Medicinal Subterranean Organs Lecture-2 PDF

Medicinal subteranean organs Lecture-2 Dr. Hala H. Zaatout Associate Professor Department of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy Alexandria University Dr. Hala Zaatout  Roots...

Medicinal subteranean organs Lecture-2 Dr. Hala H. Zaatout Associate Professor Department of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy Alexandria University Dr. Hala Zaatout  Roots Glycosides Saponins Iridoid resin Triterpene Senega Root Liquorice. Steroidal Dr. Hala Zaatout  1-Senega ‫جذر البوليجالة‬ Dried- root stocks and roots of Polygala Senega, Family Polygalaceae. Dr. Hala Zaatout Constituent: Senega saponins A, B, C The most important is senegin A Dr. Hala Zaatout Uses: Stimulant expectorant, in chronic bronchitis, in bronchial asthma, whooping cough, and various respiratory problems e.g. Pneumonia. Dr. Hala Zaatout Uses: The expectorant property comes from the irritation of mucous membrane by the saponins, which causes an increase in respiratory secretions and a decrease in their viscosity, giving a productive cough. N.B: excessive dose causes violent vomiting and purgation. Dr. Hala Zaatout  2-Liquorice ‫جذر العرقسوس‬ Liquorice is dried peeled or unpeeled roots & rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza glabra var. typica (Spanish liquorice) or of G. glabra var. glandulifera (Russsian liquorice) Family Leguminosae. Dr. Hala Zaatout  Spanish consists mainly of Usually liquorice: cultivated stolons and few unpeeled. pieces of roots Russian consists mainly of Usually wild liquorice: roots peeled. Dr. Hala Zaatout  Microscopical examination of Liquorice powder a group of fibers with Large vessels with elongated pits calcium oxalate prism sheath Calcium oxalate crystals Dr. Hala Zaatout  Constituent 1-Triterpene saponin glycosides Glycyrrhizin sweet taste on hydrolysis and is converted to a triterpene aglycon glycyrrhetenic (glycyrrhetic) acid + 2 molecules of glucuronic acid (a sugar acid related to glucose). Dr. Hala Zaatout Constituent 2- Anti-oxidant compounds (Flavonoids): Flavones, isoflavones and chalcones Dr. Hala Zaatout 3- Other constituents: 5-15% sugars (glucose and sucrose). Bitter principle (Glycyrramarin) which present in the cork of Russian variety, so it should be peeled. Dr. Hala Zaatout  uses Flavouring and sweetening agent. Demulcent Mild expectorant Anti-inflammatory Dr. Hala Zaatout  uses In treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers Used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, Addison’s disease conditions. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA Dr. Hala Zaatout  uses In cosmetics Dr. Hala Zaatout  Mechanism of action as antiulcer agent Glycyrrhizin causes inhibition of the enzymes which cause the degradation of prostaglandins E & F. The increase in these prostaglandins produces the protective effect on the gastric mucosa through promoting the mucus secretion and increasing the mucosal blood flow supply, so promoting the healing of the ulcer. Dr. Hala Zaatout  Antiviral in viral infections, this may be indirect effect through stimulation of the interferon production by the T- cells. Dr. Hala Zaatout  Undesirable side effects of glycyrrhizin and liquorice extract Glycyrrhizin increases fluid and sodium retention and promotes potassium depletion due to its mineralocorticoid effect so persons with cardiac problems and hypertension should avoid excessive quantities of liquorice. Dr. Hala Zaatout  Drug interactions Liquorice may induce hypokalemia thus may interfere with the effectiveness of antiarrhythmic. Concomitant use with laxatives increase risk of hypokalemia. May reduce effect of antihypertensives. Elevated blood pressure has been associated with concomitant use of liquorice and oral contraceptives. Dr. Hala Zaatout How to avoid these side effects Deglycyrrhizinised powder liquorice Powder liquorice from which most of its glycyrrhizin has been removed used in combination with antacids in the treatment of peptic ulcer. Dr. Hala Zaatout  How to