Exam 2 Study Sheet PDF

Exam 2 Study Sheet Chapter 6 ========= \- Understand the various civil rights cases of Roe v. Wade, Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, Plessy v. Ferguson, Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Griswold v. Connecticut, **Obergefell v. Hodges, and** Korematsu v. United States -comprehen...

Exam 2 Study Sheet Chapter 6 ========= \- Understand the various civil rights cases of Roe v. Wade, Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, Plessy v. Ferguson, Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Griswold v. Connecticut, **Obergefell v. Hodges, and** Korematsu v. United States -comprehend the terms racism and othering \- Be able to identify and understand the dynamics of *De jure and De facto discrimination* \- Know the history of rights denied on the basis of race from slavery, to Jim Crow, and throughout the civil rights movement. - Native Americans - Hispanic Americans - Asian Americans - Women - LGBTQ Americans Chapter 7 ========= \- Define the four kinds of representation; policy representation, allocative representation, Casework, Symbolic representation **- Know the difference between Hyperpartisanship, party polarization**, **Asymmetric polarization**. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- \- define descriptive representation - Know the difference between the different types of committees, standing committees: select committees, joint committees, conference committees - comprehend the job of the various congressional resources such as The Congressional Research Service (CRS) The Government Accountability Office (GAO), and Congressional Budget Office (CBO) - when a bill comes to the president's desk what are the actions presidents can take including but not limited to veto and pocket veto. Understand how these actions work. - Understand both the filibuster and cloture Chapter 8 ========= \- study the roles of the Chief of staff, Vice President, the first spouse, and the cabinet \- Know what inherent powers are and why they are important to the president \- Understand the difference between executive orders and signing statements \- know the constitutional and implied powers of the president \- Be able to describe the two presidential eras that scholars often focus on Chapter 9 ========= **Bureaucracy**: an organization characterized by hierarchical structure, worker specialization, explicit rules, and advancement by merit **Neutral competence**: the principle that bureaucracy should be depoliticized by making it more professional Characteristics of bureaucracy, from Max Weber **Hierarchy:** clear chain of command and responsibility **Specialization**: tasks divided by expertise **Explicit rules**: rules rather than preferences govern decisions; standardization, predictability **Merit**: hiring based on exams and experience **Civil service:** nonmilitary employees of the government who appointed through the merit system **Pendleton Act**- 1883 civil service reform that required the hiring and promoting of civil servants to be based on merit, not patronage **Hatch Act**- 1939 law limiting the political involvement of civil servants to protect them from political pressure and keep politics out of the bureaucracy Federal agencies fall into three categories 1\. Those designed to serve essential government functions Examples: Departments of State, Defense, Treasury 2\. Those crafted to meet the changing needs and problems of the country New departments add departments to meet changing public needs: Example: Western territories = Department of Interior Example: Industrialization = Department of Labor 3\. Those intended to serve particular clientele group **clientele groups**: these are groups of citizens that have interests affected by an agency or departments issue area. **Four types of organizations** **Departments**- One of the major subdivisions of the federal government, represented in the President's cabinet **Independent agencies**- Government organizations independent of the departments, but with a narrower policy focus **Independent regulatory boards and commissions**- Government organizations that regulate various businesses, industries, or economic sectors **Government corporations-** Companies created by Congress to provide to the public a good or service that private enterprise cannot or will not profitably provide Roles of the Bureaucracy: 1\. administrator (Implements laws passed by Congress) 2\. rule maker (uses **bureaucratic discretion** to fill in details about otherwise vague policies) 3\. judge (interprets laws within department or agency) Chapter 10 ========== - Know the legal traditions of Civil-law and Common-law - Understand United States as an adversarial system, what it means and what an Inquisitorial system means - Define a litigious system - Understand jurisdictions of the various levels of the judicial system - Know the structure of the United States Court System and State Courts - Comprehend how the Supreme court chooses which cases to hear