Employer Responsibilities Part 18 requires your employer to determine the presence and significance of any hazards at your worksite and determine if PPE is required. If PPE is required, your employer must ensure all workers wear and use the required PPE. Part 18 begins by describing the duty to use personal protective equipment. It goes on to describe the requirements for specific types of PPE including Eye protection (including contact lenses, safety eyewear, full face piece respirators, and eye protection for arc welding operations); Flame resistant clothing; Foot protection; Head protection; Life jackets and personal flotation devices; Limb and body protection; and Respiratory protective equipment. Some employers make it policy that all workers wear a particular type of PPE regardless of the presence or absence of hazards at any location on the work site. Employers have the right to exceed the OHS Code and Workplace Health and Safety supports employers in their decision. In most situations, your employer is not required to provide you with PPE. However, in some situations where conditions such as a respiratory hazard or exposure to noise, which exceeds accepted exposure limits exist, your employer must provide you with proper PPE. The PPE designed to protect you from respiratory hazards must fit properly, be designed to protect you from the existing or potential hazard and only be used while it remains in good working order. Your employer is responsible to ensure that all PPE is free of defects and in a condition to protect you as designed, whether you or your employer supplied the PPE. Your employer must monitor the condition of your PPE and correct or have corrected any equipment that is worn out, cracked, damaged or in any way incapable of providing proper protection. 37 030101a24  NOTES Your employer is responsible to provide training in the correct use, care, and maintenance of any PPE you use on the work site. Your employer must also make you aware of the limitations of your PPE and that wearing and using PPE as intended does not necessarily eliminate hazards present in your worksite. The use of PPE is the lowest level of managing hazards in the workplace. Implement PPE only after your employer has determined that engineering or administrative controls are not sufficient to control hazards. Employee Responsibilities You are continually responsible to be aware that wearing and using PPE does not eliminate hazards in your workplace. You must ensure you wear all required PPE identified by your employer during a hazard assessment of your work site. You are responsible for inspecting your PPE prior to each use. If you find any item or piece of equipment in a condition that makes it not suitable for use, the OHS Regulation requires you to inform your employer. You must remove the piece of equipment from service. Restore or replace the defective equipment and return it for use. You must not alter or modify your PPE to improve fit. Do not remove it to reduce or eliminate discomfort. If your PPE does not fit properly, you must solve the problem through proper sizing or positioning to ensure your PPE performs effectively. Eye Protection Your employer is responsible to ensure you wear approved eye protection if the possibility of eye injury or irritation showed up in the work site hazard assessment. Your employer is responsible for ensuring you wear approved eye protective equipment—like those in Figure 8 that is appropriate to the work to be done and the hazard involved and is approved to the following standards: CSA Standard Z94.3: Eye and Face Protectors, CSA Standard Z94.3: Industrial Eye and Face Protectors or CAN/CSA Standard Z94.3: Industrial Eye and Face Protectors. To qualify as protective eyewear, safety glasses must meet CSA (Canadian Standards Association) Standard Z94.3. In some cases, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Standard Z87.1 is also acceptable. CSA-certified eye protectors must meet criteria for impact resistance. Only devices made of approved materials are permitted to be used; these are listed in Table 7. The manufacturer or supplier certification mark must be present on all approved safety lenses, frames (front and temple), removable side shields, and other parts of the glasses, goggles, or helmets. In addition to the manufacturer’s logo or ID mark, the CSA logo will appear to indicate that the eye protection meets the requirements of the CSA Standard. 38 030101a24  NOTES Comparison of Lens Materials Material Characteristics Glass High density material, heavy lenses Losses impact resistance if scratched Does not meet criteria of CSA Z94.3 Plastic (CR39) One half the weight of glass Resistant to solvents and pitting Hi-Vex More impact resistant than CR39 plastic 100% UV filtering Lightweight and clear material Trivex More impact resistant the CR39 plastic Less impact-resistant than polycarbonate UV radiation absorption properties Polycarbonate Most impact resistant of all lens materials Lightweight Can be coated for scratch resistance Table 7 - Different lens materials. When you are required to wear a full-face respirator with a facepiece intended to prevent materials from striking your eyes, the facepiece must: Meet the requirements of - CSA Standard Z94.3: Eye and Face Protectors, - CSA Standard Z94.3: Industrial Eye and Face Protectors, plus Meet the impact and penetration test requirements of Section 9 of - American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Standard Z87.1: Occupational and Educational Personal Eye and Face Protection Devices or - ANSI Standard Z87.1: Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection. Figure 8 - Approved eye protective equipment. If you wear prescription eyewear at the work site and a hazard assessment has indicated that eye protection is mandatory, you can wear your prescription eyewear if it is safety rated and it meets the requirements of the CSA previously listed. If your prescription eyewear has glass lenses and there is danger of impact, wear CSA approved protective equipment over them. 39 030101a24  NOTES Flame Resistant Clothing The risk of flash fires and explosions exists at many worksites across the province of Alberta. Your employer must ensure that you are wearing flame resistant outerwear and that you are using PPE designed to protect you if the possibility of a flash fire or electrical equipment flashover exists. Your employer is not obligated to provide you with this PPE but is obligated to ensure you are wearing the required PPE. Flame-resistant outerwear greatly reduces the effect of flash fires and explosions. However, you are responsible to wear clothing beneath your flame-resistant outerwear that is made of flame-resistant or natural fibres. For example, wear wool, cotton, or silk clothing under your flame-resistant outerwear to help increase the protection from severe burns. If you wear clothing made from synthetic fabrics—such as polyester, nylon, or other fabricated types of fibre—under your flame-resistant outerwear, it may result in your underclothing melting or breaking down in a manner that it sticks to your skin causing unnecessary pain and suffering. See Section 232 of the OHS Code for more detail. Foot Protection Safety boots or shoes are standard requirements for workers in most trades. Your employer must ensure that you wear CSA approved safety footwear appropriate for the nature of the hazards associated with the work you must perform. Safety footwear protects feet against a wide variety of injuries. Before choosing footwear, you and your employer should consider factors including: Slipping, Uneven terrain, Abrasion, Ankle protection, Foot support, Crushing injuries, Extreme temperatures, Exposure to corrosive substances, Puncture, Electrical shock, Any other recognizable hazards, and The footwear should be comfortable to wear. Chemical resistant soles are a benefit when working in an area that contains hazardous materials. Steel toes offer protection from falling objects and leather high-topped boots protect from spilled chemicals, cuts, abrasions, and sparks. 40 030101a24 The OHS Code indicates that if you are required to wear protective fo