avoid these side effects Cabenoxolone: A semi-synthetic derivative from glycyrrhizic acid (succinic acid derivative ) Na or K salt. Dr. Hala Zaatout  Roots Glycosides Saponins Iridoid resin Triterpene Sarsaparilla. Steroidal Ginseng Fenugreek Dioscorea Stinging Nettle root Dr. Hala Zaatout  2-Ginseng Root ‫جذرالجنسنج‬ Ginseng consists of the dried tuberous root of Panax ginseng (Korean ginseng) or P. quinquefolium (American Ginseng), Family Araliaceae All-healing root Dr. Hala Zaatout  Collection & preparation Korean plant is the most expensive. The plant is collected when 6 years old, outer layers are removed, dried in the sun to produce white Ginseng. Red Ginseng is obtained by first steaming the root, then dried by artificial heat. It should be stored in containers over quicklime to avoid hydrolysis of the glycosides. White Ginseng is not recommended. Dr. Hala Zaatout  Constituents Saponin glycosides Ginsenosides (Japan ) Panaxosides (Russia ), these are mixtures of steroidal and triterpenoidal glycosides, termed Panaxosides A,B, c ,…… High molecular weight polysaccharides known as panaxans A ,B ,C…. with hypoglycemic activity Volatile oil, resin, sterols, vitamins (D), amino acids, peptides & trace elements (Fe ,Zn ,Cu. &Mg.) Dr. Hala Zaatout  Microscopical test for ginsenosides (histochemical test) T.S. of the root (6 years old) is treated with alcoholic solution of Silicotungestic acid (saponin detecting reagent), the secretory canals (present in cortex & outer part of the phloem) turned purple. Dr. Hala Zaatout  Pharmacological & uses 1. Adaptogenic activity: (a substance that can help an organism adapt to stress of any kind and restore homeostasis. (Textbook of Complementary and Alternative Medicine)). Ginseng has normalizing action to balance the body functions. Two main ginsenosides suppress and stimulate the C.N.S. , causing the ability to balance the body functions. Dr. Hala Zaatout  Pharmacological & uses 2. Ginseng increases the mental and physical capacity for work due to its stimulant effect on CNS Dr. Hala Zaatout 3. Anti-fatigue effect; as it facilitates the release of energy stored in the muscles, resulting in a better movement due to improvement of the general metabolism. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC Dr. Hala Zaatout 4. Improving the endocrine system function especially the thyroid and adrenal glands, causing improvement of many conditions arising from old age. Dr. HalaThis Zaatout Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 5. Improving the control of glucose level in the blood of diabetic persons. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC Dr. Hala Zaatout  Pharmaceutical form Powder Extract Tea bags tablets Capsules Cigarettes Chewing gums. Dr. Hala Zaatout Side effects due to prolonged use The most common side effect is: Trouble sleeping (Insomnia) Hypertension Skin eruption Morning diarrhea Dr. Hala Zaatout  Precautions & Warnings Pregnancy and breast-feeding. Infants and children “Auto-immune diseases” such as multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), or other conditions Bleeding conditions. Heart conditions Diabetes Hormone-sensitive conditions such as breast, uterine and ovarian cancer, endometriosis, or uterine fibroids Sleeping trouble (Insomnia) Schizophrenia (mental disorders) Organ transplant Dr. Hala Zaatout  Contraindications Hypertension ,hypotension, also in case of cardiac problems Generally, Ginseng is considered safe. Dr. Hala Zaatout This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND  Interactions Caffeine Furosemide (Lasix) Insulin and medications for diabetes Medications changed by the liver Medications for depression (MAOIs)and some antidepressent drugs. Medications that decrease the immune system (Immunosuppressants). Medications that slow blood clotting (Anticoagulant “Warfarin”/ Antiplatelet drugs) Stimulant drugs Dr. Hala Zaatout  Stinging Nettle root ‫القراص‬ The underground parts of Urtica species. Costituents: Β-sitosterol in free forms and glycosides Scopoletin