Study Questions PDF

1. Circle the correct answer. The afferent division of the peripheral nervous system transmits information from the periphery to the central nervous system. The information is detected by: a. sensory receptors b. visceral receptors c. both 2. Which of the following best illustrates the concept of a...

1. Circle the correct answer. The afferent division of the peripheral nervous system transmits information from the periphery to the central nervous system. The information is detected by: a. sensory receptors b. visceral receptors c. both 2. Which of the following best illustrates the concept of an adequate stimulus? a) When a boxer gets punched in the eye, he perceives light. b) Rotation of the head stimulates certain receptors in the vestibular system but not those in the visual system. c) Hair cells in the cochlea are stimulated by sound vibrations over a wide range of frequencies. 3. True or false _______Sensory receptors are located as a specialized ending of a peripheral sensory neuron _______If the receptor is next to afferent neuron a neurotransmitter release depolarize afferent neuron _______If a sensory receptor is part of afferent neuron; neurotransmitter release change the local current flow ______Sensory receptors can be located as separate receptor cell closely associated with the peripheral ending of a motor neuron 4. Match the left column with the right column: first order neuron, second order neuron and third order neuron 1. First order Sensory Neuron_____ a) The peripheral sensory neuron that 2. Second Order Sensory Neuron______ detects the stimulus 3. Third Order Sensory Neuron_______ b) The neuron, 3rd in the chain of processing, in the CNS (thalamus) c) The neuron 2nd in the chain of processing, usually in CNS 5. Circle the correct answer. In the dorsal column–medial lemniscal pathway a) Proprioception information is transmitted to the brain. b) The first-order neuron communicates to the second-order neuron in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. c) The pathway crosses to the contralateral side in the spinal cord. d) All of the above. 6. Fill in the gaps Spinothalamic tract transmits information from thermoreceptors and nociceptors to the _____________. This pathway crosses to the other side of the CNS within the spinal cord ___________________ before it reaches the brain. 7. Five areas of the brain regulate the autonomic nervous system. Which areas of the brain regulate autonomic function? 8. Which of the organs below is not directly innervated by the Autonomic Nervous System? a) Sweat Glands b) Smooth muscle c) Heart d) Skeletal muscle e) Salivary glands 9. Preganglionic fibers from thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord are part of the ________________division of the Autonomic Nervous System (2 point). a) Sympathetic b) Somatic motor c) Central d) Parasympathetic e) Central Nervous System 10. Define shortly and precisely a preganglionic and postganglionic neuron (2 points). 11. Define Autonomic Neuroeffector Junctions 12. True or False ______the preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous have long axons that originate in the lateral horn of the spinal cord ______In the sympathetic nervous system, postganglionic neurons release norepinephrine which binds to muscarinic receptors on the effector organs. ______Sympathetic nervous system is responsible for fight or flight response. ______The postganglionic neuron originates in the CNS and travels to a ganglion in the periphery. ______The neurotransmitter Acetylcholine binds to muscarinic cholinergic receptors on the postganglionic neuron, and to nicotinic cholinergic receptors at the effector organ 13. Sympathetic postganglionic neurons release a neurotransmitter norepinephrine in response to action potential. When an action potential depolarizes _____________, voltage gated calcium channels open, allowing calcium channels to open. Calcium ions enter the cell, triggering the release of norepinephrine by exocytosis. The neurotransmitter binds to _____________________ on the effector organ membrane thereby activating ______________________. 14. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine binds to a. Nicotinic receptors b. Muscarinic receptors c. Alpha receptors d. a and b e. all above 15. What insulates each fascicle? ________________________ 16. Each myofibril is surrounded by a saclike membraneous network called: ____________________________ 17. Myofibrils are composed of a fundamental unit called: _________________________ 18. What are the two main proteins of the skeletal muscle? a. ____________ and b. ______________ 19. Name the 5 steps of crossbridge cycle: 20. What is the role and function of Ca in muscle contraction? 21. Which of the following shorten during contraction? (may be more than one) a. Thin filament b. Sarcomere c. Thick filament d. I band e. H zone 22. What is meant by a) low-energy and b) high-energy forms of myosin? (2 points) 23. Name the structures 25. Name the three hormones released by the thyroid gland. 26. Which hormone regulates blood calcium levels? 27. Which hormones are released from the adrenal cortex? From the adrenal medulla? 28. Which endocrine gland secretes insulin? Estrogens? Melatonin? 29. Multiple choice. Epinephrine is released from which area of the adrenal gland? a) Zona reticularis b) Zona fasciculata c) Zona glomerulosa d) Medulla 30. Which of the following glands secrete the hormones T3 and T4? a) Anterior pituitary b) Posterior pituitary c) Thyroid gland d) Parathyroid gland e) Adrenal gland 31. Which of the following is an example of permissiveness? a) Glucagon increases blood glucose levels, and insulin decreases blood glucose levels. b) Glucagon, epinephrine, and cortisol all increase blood glucose levels. c) Estrogen stimulates synthesis of progesterone receptors in the endometrium. d) All of the above. e) None of the above. 