Support and Movement (1).pdf

ReadingTextbook AKU MDCAT V NBF Federalboard Part I 2 PTB Punjab board Lecturer I Revision Heuser notes...

ReadingTextbook AKU MDCAT V NBF Federalboard Part I 2 PTB Punjab board Lecturer I Revision Heuser notes website Practise material wise Material from institute A level Biology Reds pot Topical MIQs KIPS Practicematerial 411 Part 2 Ch 2 SupportandMovement Topics Skeleton andits types Human skeleton structure of Boneandcartilage support Jointsand its types Disorders ofskeletonandjoints Repair of fractured bone Murder and its types dm MM moment Made contraction Abnormalities Antagonistic muscles Movement in animalsA SKELETON substance that provides any chemical support movement protection i Exoskeleton liesoutsidethe body alsoinfungal wall cell released by the body insects i non living shellsof Molluscs snail ChitinofArthropods ey Spines of Echinodermsstarfish scalesoffishes Hairandnailsofmammals  Ecdysis mounting Sheddingoff oldershellandreleasing anewone of oldershell was hindering their growth I HYDROSTATIC SKELETON Based on hydrostaticpressure exertedbymuscles Batoninflated on the body wallscompressing bodyfluid eg Jellyfish earthworm iii ENDOSKELETON lies inside the body animist.sn tmiEtialetnis living in nature of restrictedtovertebrates composed of bones and cartilage False endoskeleton Non living insidethe body Porifera eg Sponges wallscontainCaco orSilicaor Proteinfibres givingthemsupport HUMAN ENDOSKELETON 206Bones Axial Midline Appendicular sides 80bones 126 Bones Skull forelimbsx2 Ribcage Hindlimb x2 gymgym Girdles Theonly movableboneofskull Lower SKULL 29 bones jawMandible Dentary Cranium brain box 8bones 2paired Parietal 4Temporal 4unpaired frontal orripitalethmoid sphenoid maridiblem Facialbone 14bones s unpaired vomer 6 paired Lacrimalzygomaticnasalbones inferiornasalconcher mouth Matilda palatinetot Ear ossicles Auditoryossicles 3pairs Incur stapes malleus smallest Hyoidbone base lowerjawattachment of Tongue of VERTEBRALCOLUMN 26 Bones G Atlas Neck Cervical f g g Co Axis Thorax Thoracil 12 T T Back Lumbar 5 hd L Ls Sacral 5 fused into1 Hip É Tail comp 4 fundinto RIBCAGE 25 Boney sternum breastbone L pair 1 to pair7 Trueribs 31Bone pair 8 to pairto Falseribs L pair11 topair12 Floatingribs fp phalanges FORELIMBS 30Bones x2 60Bones Arm Forearm Humerus Radius Ulna I 2 É wrist Carpels 8 Palm Metacarpels s ng nanny a s E Na M Forelimbs 30Bones x2 60Bones p gp phalanges Arm Humerus I Forearm Radius Ulna 2 Wrist Carpels 8 Palm Metacarpals 5 Fingers nanny Minn Limbs 30Bones x2 60Bones Thigh Femur 01 Kneecap Patella 01 leg Tibia Fibula 02 Ankle Tarsals Of Sole Metatarsals 05 Toes Phallanges 14 30 GIRDLES Bones that join Limbs with axial skeleton i Shoulder Girdle Pectoralgirdle 2Bones x 2 4 Scapula ShoulderBlade Ol Clavicle CollarBone 01 02 ii Hip Girdle Pelvic girdle 1Bonex2 2 sacral InnominateBone Ilium Pubis Ischium Ég on annum 9 PubicSymphesis  Human skeletonweighs about 181 ofbodyweight longestand strongest Femur Smallest bone Auditory ossicles Weakestbone Clavicle STRUCTURE OF BONE Periosteum Erinaisiscondyls Gg I Diaphysisshaft Endosteum Identity W Epiphysis BONECELLULAR STRUCTURE Osteogeni CELLS Muscle Bloop Neuron synapse OSTEOBLAST OSTEOCLAST removal divideandformmore ofcalcium Boneeating a osteoblasts fordemineralization responsible releaseliquidprotein of bones CalledCOLLAGEN Bonedissolvingcells Whentheyaretotally immersed in Collagenthey differentiate into astrocytes Osteocytes deposit calcium oncollage calcificationorossification  Bard IN supply CARTILAGE iii hitgaiindochina.im mm mm lacuna Y t.it outerlayer Perichondrium ENDO innerlayer Drium Chow venidescontaining Chondrocytes Lacunae Bloodvents are only running outside cartilage therefore transportof materialtakesplace through diffusionslowprocess Repairingprocess in cartilage is very slow i HYALINE CARTILAGE endoftonightbonesnose Larynx andtrachea FIBROCARTILAGE Intervertebraldisccartilage knee ii of iii ELASTICCARTILAGE Earflapsand Epiglottis Joints Articulation i Fibrous joints Immovable Fixed in RadiusTunaandTibia Sutures in Skull Fibula q