Actions: Increase of urinary volume Increase of maxium urinary flow Reduction of residual urine Dr. Hala Zaatout  Stinging Nettlle root Uses: Difficulty in urination in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Approved by commission E for prostate complaints Dr. Hala Zaatout  Stinging Nettle root Side effects: Mild gastrointestinal upsets Note: This drug only relieves the symptoms of an enlarged prostate without reducing the enlargement. Dr. Hala Zaatout  Roots Glycosides Saponins Iridoid resin Triterpene Steroidal  Medicinal Roots Containing iridoid &resin glycosides  Gentian root-Gentiana-Gentian ‫جذر الجنطيانا‬ known as yellow Gentian.  Constituents Secoiridoid glycoside Gentiopicrin or gentiopiroside (2% in the fresh root). On hydrolysis the lactone gentiogenin + glucose during fermentation and drying of the root. Non-glucosidal bitters  Uses Bitter tonic and stomachic in anorexia and dyspepsia, and other digestive problems e.g. flatulence, colics. It also improves the appetite.  Devil’s claw (wood spider) It consists of the dried, secondary tubers of Harpagophytum procumbens as well as their preparations in effective dosage. Plants of the genus owe their common name "devil's claw" to the peculiar appearance of their hooked fruit.  Devil’s claw Active constituents: The drug contains bitter substances (iridoide monoterpenes): harpagoside (extremely bitter).  Devil’s claw Actions Appetite-stimulating Choleretic Antiphlogistic Mildly analgesic.  Devil’s claw Uses approved by German Commission E: Loss of appetite ,dyspepsia, supportive therapy of degenerative disorders of locomotor system. The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia recommends devil’s claw as a diuretic and sedative.  Devil’s claw Contraindications: Gastric and duodenal ulcers due to the drug's stimulation of gastric juice secretion. With gallstones, use only after consultation with a physician  Roots Glycosides Saponins Iridoid resin Jalap Triterpene Steroidal  Family Convolvulaceae Jalap – Ipomeae – Scammony  Uses They are all used as cathartic purgatives. Contraindication: The resins should not be used in case of intestinal inflammation. Medicinal Roots Containing Miscellaneous constituents  Roots Miscellaneous Isoflavones Derris root Phlobatannins Krameria root. Lactones Kava-Kava root. Polysaccharides Astragalus root Acids Echinacea  Derris root Constituents: Isoflavones mainly rotenone (3-10 %).  Uses Prepared Derris powder; very fine powder as safe insecticide. It is not poisonous to man and domestic animals, but inhalation of the powder produces unpleasant symptoms. It was used to paralyze fish. To treat head lice and scabies.  Krameria root ‫جذر الكرامريا‬ Peruvian Rhatany The dried roots of Krameria. The bark readily separates from the wood. The bark is astringent but the wood almost tasteless.  Constituents ❑Tannins (7-18 %) phlobatannins known as krameria-tannic acid (dark red colour). ❑ 2-two bezofuran derivatives (phenolic) Ratanhiaphenols I & II which are effective as UV_filters (can be used as sun- protection in pharmaceutical preparations). ❑ Phlobaphene krameria-red  uses As astringent In the treatment of diarrhaea and dysentery. In haemorrhage and haemorrhoids. In industry in tanning of leather. Pharmaceutical preparations in cosmetics as sun protection In dental medicine as a mouth wash (gargle). In dermatology is used for cleaning of wounds. (Tr. Krameria)  Kava –kava root Constituents: Mixture of pyrones (substituted lactones),  Uses In anxiety disorders and in insomnia as a sleep aid. As anxiolytic, generally as antidepressant. Can be used as alternative to the antidepressant chemicals, Benzodiazepines. Advantage: long term use has no tolerance problems associated with these chemicals (no addiction). Safety: severe liver toxicity (liver failure), on prolonged uses. In some countries (France), the sale order of the drug is stopped.  Astragallus root Astragallus sp. Family Leguminoseae CTM As a general tonic. Strengthen the immune system.  Let’s play Dr. Hala Zaatout