32. How does the binding of a hormone to a carrier protein in blood affect the half-life of a hormone? 33. Gonadotropin releasing hormone stimulates release of which of the following from the anterior pituitary? a) Sex hormones b) Follicle stimulating hormone c) Luteinizing hormone d) Both follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone 34. The heart is a (primary/secondary) endocrine organ. 35. The heart wall consists of three layers: 36. What are the heart chambers”? 37. Fill in the gap. Conduction system of the heart consist of: _____________________ and _______________________. An action potential in the heart is initiated in the ___________. The impulse is conducted to the cells of the ______________ node, where is momentarily delayed by about 0.1 mseconds before moving forward. From there the impulse travels through the ___________________ located in interventricular septum. Next, impulses travel through an extensive network of branches referred to as _______________________, which spread through the ventricular myocardium from the apex upward toward the valves. 38. Describe shortly the opening of channels and movement of ions in a pacemaker cell during a pacemaker potential: 39. Which of the following contains deoxygenated blood? a) The right ventricle b) The left ventricle c) Pulmonary veins d) The aorta e) Both a and c 40. Describe the 8 steps involved in the excitation contraction coupling in cardiac contractile cells: 41. What are the four phases of cardiac cycle? 42. The first heart sound occurs when the atrioventricular valves close; thus, it marks: a) The end of the ejection period. b) The beginning of the ejection period. c) The beginning of systole. d) The beginning of isovolumetric contraction. e) Both c and d. 43. True of False a. _______Heart rate is normally determined by the action potential frequency in the AV node b. _______Blood flow through the systemic circuit is driven by contractions of the left ventricle. c.________Under normal conditions, pressures in the left and right ventricles are equal during systole. d. _______The valve located at the junction between the left ventricle and the aorta is an example of an atrioventricular valve. 44. Fill the gap. The period of ventricular contraction is known as a) _____________ and the period of ventricular relaxation is known as b) _____________. As blood return to the heart via systemic and pulmonary veins, enters the c) ________ and passes through the d) __________ valves and into the e) ______________ under its own pressure. As this is happening the f) _________________________ are closed because ventricular pressure is lower than that in the aorta and pulmonary arteries. 45. Name 2 hormones that can affect the heart function: 46. Circle the correct answer. Which of the following is not a function of the conducting zone of the respiratory system? a. humidifying the air b. exchanging gases between respiratory system and blood c. secreting mucus d. protecting the lungs from inhaled particles 47. Name the structures (a- e). 48. a) What are the structures that form the respiratory membrane? b) what are the two characteristics of the respiratory zone that facilitate the exchange of gases? 49. True or false _____Temperature, pH and CO2 work to promote oxygen unloading from hemoglobin in respiring tissues and oxygen loading onto hemoglobin in the lungs. _____When oxyhemoglobin levels are high, then 2,3-BPG synthesis occurs, and decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. _____Carbon monoxide, when present, it binds to hemoglobin more readily than oxygen, which prevents oxygen from binding. _____ As the pH of the blood increases, the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen decreases. 50. Oxygen passes through into each of the following structures in the pulmonary circulation. Starting at the alveolar air space, place them in the correct order a. alveolar basement membrane b. capillary basement membrane c. plasma of bloodstream d. endothelial cell in capillary wall e. alveolar cells f. alveolar air space Sequence: ____________________________ 51. How is carbon dioxide transported in blood? Explain what fraction of carbon dioxide is transported by each method? 52. Which of the following areas of the brain contain inspiratory neurons? a. the dorsal respiratory group only b. the ventral respiratory group only c. both dorsal and ventral respiratory groups d. neither the dorsal nor ventral respiratory groups 53. Describe shortly the primary functions of the urinary system 54. Fill in the gap. The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urethra, and _______________. The functional units of the kidneys are ________________. 55. Circle the correct answer. Which of the following is not one of the mechanisms by which a solute can be exchanged between the plasma and the renal tubule a. glomerular filtration b. secretion c. excretion d reabsorption 56. True of False _____ Most reabsorption of water and solutes occur in the proximal tubule _____ In the distal tubule, sodium reabsorption it is stimulated by antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secreted by posterior pituitary _____ Loop of Henle and the collecting ducts are important in water reabsorption _____ Distal tubule has a leaky epithelium which facilitates the diffusion of solutes and water between cells 57. Name three muscles involved in the process of micturition and indicate whether they are under voluntary or involuntary control: 58. Identify the structures (a–o) in the Figure below.