Syndesmosis Gomphosis Teethwith Jaws ii Cartilaginous joint g Allows littlemovements Cortovertebral andCottosternal Pubic joint innominate bones It Breathingthorax Symphysis Btw intervertebral joint iii SynovialJoint Freely movablejoint Ball SocketJoint Shoulder HipJoint Articular main m it sarinaat HingeJoint Kneeandelbow PivotJoint Blnradiusandulna Shockabsorber Attanto Axialjoint Lubricant Buffer ii SynovialJoint Freely movablejoint I Ball SocketJoint shoulder HipJoint Kitt tiattititipitalJoint HingeJoint Kneeandelbow PivotJoint Blnradiusandulna Shockabsorber Attained dialjoint Lubricant Slidingjoint wrist Ankle Buffer Glidingjoint Vertebralcolumn Saddlehtoitt Intervertebraldisc Condyloid Metacarpal 1 Metacarpal carpel a Phalanges disorders OF SKELETAL SYSTEM i Microsmall cephal Head Microcephaly smallsizedskull mentalretardation Abnormal development ii Ift lipand Palate Agap isleft bwthesidesofupperlipandor palate Thesepeoplefaceproblems in swallowing iii Osteoporosis Past Menopausal lowerlevelsof Estrogen porousandeasily fractured Bones become in Rickets Deficiency ofCalcium and uitD Osteomalacia in adults of Hind limb become bowlike bones become Bones weak occur in childhoodonly V DikSlip HerniatedDisn want i A X Naden B Palposis y x x Narrowing of intervertebralspace Nucleus Pulposis D Annulusfibrosis vi fpondylosis Duetocalcificationor bonegrowth Stress usually in cervicalregion Lamba5 sacral1 vii Sciatica Discslip in lambosacralregion s s Sciaticnerve s lege Pressure on sciaticnerve severe pain in the back radiating towards oneofthelegs vii ARTHRITIS Inflammation ofJoints Arthro Joints itis inflammation Osteoarthritis progressive detonation ofcartilageofjoints Rheumatoidarthritis autoimmunedisorder inflammationofSynovialmembrane GoutyArthritis Gout High UricAcid Sodium urate crystals aredepositedonjoint INJURIES ToJoints Tendons Dislocation ofJoints Affect Ligaments sprain injuryofligaments without dislocation FRACTURE Breaking ofboneusuallydueto an injury a Simplefracture Bonescrackbutdoes notaffectanysurroundingstructure Alsocalledclosedfracture b Compoundfracture Whenthebrokenbonedamagesshinandemergesout Alsocalledopenfracture c complicatedfracture Whenthebrokenbonedamagestheneighbouringorgans simpledosed compound A complicated open Repairof Fractured bone ofbloodoutsidebloodvessel cumulation i pox i Hematoma and Clotformation i FibrocartilaginousCatterfamation looseman ofcell iii Replacement of cartilaginouscallerwith bony callus iv Remodelling callingets hardandshapesupinlinewiththebone MUSCULARSYSTEM Mulde Acontractileconnectivetissue canTidiesits length andthenregni itsoriginallength neverexpands com producemovementonly bycontraction Aboutto't ofourbodyweightisduetomuscles There are morethan commiesin onbody ooo TYPES OF MUSCLES Smooth CARDIAC Myogenic SKELETAL FEITH III II Intermateda 88 Arrangement Sheets Bundles Bundles cellshape Spindleshaped cylindricalelongatedbranched Cylindrical elongated NucleiNucleus uninucleated unionbinucleated multinucleated striations unstriated striated striated Action involuntary involuntary voluntary i control AutonomicNervoussystem Nervoussystem Iggondeepppatnd goalie speed How Location Wallsofhollowinternal Heart Attached tobones organs for passage Arteries veins eg urinarybladderureter oviduct oesophagusetc Muscle contractswhen only There are NOmuscles in thewalls ofcapillaries anelectricalimpulsestrikes jTANodefor cardiac WINNIE  Structure OFSKELETALMuscle STRUCTURE OFMYO FIBRIL Epimysian coveringwhole muscle E FE v mintilamentitia covering fascicle PERIMYSIUM v coveringMuscle ENDOMYSIUM fibres t ÉÉÉ E Masaeenegythomysium of É Ultrastructure SkeletalMuscle Musclecell madefibre cylindricalelongated cellmembrane larcolemma y A 11 Cytoplasm Sarcoplasm Initiations fibril my gym gym gym www.y of sacrolemma Ftubules SarcolemmahasNerve endingsattached toit calledNeuromuscularjunction STRUCTURE OF MYO FIBRIL It IE t mintilamentitia man L D L D L D L D L YfIEamliant g.I.FI aand HJone HighDensityzone Thick 2Disc only I Band Thinonly lightband gyp A BandDarkband Thinkthat length ofthid filament When a musclecontracts In a singlesarcomereeachthickfilament is 12 surrounded by 6thin filaments Hzone disappers I Band shortens Nochangein ABand sarcomereshortens by35t ofitsoriginallength d Thelengthsarcome inrelaxed is 70ohm What would beits lengthaftercontraction Foo Foo x 3 or 7004 StructureOfMicrofilaments Thinfilament Actinfilament Thickfilament Myosinfilament Actinprotein 300 400MyosinProtein F 2strandshelicallywiled Agin c Intend F SinglethreadwrappedaroundActincovering IÉH_W Iff Tropomyosin all Binding site ofGActin HM Troponin Iiit Ii it initiative at ÉEEET Nerve impulse reaches Neuromuscularjunction Natiotiansmitter willbe released AOh binds to its receptors cholinergicReceptors on sarcolemma Action Potential transferred to Ftubules from Saecolemma v Sarcoplasmic Reticulumreleases Cat Cat bind to F C Troponin Tropomyosinhewn binding sites ofGActin v Headsofthick filament attachto crossbridges binding sites Actomyosincomplex Swinging Action Why does a mule getsthick when it contracts NICESIATIES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION Madegetsthickwhencontract Toadjustthevolume I occupiedbycellular Acetylcholine ACh I components Receptors Cholinergicreceptor Enzymeto breakdown ACh Cholinestrase enzyme y Action swinging of ii Cat stored in Sarcoplasmic Reticulum nay released when stimulated FTubules by Binds to Tn C troponin tomove Tropomyosin sothat binding sites willbeexposed iii Energy Atr Respiration CreatinePhosphate Phosphocreatine Todelay MuchFatigue Aerobit 36ATP atrest Cr Pi Per Energyrich s duringexercise Per ADP Cr Aip Anaerobic ZATP LacticAcid MuscleFatigue 1 OxygendebtAmount ofOzrequiredtooxidizeLacticAcid ANTAGONISTIC Muscle Pair of muscles producing oppositeeffectsuponcontraction i Flexors Partoflimbcomes towardsbody EXTENSORS Part oflimbmovesawayfrom body Arm Bicep Flexor Extensor LY FrontofFemur Femur Quadriceps Extensor Flexor Triceps Backof Hamstring Tendon origin attached tostationery bone insertion bone moving  OF Muscles DISORDERS i Made Fatigue Anaerobic respiration Accumulation ofLacticAcid ii Cramp Muscle pull Made remains in a contracted state may last from few tofewdays seconds Dehydration lowsugar exertion iii Tetany Involuntary contractions of voluntarymuscles startswith murder in links then neck becomes fatal if occurs inrespiratorymade Hypocalamia low BloodCalciumlevel morally Hormonal iv TETANUS Bacterial infection Clostridium tetani incurable leadsto death ALL OR None RESPONSE Extentof Musclecontraction FEI Motorunits Part ofmusclesupplied by a single branchofnerve Either a motorunitcontracts fully ordoesnotcontract at all Extentof musclecontraction dependsupon the numberofmotorunitsinvolved A MM Locomotion In Protozoans MoneraProkaryotes i AMOEBA Geltosol movement protodista v Amoeboid movement Primitive Eukaryotes unicellular Pseudopodia fakefeettemporary ii PARAMECIUM Fungitikfgglikeffigga locomotorstructure cilia Powerstroke 1800 ciliarymovement Recoverystroke O 3 Plants Fungi Animals iii EUGLENA locomotorstructure Flagella Multicellular Multicellular Multicellular whipping movement Éaalld tothe cellmembrane  I JELLYFish As Gastrovascularcavity Eelenteffines Tentacles Jet propulsion nI ai iii EARTH Norm Walkbody Murder longitudinal 4Circularmuscles ChetaeSetae Chitinous bristles Boththemusclescontractandrelaxalternatively scheme anchorinthe soil iv Cockroach wings 2pairs Flying 3pairs legs of with joints skeletalmuscles Flexors Extensors iOS VA v STAR Fisk 5legs Pentamerous swimby legs i g waterummmseptum Lcanals Tithe foot Amraun Igg Functions Respiration action Movementlocomotion Iii nm Attachment Movement in Vertebrates i Fisher swimming streamlined body Tail Directions ii Amphibians Frog Hopping welldeveloped Hindlimbs iii Reptiles Snakes Apoder Nolegs creeping lizard crocodileett claws are welldeveloped gripping on solidsurfaces iv Birds Pairofwings Flying feathers in have interlinking mechanism wings Running birds wings are vestigeal Nonfunctional v Mammals Running Walking swimming flying GRADE Hoofs UNGULI cow goat sheep Horseetc g Digitigrade Digits g cat lion tigeretc PLANTIGRADE Sole eg Man Monkey Beer